初中英语解题技巧.doc

初中英语解题技巧一、听力1. 浏览题目2. 勾划题重点，关键词特别是一般疑问句的答语（是am,is,are,do,does,did,have,has,情态动词等，一般疑问句用什么提问就用什么回答。）还有记住：Could you please do sth.?表示委婉请求，回答要用：Yes,of course./ Yes,with pleasure./ Yes,no problem/ Yes,Im glad to. yes,certainly./ sure. / Ok / No,I cant. / Sorry,but.表示征求对方意见：what/how about.？ Why not do sth.?/why dont you do sth? Lets do sth! Shall we do sth? We should do sth. Youd better (not)do sth. Its a good idea to do sth.答语：OK./ Good idea./ All right!/ Thatsoundsgood./ sorry, Im afraid not./ Ofcoursenot./ Idloveto,but常用特殊疑问句及回答(见下表)3. 做好笔记，学会记下关键词，比如时间，数字，年份等，因为很多时候关于数字需要进行计算，而不是简单的答案4. 听短文时，特别注意题目的关键词，以及选项的关键词，带着问题有目的地听短文，没听到的及时看下一题，等下一遍的时候再做之前没做的。常用的特殊疑问句询问内容 疑问词或句型 例 句 回 答 职业，身份 what What is your father? What does your father do? He is a doctor. 姓名或关系 who Who is that boy? He is Jack. He is my brother 相貌特征 whatlike? What is she like? What does she look like? She is beautiful. 目的 whatfor? What did they come here for? To attend a meeting. 原因 why Why did they come here? Because they have a meeting to attend. 天气 how whatlike? How is the weather today? What is the weather like today? Its fine. 颜色 what color？ What dolor is her skirt? Its red. 服装尺寸 what size What size does he wear? He wars 40. 几点钟 what time What time is it? Its 7:30. 星期几 what day What day is today? Its Tuesday. 几号，日期 what is the date? What is the date today? Its May 2. 年龄（多大） how old How old is he? He is 38. 多久 how long How long have you been here? For five months. 长度（多长） How long How long is the bridge? Its 500 metres. 距离（多远） how far How far is it from here to the zoo? Its 6 kilometres. 频度（多经常） how often How often do you come back? Once a week. 时间经过（多快） how soon How soon will she arrive? In an week. 数量（多少） how many（可名） how much（不可名） How many jackets do you have? How much coffee do you want? Three. Two cups. 价格 how much How much is it? How much does it cost? Five dollars. 高度（多高） how tall（人，树） how high（山，建筑） How tall is she? How high is the tower? Shes 1.73 metres. Its 450 metres. 2、 单选1. 解题技巧1） 阅读审题 首先默读试题中的英语句子，了解空格在句中所处的位置，句子缺少什么成分，初步确定答案的选择范围，然后再结合备选选项就会大致明白考查什么。2） 观察分析这是一个快速而又严密的思维过程。要求将题中所提供的条件和备选项的情况结合起来去分析、推理，排除那些明显不符合题意，甚至本身就有错的备选项，再在剩下的备选项中比较分析。3） 选择判断在分析句子和备选项的基础上，经过反复验证，选出一个使句子语法正确、句意通顺、符合逻辑的答案。4） 复查验证将所选答案放在句中空格处再默读全句。首先看是否通顺，再在语法、意思和逻辑关系上推敲一下，完全符合条件则可放心。2. 方法清单1） 直接判定法 直接判定法就是运用所学的英语知识，结合题目所提供的信息，从备选项中直接选出正确答案。There is _wrong with my back and it hurts seriously.A. anything B. something C. nothing 2） 排除法 如果通读完题干，弄清题意后，感到四个备选项似是而非，举棋不定，这时不妨采取“逐个排除”的方法。将所给四个选项一一放到空白处去，经过分析，将所有的干扰项筛选掉，剩下的一个选项即为正确答案。He does his homework much_than he did two years ago.A. careful B. more careful C. carefully D. more carefully3） 前后照应法 前后照应法实际上是借助语境来解题的一种方法。此法要求答题前首先要弄清题干的意思，然后根据上下文之间的关系，捕捉暗示的信息，从而得出正确的答案。We have to finish the work now, _?A. dont we B. havent we C. have we D. do we4） 逻辑推理法有些题目的选项，从语法上看答案可能不止一个，甚至全部都可入选，但是有的句意不符合逻辑，通过逻辑推理才能将其排除。-can you play the guitar?-sorry. _ I can sing English songs.A. And B. But C. Or D. For5） 比较法运用所学的语法和词汇知识，仔细分析比较四个选项，对其进行时态，语态，语气，非谓语形式及同义词比较，最后选出正确答案。此法多用于解答那些较难的选择填空题。-Have you ever climbed Mout Tai,Carol?-Yes, I_in Taian for a week last year and reached the top of it twice.A. had stayed B. stay C. stayed D. have stayed6） 固定结构判断法考查固定搭配和习惯用法-you arent a student, are you?-No, I_.A. am B. am not C. was D. wasnt 7） 推算法有的选择填空题涉及简单的数学知识，所给的四个答案从语法上看都是对的，要选出这种题的正确答案需要进行推算。