初中英语语法总结及练习.doc

初中英语语法总结一、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、代词、数词、形容词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。、名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, 英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：1)专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。如：Beijing, Tom, the Peoples Republic of China专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall姓氏名词如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。2）普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：在单数名词词尾加s。如：map maps,boy boys,horse horses, table tables.s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：classclasses, boxboxes, heroheroes, dishdishes, benchbenches.注意：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photophotos, pianopianos.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：familyfamilies, citycities, partyparties.以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives.不规则变化：manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep, toothteeth, fishfish, childchildren, oxoxen, goosegeese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk. 永远不可数名词巧计：消息说他工作进步老板奖他许多钱，他得到建议如果天气好，他要去买家具，设备，行李。现在他在家喝牛奶听音乐，多么乐趣呀 3）名词所有格：名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。如：Childerns Day(儿童节), my sisters book(我姐姐的书)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。如：Teachers Day(教师节)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. 如：todays newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes break(十分钟的课间休息),Chinas population(中国的人口).无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).注意： s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(诊所) 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and Bs 的形式,如：Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室) “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my fathers(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)4）名词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：My family is a very big one.如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：My family like watching TV.Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard. / There are some sheep in the yard.Maths , news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)专项练习：一、写出下列名词的复数形式：1. pencil-box _ 2. wife _ 3 . Sunday_ 4. city_ 5. dress _ 6. Englishman _ 7. match _ 8. Chinese _9. zoo _10. exam_ 11. German _二、单选1. June 1st is _ Day all over the world.A. Childs B. Childs C. Childrens D. Childrens2. September 10th is _ Day in China， isnt it？A. Teachers B. TeachersC. Teacher D. Teacher of3. _ is made of _.A. Glass； glass B. A glass；glass C. Glasses；glasses D. A glass； glasses4. This is _ news.A. such a good B. a very good C. so good a D. such good5. What _ it is！ Lets go swimming.A. a fine weather B. fine day C. a fine day D. bad weather6. They like Chinese _.A. food and peoples B. foods and people C. foods and people D. food and people7. Lucy and I go to school _ every day.A. on feet B. on foot C. by foots D. by buses8. Are those _？ -No， they arent. Theyre _.A. sheep； cows B. sheep； cow C. sheeps； cow D. sheeps； cows9. What are you listening to， Jane？ _ or _？A. a music； a news B. music； news C.a music； news D. music； a news10. How many _ and _ are there in your class？A. boy student； girl ones B. girls students； boys onesC. boys student； girl one D. girl students； boy ones11. A group of _ are talking with two _ over there.A. Frenchmen； Germans B. Frenchmen； GermenC. German； Frenchmen D. Germans； Frenchmans12. That bus driver drank two _.A. glass of water B. glasses of waters C. cups of tea D. cup of tea13. Mrs. Smith is an old friend of _.A. Bobs mother B. Bobs mothers C. mother of Bob D. Bob mothers14. The tall man with a big nose is _ teacher.A. Tom and Carl B. Toms and Carls C. Tom and Carls15. There is _ tree in our school.A. a 8-meters-tall B. an 8-meter-tall C. an 8 meters tall 代词一人称代词： 单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称it/she/heit/her/himtheythem1.