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初中英语语法梳理和提高名 词一、 名词的分类 名来源:来源:数理化网词类 别来源:数理化网意 义例 词专有名词表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、机构、团体等的专有名称Jim , China, Qingdao, the UK, the Great Wall普通名词可数名词个体名词表示单个人的人或事物girl, student, factory, desk, cat , country集合 名词表示一群人或一些事物的总称people, police, team, clothes, group, crew不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质water, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, broccoli抽象名词表示抽象概念的词fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care注:1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。 2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“the”,但它不大写。 3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时,则变为可数名词,而且以四上也有了变化。eg. beer -a beer 一杯啤酒, work- a work 工厂,著作 ,glass-a glass 一个玻璃杯, room空间-a room一个房间二、 名词的数:表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式:可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加 “a或an”;复数形式是在名词后加 “-s或-es”。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种,规则变化及其读音可依照下表:当名词为:词尾变化读 音例 词一般情况加s在清辅音后读/s/chips, jeeps, pats , clocks在浊辅音或元音后读/z/boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers以s,x,ch,sh结尾的单词加es/iz/watches, boxes, classes, brushes以字母o结尾的单词加s或es/z/zoos, photos, bamboos, tomatoes, potatoes, heroes,以辅音字母+y结尾的单词去y 变i加es/z/dictionaries, strawberries,以f 或fe结尾的单词去f或fe 变v 加 es/vz/leaves, wives, halves以th结尾的词加s/z/; /z/mouths, paths; months, deaths2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化 改变单数名词中的元音字母 eg. man-men, womanwomen, toothteeth, footfeet, goosegeese, mouse-mice 单复数同形 eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep, 由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数 eg. a man doctor men doctors, a woman teacher-women teachers 注意: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式 eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts,scissors, etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news 3. 不可数名词:表示不能计算数目的人或物,称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:(1) 同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。eg. food 食物- foods 各种食物,time 时间 - times 时代,green 绿色 -greens 青菜(2) 有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物eg. hope -hopes 希望 hardship - hardships 艰苦(3) 物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示 eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice, 三、名词的所有格名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式, 一种是在名词后+s;另一种是用of, 表示 “的”。1. (1) 一般词的所有格, 直接在词尾 +s。 eg. Mr. Motts robot, childrens clothes (2) 以s结尾的名词所有格只在词尾 + eg. teachers books (3) 两人共有的物体, 则在第二个名词后+s; 如果分别是两人所有, 则在每个名词后面 +s。 eg. Lucy and Lilys room. (指两人共住一个房间) Mrs Greens and Mrs Browns son. (指两人各自的儿子) (4) 表示某具体场所时, 所有格后面的名词可省略 eg. the doctors (office) Mr. Whites2.(1) 没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。 eg. the wall of the classroom,a picture of the bedroom, (2) 名词的的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用of短语表示。 eg. a long story of a 50-year-old man (4) 双重所有格 eg. a friend of his, the big nose of Toms(5) 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以加s来构成所有格。eg. ten minutes walk, todays newspaper例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!1. They got much _ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories 解析: much 是用来修饰不可数名词的, A B D三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式, C项为不可数名词, 因此选C.2. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges解析: orange 有两种含义, 一种可数名词橘子, 另一种是不可数名词橘汁, 此题第一空应填可数名词, 第二空填不可数名词, 因此选 C。3. Every evening M r. King takes a _ to his home . A. 25 minutes walk B. 25 minutes walk C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk解析: 句中的 minute应该用其复数的所有格形式,只+,而不能+s,因此选A。4. An old _ wants to see you. A. people B. person C. the people D. the person 解析: person 与people 都有”人” 的意思, 但用法不同. “一个人”用 “a person”,“两个人” 用 “two persons”; people 泛指 “人们”是集合名词,表示复数, the people 指 “人民”, a people 指 “一个民族”. 应选B。5. Help yourself to _. A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples解析: chicken 可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉;apple为可数名词, 故应+s, 因此选D。6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _. A. rooms number B. rooms number C. room numbers D. rooms numbers解析: room number 房间号码. room可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词 . 类似的还有my phsics teacher, two bus drivers 等. 应选C。