Tom is seventeen. Jack is three older than Tom and two years younger than Todd. Todd is _.A. eighteen B. nineteen C. twenty-two D. sixteen8） 常识法It was very _when I spent my Christmas holiday in Sydney.A. cold B. hot C. cool D. warm9） 关键词法He hardly hurt himself in the accident,_?A. doesnt he B. didnt he C. did he D. does he10） 情景交际法-Do you mind if I turn on the TV?-_. My father is sleeping.A. Better not. B. Not at all. C. No, I dont mind. D. Thats all right.3、 完形填空完形填空解题步骤1.快速通读全文，掌握短文大意。快速掌握文中的时间、地点、人物及事件。认真阅读短文开头的第一、二句，及每段的第一句，结合选项初步弄清短文写了些什么内容。准确地预测和推断短文的主要意义。2.抓住结构、语意及逻辑三条线索，推断和预测选项。利用上下文的提示，用学过的知识和已有的生活经验，扫清部分词汇理解上的障碍。在理解全文意思的基础上，结合文章内容对空缺句子作合乎逻辑的推理。必须弄清空缺词句的确切含义，空缺词句与其前后句的意义衔接必须自然、合理，不可出现意义断层或说东道西的情况，必须从空缺句的内部结构入手，从语法、词语固定搭配、词形变化等角度考虑，务必使所填的单词准确无误。根据词的意义和用法进行选择，重复考虑语境。上下文找线索，上下文找提示。完形填空的文章都是一个意义相关联的语篇，它围绕一个话题论述，在行文中词语重复、替代等现象是不可避免的。根据这个原则，某个空格所对应的答案很可能就在上下文中重复出现的相关词。所以，可以根据这些词之间的有机联系确定答案。3.要特别注意语法，如单词的各种形式的变化，种类句型的结构等。单词的变化：a。名词的选择，应联系文章主题及空格前后出现的有关词，注意其性和数的一致，以及名词所有格。b。动词的选用，要注意词义和惯用搭配，或时态、语态以及非谓语动词形式等，还要区分近义词之间的用法差异及所给词的形式。c。选择介词，应注意其惯用法，特别是与动词或其他词组成的固定搭配。d。选择代词，要注意性、数是否准确。e。选择连词，要注意分析前后句或上下文的逻辑关系。也可从连词的一些惯用法或固定搭配等入手，如not.until、as.as、not so.as或用because不用so,用but不用though等。f。选择形容词和副词，则须根据其所在句中的作用以及他前面的修饰语等来确定是什么词性，是应用比较级还是最高级，要注意词义的区别，还要注意词形变化。G.若考查冠词，则须依据短文空白后单词的第一个音素来确定是用a/an,根据空格后名词是表示特指还是泛指来确定用不定冠词a/an还是定冠词the,或根据冠词的习惯用法来确定。要注意句法题，搞清句子的种类、类型、省略和倒装a。句子的种类包括陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。一般以考查疑问句、感叹句的词序为多见，其次是祈使句的零时态等。b。句子的类型有简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句。中考考查要点是在复合句里的状语从句、宾语从句和直接/间接引语，也考查简单的定语从句。另外还要注意固定词组、习惯用语、固定句型的积累、同义词的辨析、生活常识的运用以及中西方文化的差异。在选择答案时，可以用择优法和排除法和例举对比法。a。择优法是把各选项代入短文中，选出在词义上符合要求，且在语法上又没有语病的答案。b。排除法是在代入选项时如发现选项单词意义不对，或词与词搭配不妥，或存在语法错误，或与上下文有矛盾，则迅速排除不合适的选项，剩下的就是正确答案。在完形填空的多项选择中，常常会遇到难以选择的题目。需要调动头脑里的知识“储备”，例举熟知的语言现象与之相比较，再做出明智的选择。反复推敲，攻克难关。如果做不出来的话，可能要改变一下思路。如实词多与文章的内容直接相关，虚词多与文章的连贯性或句子结构直接相关，如果从内容上实在看不出要填哪个单词的话，应考虑是否需要填介词、连词等。4.选项填完后，通读全文，仔细检查。验证答案，修正错误，着重注意这几点：（1）文章是否顺畅；（2）所填单词是否是最佳单词；（3）所填单词搭配是否有误。解题技巧 【技巧1】前后照应利用上下文信息，选择或填写正确的词是完型填空解题时最常用的方法之一。在做四选一的完型填空时，我们有时会发现每一个选项从语法角度来讲都可以说得通，遇到这种情况，我们应细读上下文，正确答案会在上下文中得到提示。试看以下例题：【例1】What do I remember about my childhood? There were good things and bad things. We used to live_ , and my parents always got up early in the morning to feed the cows and sheep.A. in a town B. on a farm C. on a busy street D. in a city【例2】I always remember waking up to the smell of the breakfast my mother was cooking. What a wonderful smell! I used to _ ,wash quickly and run downstairs. My breakfast would be waiting for me on the table.A. leave the bed B.lie in bed C. jump out of bed D. get up【技巧2】情感态度：较难题其中形容词，副词中分为三种情感：(1) 正情感：happy ，amazing等(2)零情感：fast ，slow ，surprising等(3) 负情感：sad ，disappointed等【例】Among them, a weak boy with ugly teeth and thick glasses kept shaking. I had seen him around, and I knew he was always laughed at. He seemed unsure of himself, and was so pale that it _ us to look at him.A. Worried B. surprised C. taught D. hurt【技巧3】固定搭配【例1】On the train, Tom was looking _1_ for his ticket because the conductor was coming _2_ to his ticket.1.A. out B. forward C. anywhere D. everywhere2.A. down B. up C. in D. on例2 Whenever Im _, I still look back at that yearbook.A. away B. out C. behind D. down【技巧4】词义辨析在选项中设置四个词性一致、意义相近的词是完型填空命题时常用的手段之一。