主格作主语,宾格作动词或介词的宾语. He teaches _(we) Chinese .2.三种人称代词并列时,顺序为: 单数:二,三,一 （You, she and I ） 复数:一,二,三 (we , you and they )注:若把责任担,第一人称最当先,(即若做错事时,把第一人称放在最前面.) She and I have been to Beijing . Who broke the window ? I and Mike .注：it 还有一些特别的用法。 1）用作形式主语,常用于 “Its +adj +to do sth”句型中. 2) 用在句型: “It seems that ”中. 3) 用在句型: “Its ones turn to do sth”中. 4) 用在句型: “Its time to do sth / for sth”中. 5) 用在句型: “Its +adj +that 从句”中. 6) 用作形式宾语, 用来代替动词不定式. make /think /feel/find + it + adj (名词)+ to do sth .二.物主代词.第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数形容词性myouryouryourits/his/hertheir名词性mineoursyoursyoursits/his/herstheirs1. 形容词性的物主代词作定语放在名词前，不能单独使用。2. 名词性的物主代词，后面不能加名词。名词性的物主代词常与of 连用。 Our classroom is as big as _(they) . This is a friend of _(my).注: 1)名词性的物主代词相当于形容词性的物主代词加一个名词.（名词性的物主代词=形容词性的物主代词+ 名词） 2)形容词性的物主代词与own 连用时,后面可跟名词也可不跟名词. My own house = a house of my own 三.反身代词单数复数第一人称myself ourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself/herself/itselfthemselves记忆小窍门:反身代词有规律,第三人称宾格加self.其余都要物主加self,复数ves来把f替.反身代词的常用搭配: enjoy oneself hurt oneself teach oneself = learnby oneslf all by oneself help oneself to look after oneself leave sb by oneself lose oneself in say to oneself for oneself dress oneself improve oneself see oneself in the mirror四.指示代词 1.近指: this these 远指: that those 2.用法: 1)that those 常用来代替前面出现的人或物,以避免重复. That代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词. Those 代替复数名词. The weather in Guangdong is hotter than _ in Qinghai . The books in that shop are cheaper than _in this shop. A.this B.that C.one D.those 2)this ,that 可代替句子或句子的一个部分,that代替前面提到的句子而this代替下面提到的句子. He had a bad cold ,that is why he didnt come . 3)在电话用语中,this 代替自己,而that 代替对方. This is Tom speaking . Who is that ?五.不定代词的区别.1.one与it 的区别 One 代替同类事物中的一种. 而it代替上文中出现的某事物. This book is a good one . May I borrow it ?2.some与any 的区别 一般情况下,some用于肯定句,any用于否定,疑问句,条件句中.但在表建议的疑问句中,仍用some 代any. 常用于could / would / May 开头或what about /how about . 的句中。 May I have some water ? He asked me for some paper , but I didnt have any .3.many与much的区别 Many+可数名词的复数 Much+不可数名词 都相当于 a lot of +复数名词/不可数名词 注:a lot of 不能用于否定句中. 否定句中用many /much .4.a few /few /a little /little 的区别表否定(几乎没有)表肯定(有一点/几个)修饰可数名词fewa few修饰不可数名词littlea little The story is easy to read . there are _ new words in it . Hurry up ! There is _ time left .5.each / every 的区别 each 表示两者或两者以上的人或物中的每一个.而every 表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一个. There are trees and frowers on _ side of the street . _ student has read a story .注:each 可以与of 连用, each of 作主语时,谓语动词用单数.而every 不能与of 连用.只能放在名词前作定语. Each of us _(study )hard .6.no one 与none 的区别 no one 表示没有人, 不能与of 连用. 而none of +复数名词/ 代词，作主语时，谓语常用单数。. The boys were all tired , but _ of them stopped to have a rest .7.both /neither /either /all / none / any 的区别都都不任何一个两者之间bothneithereither三者或三者以上allnoneanyThere are many trees on _ side of the river . A. both B.any C.either D.all 注: 1). both 的否定词是neither , all的否定词是none.2).both of 作主语时,谓语动词用复数. neither of作主语时, 谓语动词用单数.Neither of the answers _(be) right .Both of my parents _(be) workers. 3).词组 A) both and 连接两个主语时,谓语动词用复数. 同义词组:not only but also 反义词组: neither nor Not only you but also she likes watching TV.= _ you _ she like watching TV .= You like watching TV , _ _ she .B) either or 或者或者 , neithernor 既不也不 连接两个主语时,谓语动词实行就近原则.Neither you nor he _ (be ) right .One of Lily and Lucy is going to the park. = _ Lily _Lucy _ going to the park.C) either 也可用于否定句中的 “也”D) neither 也可表示 “ 也不” 句型: neither sb 某人也不怎么样. If you dont go there , _ _ I . (我也不去)4) how many /how much 的回答:用none回答. Who 的回答:用no one 回答. What 的回答:用nothing 回答. How many students are there in the classroom ? _. Who can answer the question ? _. A. None B.No one C.Nothing 8.other /the other /others /the others 的区别(空)后面没有名词(空)后面有名词有数量限制(特指)the othersthe other没有数量限制(泛指)othersother 注: 1) one the other 表示两者之间的一个另一个 2) some others 表示一些 一些3) another 表示三者以上的不确定数目中的另一个. 