7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _. A. family B. house C. home D. room解析: family指的是家庭或是家庭成员; house指的是房子(住所); room 指的是房间;而home 指的是家, 因此选C.8. _ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peters B. Mary and Peter C. Marys and Peter D. Marys and Peters解析: 此句中 “mothers”是复数,表示两个人各自的母亲,因此应选D。9. Li Lei has been to _ many times this month. A. her uncle B. her uncles C. her uncles D. aunts 解析: 此句意为 “李雷这个去她舅舅家多次”. 表示具体场所时, 可省去所有格后面的名词.因此选B。10. He is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching. A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D. a lot experience解析: experience 作 “经验” 讲时是不可数名词, 作 “经历”讲时是可数名词. 本句中应理解为 “经验”,因此是不可数名词,排除 A C. 又因 a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句, 不用于否定句, 因此选B。11. A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago. A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sisters解析: 此题考查名词的双重所有格.应选D。12. A group of _ are talking with two _. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen 解析: Frenchman 是复合词,其复数形式为 Frenchmen; German 的复数为直接在单词末尾+S, 应选A.13.The team _ having a meeting . A. is B. are C. am D. be解析: team 是一个集合名词,即可表示复数意义(指整个小组) , 也可指小组中的成员(表示复数), 此题意为后者, 因此选B。14. “Would you like _?” “_, please.”A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, CoffeesC. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees解析: drink 和coffee是不可数名词, 可以用of来表示数量, eg, three cups of coffee, 当前面加a 时,则表示“一杯”因此选C。15. The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men. A.earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millions C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions解析:earth 是不可数名词,因此删除B D,数以百万的应为millions of . 因此选A。冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an )和定冠词 (the)一、 不定冠词的用法 1)用与可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类:例如: She is a girl. Pass me an apple , please. 2)、指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。例如: A boy is waiting for you We work six days a week. 3). 表示 “一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one 强烈.例如: We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow. I have a mouth , a nose, two eyes and two ears. 4). 用于某些固定的词组中.例如: a few, a little, a lot of注: 用a 还是an, 要看后面的词读音以辅音开头还是以元音开头.二、定冠词的用法 1) 特指某(些)人或某(些)物.例如: the photo of the boy 2) 指双方都知道的人或物.例如: -Where are the new books, Jim? - They are on the small table. 3) 指上文提过的人或物.例如: Today he is making a machine. He wants to ride the machine like a bike and fly it like a plane. 4). 用在世界上独一无二的事物前.例如: The sun is bigger than the moon. 5). 用在序数词或形容词最高级前.例如: The first truck is carrying a few baskets. The third one is carrying the fewest of all.6). 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前.例如: the Great Wall the North Street Hospital7). 用在一些习惯用语中.例如: in the morning (afternoon, evening), on the left(right) at the end of三、不用冠词的情况 1)在专有名词前和不可数名词前。例如:China, Grade Two, Bill Smith, milk 2)名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词。例如: The letter is in her pocket.I think the shop is closed at this time of day. 3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时。例如: My father and mother are teachers.I like cakes. 4)在星期、月份、季节、节日前。例如: It is Sunday (Monday, Tuesday, etc.) Today is Mid-Autumn Day.It is cold in winter. 5)在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如: Uncle Wang likes making things.What colour are Mrs Greens shoes? 6)在三餐饭和球类运动的名称前。例如: He went to school after breakfast. Can you play basketball?注: 在某些固定词组中,如:at home, by bus, go to school 等的名词前不用冠词。代 词一、 代词的分类英语中常把代词分为人称代词、无主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词和相互代词。二、 代词的用法1 人称代词:人称代词是指人的代词,有性、数、格的区别。表示“我” “你” “他” “我们” “你们” “他们”。请看下表: 数 格 人 称 单 数复 数主 格宾 格主 格宾 格 第一人称wemeweus 第二人称youyouyouyou 第三人称hehimtheythem she her it it (1) 人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如:She is my English teacher.(2) 宾格在句中作宾语。例如:They dont want me to go there alone. Dont worry. I can look after her.(3) 宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。例如:- Whos that? - Its me.注意:人称代词we, you, they 可以用来表示一般人。例如: You cannot go into the hall with slippers. 不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。 人称代的主格作表语,一般都在正中的谈话中, 表示强调。例如: It was he who took away the necklace. 是他拿走了那条项链。 人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、轮船等。 例如: The ship is leaving. Shes on her first trip to Boston. 轮船要起航了。 这时她第一次去波士顿。 We love our country, we hope shell be stronger and stronger. 我们热爱我们的祖国,我们希望她越来越强大。 