在做此类题目时，必须要在特定的语境中选择最佳，或者也可以推敲一些固定的词组搭配来进行选项。在做首字母完型填空时，尤其应注意空格所缺单词的词性及词组搭配。【例】A Japanese manager once said he himself and his workers would all stand while they were having meetings. Do you _what he means?A. think B. guess C. know D. understand【技巧5】中心主旨文章中最后一句通常为积极的态度或观点。【例1】I had wanted to become president of Student Council to make a difference. I achieved that and more by working as a member of Jeffs team. He became the most popular candidate and I was a large part of his_ . The fact that it has made a difference in other peoples lives is the real prize. What a great feeling!A. luck B. spirit C. life D. success【例2】I honor my aunt, who taught me the things my _ couldnt. So every June for the past 40 years, in growing thankfulness to my Aunt Marion, Ive sent her a Fathers Day card.A. teachers B. mother C. father D. friends【技巧6】简单逻辑分为因果，并列，转折，否定。【例1】For more than sixty years, Aunt Marion didnt and still dont think of herself. _ she is forced to come up to the front, my aunt will stand in the back in family photos, and she doesnt think that her efforts have made muchA. Unless B. Although C. Since D. Before【技巧7】情景还原【例】The most amazing thing was that she taught me to read my_ . I remember that I spent hours in front of the mirror and tried to repeat every word that I said.A. eye B. face C. heart D. mouth解题思路1.跳过空格，通读全文，把握大意2.结合选项，综合考虑，初定答案3.瞻前顾后，先易后难，各个击破4.复读全文，逐空验证，弥补疏漏4、 阅读理解一、阅读理解考查题型 阅读理解考查题型 1.考查事实细节： 2.猜测生词含义： 3.推理判断： 4.归纳主旨大意： 5.推测作者的态度、意图和目的：（一）事实性细节题对时间、地点、特征、方式、数字等的寻找对原因、结果、事实的正确理解常用提问方式：1. According to the passage, who (what, why, where, when，how many/much, how long).?2. According to the passage, which of the following statements is (not) true?通常是特殊疑问句或判断句子正误1.He / she should have an interest in making pizza. More importantly, he/ she should have work experience in a restaurant. The ad tells us that_A. The assistant must be a man.B. The assistant must have once worked in a restaurant.C. Pucci pizza has branches all over China.事实理解题解题技巧： 事实细节题一般在: 1文中有原句； 2找相关信息进行比对; 3找近义词或同义句; 4进行简单数学计算; 在读文章时把这些信息划下来（2） 猜测词义词汇题是询问文章中出现的某个词、词组或句子含义的题型。常见的提问方式有：1) The word . refers to _2) The underlined . probably means _1、根据定义、释义常用的：be, be called, mean，that is(to say)，in other words，call, be considered to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify等词汇或破折号或定语从句等来表示。 Well, Ive relearned it. I hope I have time left to enjoy the successes of others and to take pleasure in the day. Thats the heart of the watermelon.“the heart of the watermelon” refers to_.A. the best part of the watermelon. B. the writers busy life C. the writers decision of making money. D. the writers hope of enjoying life.2、 根据上下文情景和逻辑进行判断As they go around town, they help people. When they find lost children, they take the children home. If they see a fight, they put an end to it right away. They know all the streets and roads well.Often people ask them how to get to a place in town. In the text, “put an end to” means _A. stop B. cut C. kill D. Fly3、 根据关联词来猜测表示因果关系的：because, as, since, for, so, as a result表示同义关系的：and, like, just asthe same as.表示反义关系的：but, however, though, although, yet, instead (of)There is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. It is on a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island in New Zealand.What does the word “steam” mean in Chinese? _A. 