只能修饰可数名词的单数.但 another +数字+ 复数名词= 数字+ more +复数名词 表示 “ 另外几个” Would you like _ apple ? I have two brothers , one is a teacher , _ is a worker . Some are cleaning the classroom , _ are sweeping the window . There are 20 teachers in our school . Eight of them are men teachers ,and _ are women teachers everyone 每个，人人，大家不与of 连用every one每个人、物可与of 连用9.Every one of us has seen the film . Everyone should do their best .10.复合不定代词.someany noeverythingsomethinganythingnothingeverythingonesomeoneanyoneno oneeveryonebodysomebodyanybodynobodyeverybody 注: 1.复合不定代词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 2.形容词修饰不定代词时, 形容词放在不定代词之后.3.动词不定式修饰不定代词时, 动词不定式放在不定代词之后.4.复合不定代词用于反义疑问句中, 1)指人的不定代词, 其反义疑问句中的主语用he 或they . 2)指物的不定代词, 其反义疑问句中的主语用 it .5.any ,anything ,anyone, anyboby 也可用于肯定句中,表示 “任何/任何物/任何人”Everything _(begin ) to grow in spring , _ _ ?Is there _(一些有趣的事)in todays newpaper ?I want something _ (eat ).关系代词：用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词，如：who 、whom .which、 that 、as,whose连接代词：用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句的连接词称连接代词。如：what, who ,whom, which ,whose。不定代词：代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词.如：some，any，none，all,each,everything,nothing等。相互代词：表示相互关系的词叫相互代词。each other ,one another是相互代词,疑问代词：用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词。如：who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever。专项练习题：I. 用所给代词的正确形式填空。1. Mr. Lee teaches _(we) English. We all like _(he) classes. 2. Is this bike _(you)? No, _(I) is blue.3. Did you enjoy _(you) last night, kids?4. She hurt _(her) in the accident.5. Is this _(he) pen? Yes, its _(he).6. Whats _(you) age? -_(me) am 15 years old.7. We can help _(every) other and learn from each other.8. How is _(you) father going, Li Lei? He is fine, thanks.9. -My book is here. Where is _(you), Tom? -_ is in the classroom.10. -Are _(you) parents workers? -No, _(they) are teachers.2,选择填空1This dictionary is not hers. Its _.A. my B. me C. mine 2. - Is this _ magazine? - No, it isnt. Its _.A. your, her B. hers, mine C. your, hers3. There are two books on the desk. One is a math book, _ is an English book.A. others B. another C. the other 4. _ of the girls plays tennis well.A. Neither B. Both C. All 5. Mary speaks very quickly. _ is difficult to understand what she is saying.A. That B. she C. It 6. The school was built by the villagers _.A. us B. ourselves C. themselves7. He put a finger into _ mouth and sucked it.A. his B. he C. him 8. He is always ready to help _.A. another B. others C. the other 9. Let _ do this exercise myself.A. him B. her C. me10. Do you have _ to tell us?A. important something B. something important C. anything important11. I met an old friend of _ on _ way home.A. mine, a B. my, the C. mine, the12. _ of the students in our class has a ticket.A. Every B. Both C. Each 13. There are several books on the desk. _ of them is English.A. All B. Neither C. None 14. _ live in Shanghai.A. We B. Our C. Ours 15. - Is this _ jacket? - Yes, its _.A. her, her B. her, hers C. hers, her 16. - _ is that boy? - Hes my son.A. Who B. Whom C. Whose 17. _ humans _ animals can live without air.A. Both, and B. Neither, nor C. Either, or 18. They have twenty-six desks in the classroom. One is for the teacher, _ are for the students.A. the other B. other C. the others 19. My dictionary is in my bag. Where is _?A. yours B. you C. your20. I think you can do the job by _.A. yourself B. myself C. himself 21. - Which jacket is Marys? - The red one is _.A. she B. her C. hers 22. My uncle was so angry that he was not _ when he found I was beating his dog.A. him B. his C. himself 23. There are many trees on _ sides of the street.A. all B. both C. either24. _ is important for us to keep the balance of nature.A. There B. That C. It25. She cant find _ watch.A. hers B. it C. her 26. There is _ milk in