It作为人称代词时,可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。 例如: It is about 10 kilometres from here. 离这儿大约有10公里。 It 还可用作形式主语或形式宾语,来代替由不定式,动词的-ing,形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语或宾语, 以避免句子头重脚轻。例如: It is not easy to learn English well. It is good for you taking a walk after supper. I found it difficult to sleep. 英语里当主语是并列的几个人时,人称代词的排列顺序和汉语不同, I 在最后, you 在最前;但是, 当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反,I 在最前, you在最后。 例如: You, he and I are all the winners. I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project.2物主代词:表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。 词 义 类 型我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他/她/它们的形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名 词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs(1) 形容词性物主代词在句中具有形容词的特征。在句中作定语, 后面跟名词。例如:To our surprise, he has passed the exam. (2) 名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征, 在句中作主语、表语、宾语。例如: May I use your bike? Mine is at school. (作主语) Whose glasses are these? They are hers. ( 作表语) My dictionary is lost. Can I use yours? (作宾语) (3) 名词性物主代词可以与of 连用, 作定语。 例如:A friend of ours are waiting for us.3反身带词:用来表示“某人自己”的代词称为反身代词。如下表所示: 词 义 数我(们)自己你(们)自己他/ 她/ 它 自 己 / 他 们 自 己单 数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复 数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves (1)反身代词在句中常用宾语,主语或宾语的同位语。例如: Her sister is too young to dress herself. (作宾语) He himself is always making such mistakes. (主语同位语) Youd better ask your wife herself. (宾语同位语)(2) 反身代词可与其他词构成固定搭配,例如:make oneself at home, teach oneself, learn by oneself, help oneself to,etc4指示代词:表示时间和空间远近关系的代词叫指示代词。见下表这,这个那,那个这些那些thisthatthesethose 指示代词可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如: Those are my parents. ( 作主语) Throw it like that. (作表语) The toys little Tom likes are those in the basket. ( 作表语) These pictures are drawn by an old blind man. ( 作定语)注意:(1)前面刚刚提到过的东西, 常用that, those 表示。 例如: Im sorry to hear that.( 2 )下文将要提到的事情, 可用these, this 表示, 起启下的作用。 例如:Tell the children to do like this: knock the stick into the earth first, then tie the tree to it.5疑问代词:用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。常用的有:who, what, which, whose, whom, 在句中常作主语、宾语、定语、表语。作主语: What make you so happy?作宾语: Who / Whom is your manager talking with?在口语中, 作宾语时 who和whom可以通用,但在介词后面只能用whom.例如:About whom they are talking just now?作定语: Which subject do you like best?作表语: Whats your mother.6相互代词:用于表示相互关系的代词。 常用的有:each other, one another. 相互代词可以作宾语、定语。例如: We should help each other. The villagers have looked after one another these year. 相互代词后可以加s,表示所有关系。 例如: We put the presents in each others stocking.7连接代词: 用来连接宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句的代词叫连接代词。常用的有:what, which, who, whom whose, that例如: I know what he said at the meeting. The problem is who will mend it. Could you tell me which is the way to the post office?8. 不定代词:不定代词没有确定的对象, 常用的有:all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some any, no以及由some, no, any, every 构成的复合词。 不定代词通常可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语, 而none及含有some, an every 的合成代词不能做定语,no和every 只能做定语。代词many, few, a few修饰可数名词,much, little, a little修饰不可数名词。both, either, neither, each用于指两者,all, any, none, every, another用于指三者或三者以上。例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!1. This isnt _ pencil case. I left _ at home.A. my, mine B. me, my C. I, my D. my, myself解析:此类题主要用于考查学生对人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的掌握情况。要做好这类题,就必须熟练掌握这三类词的用法。应选A。2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are _ new words in it.A. a little B. little C. a few D. few解析:历年来中考始终将little, a little, few, a few作为一个重要考点,要做好这类题,必须明确几点:(1)little, a little修饰或代替不可数名词;few, a few修饰或代替可数名词复数。(2)few, little 一般表示否定意义;a few, a little表示肯定意义。应选D。3. - Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?- _ OK. Im free today and tomorrow. A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None解析:此类题主要是针对each, every, both, all, either, neither, none等不定代词的考查。Both指两个人或物;all表示三者或三者以上“都”,它们都表示肯定意义,均与of连用,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,作定语修饰复数名词。all也可代替不可数名词或一个整体,这时谓语动词用单数形式,either指两者只任何一个,表肯定,表示三者或三者以上中的任何一个用any, neither是either的否定形式,表示两者都不是。应选A。4. The population of China is much large than _A. this B.those C.it D.that解析:在比较级的句型中,经常用that指代前面提到过的不可数名词,用those指代可数名词的复数。 选D。