自来水 B. 大气 C. 冰川 D. 蒸汽1.I could see nothing because the light was so (faint.) 2.Tom is very rude, but his brother is quite (polite.)3. She is beautiful, and her daughter is as (pretty )as her.演练1A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful.It gives us some interesting phrases . One is “to let the cat out of the bag.” It is the same as “to tell a secret”Now when someone lets out a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.”Q:John lets the cat out of the bag” means he A. makes everyone know a secret. B. the woman bout a cat.C. buys a cat in the bag.D. sells the cat in the bag.实战演练2 If you want to be a musician, you usually have to move to an area that has a lot of jobs, such as New York City. The cost of living in these areas is usually very high. The third disadvantage is that you cant have a stable family life. Different jobs will take a musician to different places, so most musicians are unable to have a regular family.What does the underlined word “stable” mean in Chinese? _A. 幸福的 B. 稳定的 C. 健康的（4） 根据生活经验及普通常识猜词1) China is our motherland. 2) Kangaroo mothers have pouches to carry their babies. 3) Its really cold outside, and my hands are both numb.Exercises: Guess the meaning of the new words quickly. a. Wealthy means having lots of money. b. Doctors believe that smoking is detrimental to your health. c. My mother-in-law, my husbands mother, was a teacher. The boy had a happy family before. However, after the war, he became homeless. d. You must stop dreaming and face reality.（5）根据构词法猜测词意在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。例如：前缀un-表反义词，如happy、unhappy，fair、unfair，important、unimportant等。后缀- ment表名词，如develop、development，state、statement，argue、argument等。后缀-er、-or或-ist表同源名词，如calculate/ calculator; visit/ visitor; law/ lawyer; wait/waiter; science/ scientist; art/ artist等。（6）通过同义词和同义关系猜测词义在文章中有时作者为了避免重复，或为了表达同一事物的不同种类，使用同义词或近义词。在这种情况下，我们就可以利用同义词、近义词的关系从熟悉的词语推测不熟悉词语的含义。通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay,即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是“愉快”的意思；二是看在进一步解释的过程中所使用的同义词。Man has known something about the planets Venus, Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.（7） 通过反义词和反义关系猜测词义有时作者为了说明相反的两件事或两个人，使用了一些反义词或表示反义关系的词语来进行对比，我们可以利用已知单词推断未知单词的词义。通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but,while,however等，二是看含not的习语或表示否定意义的词语。（8） 通过举例来猜测词义Bananas, oranges, pineapples, coconuts and some other kinds of fruit grow in warm areas.（9） 通过描述猜测词义描述即作者为帮助读者更深刻，更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。The penguin is a kind of seabird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly, it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.（10） 根据单词的发音进行推测英语中有些单词来自汉语，与汉语发音有些相似，另外也有一些单词译成汉语时采用音译，如：sofa,coffee,typhoon,aspirin,nylon （三）推理判断考查逻辑推理能力、语言分析能力和综合归纳能力。下面哪些方式属于推理判断题？1. We can infer(推断) from the story that_2. Whats the passage mainly about? 3. It can be inferred from the passage that 4. According to the story, what would happen next? 5. The first paragraph tells us that _6. What can we learn from the passage? 1、事实推理：先在文章中找出据以推断的文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。 