the glass.A. many B. little C. few27. Please pass _ the cap of tea.A. me B. my C. mine 28. Have you heard from _ recently?A. them B. they C. themselves 29. There is _water in the bottle.A. many B. some C. any 30. There isnt _ food left on the table.A. many B. few C. much 31. Sorry, I cant answer your question. I know _ about the news.A. a little B. little C. few 32. This is his schoolbag, _ is on the desk.A. my B. yours C. your 33. We made the radio _.A. us B. ourselves C. myself 34. Would please give me _ hot tea?A. one B. any C. some 35. - Would you like some milk in your tea? - Yes, just _.A. a little B. little C. a few36. This question is so difficult that _ students can answer it.A. few B. a few C. a little37. They have only _ homework for Sunday.A. a little B. a few C. little 38. They told us about their school and we told them about_.A. ours B. us C. our 39. This blue suit looks better than the green _.A. ones B. one C. suits 40. _ is your father ,a worker or a teacher?A. How B. Which C. What 数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.分类：数词有基数词和序数词两种。英语的数词可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语和定语。基数词：表示数目的词叫基数词。1、 英语中常用的基数词有：123456789101112onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelve13141516171819thirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteen2030405060708090100twentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninetyone(a) hundred2335101twenty-threethirty-fiveone hundred and one1000one(a) thousand,10000ten thousand,100000one hundred thousand ,1000000one million,10000000ten million, 100000000one hundred million,108one hundred and eight, 146one hundred and forty-six, 500five hundred , 1001one thousand and one, 1813one thousand eight hundred and序数词：英语的序数词基本变法：(1)一般在基数词后加th,(2)-ve结尾的改为-fth,(3)-ty结尾的改为-tieth,(4)熟记特殊词。firstsecondthirdfourthfifthsixthseventheighthninthtentheleventhtwelfth13th14th15th16th17th18th19ththirteenthfourteenthfifteenthsixteenthseventeentheighteenthnineteenth20th30th40th50th60th70th80th90th100thtwentieththirtiethfortiethfiftiethsixtiethseventietheightiethninetiethone undredth21st22nd23rd35th101sttwenty-firsttwenty-secondtwenty-thirdthirty-fifthone hundred and first形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange .形容词的句法功能:用作表语,定语,宾语补足语,作状语一、形容词的位置1. 前置与后置作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。如：a big yellow wooden wheel(一个黄色的大木轮)作表语时放在连系动词之后。如：The price sounds reasonable.(这个价格听起来算是合理)作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。如：We must try our best to keep our environment clean.(我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁)后置的情况：修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。如：Something serious has happened to him.(他发生了严重的事故)与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。如：Hes 1.8 metres tall.(他身高1.8米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月球离地38万公里) 2.前置形容词的排列顺序。口诀：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠。副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 用作状语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语。形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级1、分类：形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级三级。原级变为比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。2、规则变化: (1)单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级的后面加上er,est构成比较级和最高级。 a)直接加er,est ： b)以重读闭音节结尾的,要双写最后一个辅音字母,后加er,est： c)以辅音字母+y结尾的,先把y改为i再加上er,est： (2)两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加more / most.3、不规则变化:原级比较级最高级good好的better更好的best最好的well好；(身体)好的,bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地；(身体)更不舒服的worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地；(身体)最不舒服的ill(身体)不舒服的many许多的(可数)more更多的；更most最多的；最much许多的(不可数)；非常little少的less更少的least最少的far远的；远地farther更远的；更远地farthest最远的；最远地further进一步的(地)furthest最深刻的(地)形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的用法：(1)讲述某人/物自身的情况时,用原级。基本句型是： 主语(sb./sth) + 谓语动词 + (