5 . - When shall we meet again? - Make it _day you like. Its all the same to me.A. one B.any C.another D.all解析:any表示任何一个。选B。He said _ at the meeting and just sat there silently. A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything解析:此句的意思是“他在会上一言不发,只是静静地坐在那里。”根据句意,应选C。- Do you know the lady _ is interviewing our headmaster?- Yes, she is a journalist from CCTV.A. which B. who C. whom D. whose解析:先行词指人且在定语从句中作主语,所以应选B。数 词 英语数词表示数目或者顺序, 可分为基数词和序数词。基数词表示数量,序数词表示顺序。 一、基数词的构成 1112的基数词是独立的单词,即: one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight, nine,ten,eleven,twelve。 21319的基数词以-teen结尾。如: fourteen,seventeen等,但13,15,18较特殊, 13thirteen 15fifteen 18eighteen。 32090的整十位均以-ty结尾。如: sixty,ninety,但20,30,40,50,80较特殊, 20twenty 30thirty 40forty 50fifty 80eighty。 4十位数与个位数之间要加连字符号“-”,如:28twenty-eight,96ninety-six。 5百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and,如:148one hundred and forty-eight 406four hundred and six。 6hundred(百),thousand(千),million(百万),billion(十亿)等前面即使有具体的数词,也不能在它们的后面加s。如:600six hundred,8百万eight million。 71000以上的数字,从后往前数每三位加一个逗号“,”第一个逗号前为千(thousand),第二个逗号前为百万(million),第三个逗号前为billion(十亿)。英语中无“万”这个词,我们可以用“几十个千(thousand)”表示几万,“几百个千(thousand)”表示“几十万”。如:2,510two thousand five hundred and ten;84,296eight-four thousand two hundred and ninety-six;274,350two hundred and seventy-four thousand three hundred and fifty。 二、序数词的构成序数词一般是以与之相应的基数词尾加-th构成,例如 fourth, tenth,但以下的这些基数词变为序数词时, 有特别之处。1.one- first, two - second, three - third, five - fifth, nice - ninth, twelve - twelfth 2. 以ty 结尾的单词, 要先变y为I, 在加-eth. 例如:thirty -thirtieth, fifty -fiftieth3. 以one, two, three 等结尾的多位数词, 要将各位数变成序数词。 例如: twenty-one - twenty-first, one hundred and one - one hundred and first 注意: 序数词前常用定冠词, 有时还可以用不定冠词 a/an 则表示 “又一 ”的意思。 例如:Mr Brown has a second car. 布朗先生另外还有一辆车。He has tried a second time. 他又尝试了一次。三、数词的应用 1时刻的表示:小时、点钟、分钟、秒钟要用基数词。 “几点钟”用基数词加oclock。oclock可省略。如: 5点钟five(oclock) “几点过几分 ”,30分钟”用介词past。如: 7:05five past seven;7:15fifteen (a quarter)past seven;7:30half past seven。 “差几分几点”用介词“to”。如:7:40twenty to eight;7:45fifteen(a quarter to eight。 日常生活中的时间读法常常简化,直接按基数词的顺序读。如:7:05seven o five;7:15 seven fifteen。 2年月日的表示: 年份用基数词,如:1999年nineteen ninety-nine; 1900年nineteen hundred; 2000two thousand;1905nineteen o five; 年用基数词,日用序数词。如:1998年6月8日 写作:June 8,1998;读作:June the eighth, nineteen ninety-eight或the eighth of June, nineteen ninety-eight。3. 世纪、年代表示法: (在)90年代 (in) the nineties (在)19世纪 (in) the nineteenth century (在)18世纪30年代 (in) 1730s或1730s4编号的表示: Lesson One the first lesson第一课; Bus No3the No3bus 3路公共汽车; 表示住所时不用“No”如:302房间Room 302(读作:room three o two); 如果编号的数词比较长,一般用基数词。如:Page 457第457页; 电话号码,用基数词,如:3855633three eight five five(double five) six three three(double three)。 5分数的表达:分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于“1”,分母则加“s”。如:13 one third,23two thirds; 另外:12 a(one)half; 14one fourth或a(one)quarter;34threefourths或three quarters。 half a second; a quarter of a second四分之一秒 6. 表示有小数的词用基数词。 5.5 five point five 12.135 twelve point one three five 7表示百分数5:five percent (per cent), 0.8 zero point eight percent (per cent).8表示有小数的词用基数词。 5.5 five point five 12.135 twelve point one three five 9其他用法:1)基数词单数名词形容词构成合成形容词。如:一个五岁的男孩a five-year-old boy; 一座800米长的桥an 800-metre-long bridge;女子400米接力girls400-metre relay race。2)具体数词metre(s)kilometre(s)kilo(s)long high tall deep away等。如:长江长6300公里。The Changjiang River is 6,300 kilometres long 3)表示几十岁用序数词,eg. 在他三十几岁时 in his thirties4)倍数的表达:(一倍用once,两倍用 twice,两倍以上用基数词times。如:5倍five times)。 例如:He is as tall a boy as I. He is a head taller than I . He is two years older than IChina is four times as large as Europe.I am twice as old as you. (=I am twice older than you. /I am twice the age of you.)My books are twice as many as yours.China is four times larger than Europe.(=China is four times the size of Europe.)I pay twice as much as it was worth.I pay twice as much for the house. 例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松! 1. _ Chinese are looking for ways to learn English well before Beijing 2008 Olympic. A. Thousand B. Thousands C. Thousand of D. Thousands of 2. Both of the rules are broken. I want to buy a _ one. A. three B. third C. forth D. /3). - Which is the smallest number of the four? - _. A. Two- thirds B. A half C. A quarter D. Three-fourths4). Please write down the new words in the text of _. A. Lesson Eleven B. the Less

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