Secondly, a news story has to be interesting and unusual. People dont want to read stories about everyday life. As a result, many stories are about some kinds of danger and seem to be “bad” news. According to the passage, which of the following can you most possibly watch on TV? _a. You often play football with your friends after school.b. Your teacher has got a cold.c. A tiger in the city zoo has run out and hasnt been caught.d. The bike in front of your house is lost. When you cough or sneeze, please turn your head away from others and cover your mouth with the full part of your hand. Afterwards, you should say, “Excuse me.” This is a rule I set for my students. It is so simple, but many kids have never been told to do this.What does the underlined word “this” mean?_A. Dont cough or sneeze in front of peopleB. Dont stand beside someone who coughs or sneezes.C. Many people cough or sneeze on the underground train.D. Cover your mouth when coughing or sneezing and say sorry.总结：解题技巧：推断题在文章无法直接找到答案，须在正确理解文章字面意思的基础上，运用逻辑推理的方法，综合主旨句、主题句和上下文信息以及作者的措辞，作出总结性的判断。同时要特别注意代词所指代的对象。阅读理解题中难度最大且出现频率很高的是推理判断题，近几年的中考每年都保持在2、3题左右。这种题要求考生根据文章中出现的暗示，抓住内含语义，用逻辑思维的方法加以整理，然后做出合理的判断。推理的方法大致可分为：简单推理和复杂推理。1、简单推理：所谓简单推理就是以表面文字为前提，以具体事实为依据进行推理，做出判断。这种推理方式比较直接，只要弄清事实，即可结合常识推断出合理的结论。 2、复杂推理：复杂推理不但要以文字为依据，而且还要以文章的语境、内涵为前提。这是一种间接而复杂的逻辑推理方式。考生要推断出文章没有表明但又合乎逻辑的推理，就必须由表及里地归纳或演绎。下面是几种复杂的推理方法：(1)推测作者的写作目的和意图，此类的设题形式有：The purpose in writing this text is to .The author writes this passage to .The author in this passage intends to .推测作者的写作目的,必须要先了解文章的主题,然后分析作者的论述方法、论述的重点和材料的安排。(2)推测文章的观点或结论，此类设题形式有:It can be inferred from the passage that .What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?From the passage we can conclude that .这类问题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部观点，可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推测出文中的某一观点，仍离不开对全文主要观点或中心思想的把握。(3)推断文章的出处，设题形式有:The passage is most likely to be taken from .Where would this passage most probably appear?The passage is most likely a part of .这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称;广告：因其格式和语言特殊，容易辨认;产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。(4)推断短文中人物性格，设题形式有:What do we know about somebody in the text?What kind of man somebody is?Somebody can be said to be .做这类题时一定要注意：准确把握字里行间的意思，切忌用自己的观点代替作者的观点;特别注意表达情感、态度和观点的词语。(5) 借助文章结构进行推测：有些推断题要从文章结构的角度进行分析，才能推断出正确答案。因此，阅读时不仅要注重词、句的理解，而且还要分析语篇的组织结构。（四）归纳主旨大意:主要包括主题思想、写作意图、文章的题目等常见的提问方式有：(1）What is the main idea of the passage?(2) The first paragraph tells us that _(3) Which of the following expresses the main idea?(4) The passage is mainly about _(5) The best title for the story is _(6) Which of the following is the best title?Can you find the topic sentence?1. All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind.Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain .Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears.2. Reading is a good habit, but the problem is , theres too much to read these days, and too little time to read every word of it. There are hundreds of skills to help you read more in less time. Here are two skills that I think are especially good. 解题技巧：此类题目多出现于议论文和说明文。要确定文章的主题思想，最重要的是要找到主题句。主题句一般在段首或段尾，有时也在中间。3. Do you know more and more Chinese artists have made regular donations to charity or put their efforts into charity work in China? Here lets know some of them.What is the passage mainly about? _A. Chinese charity work.B. Charity