初中英语中考总复习精品讲义.doc

初中英语总复习资料精品讲义八种动词时态，有的只要求达到理解层次，有的则要求达到熟练运用层次。至少其中五种时态包括过去进行时是要求达到熟练运用层次的，而且其考查方式肯定不会以某一时态的独立形式出现，而是时态的综合运用，尤其要重视各种时态之间的区别。找出它们之间的不同冠词的用法. 现以冠词为例：1.John was given _ orange bag for his birthday but _ bag was lost just now. A.an,a B.a,the C.the,a D.an,the2.Theres _ old tree near _ house. A.a,an B.an,the C.a,the D.the,a 3.There is _ 800-metre-long road behind _ hospital.A.an,an B.a,a C.an,the D.a,the4._ good,kind girl she is! A.How B.What a C.What D.How a5._ bad weather!I hope it wont last long. A.How B.What C.What a D.How a6._ they are listening to the teacher!A.How careful B.What careful C.How carefully D.What carefully 由上例题我们可以发现冠词和感叹句是必考内容。同样，象宾语从句的语序、代词的格、主谓语一致、动词和介词的搭配、近义词的比较以及习惯表达法和情态动词的使用等，无一不在考查之列。 所有这一切语言基础知识，我都将通过对典型试题的解题分析，展开讨论，分层展示难易对比，系统归纳。 对于语言基础知识是这样处理，那么对以能力测试为主要目的的中考其他试题形式又该怎么办呢？ 这里我们以一篇完形填空题为例： A poor farmer had never left his small village.After he(1) a lot of money,he decided to spend a holiday in an expensive hotel(旅馆)in a bigtown.(2)lunch time came on his first day there,he went to eat in the restaurant(餐馆)of the hotel(3) his new clothes.The head waiter(服务员)(4)him to the table,took his order and went away.When he turned and (5)the farmer again,he had a (6)!The farmer had tied(系)his table cloth round his (7). The head waiter told another waiter to go to the farmer and (8) him that people (9) do such a thing in his restaurant.So the waiter went tothe farmer and said in a (10) voice(声音),Good morning,sir.Would you like a haircut?1.A.lent B.made C.paid D.gave 2.A.During B.Though C.When D.Because 3.A.for B.with C.on D.in 4.A.wanted B.put C.showed D.brought 5.A.looked at B.watched C.saw D.found 6.A.look B.rest C.table cloth D.surprise 7.A.arm B.neck C.hand D.head 8.A.ask B.tell C.taught D.told 9.A.cant B.dont C.wont D.mustnt 10.A.friendly B.tired C.sad D.ter 要求考生从所给的选项中选出正确答案，使补足后的短文意思通顺，结构完整。对此，考生必须通篇考虑，不能拿来就做，那样必然顾此失彼，前后意思不得连贯。目前的中考完型还侧重于语法，这将在逐年试题的变革中转向按上下文的要求来推断理解。 在解这类题时，必须掌握“词感现象”，注意学会区分“干扰项”。所谓词感，“the sense of word是指一种对词或词群的感受能力。对词的感受力强，在解题时会较为容易地找到它与情景的关系。词感并不仅仅指词与词之间的细微差异，也并不注重词的搭配与组合，它较多地强调选用恰当的词，以利于对情景作出合乎逻辑的判断。同时也就把其它三个作为干扰项的选择项排除掉了。最后复读一篇全文，就会语感流畅，句意明确。 这儿举例的目的是想说明，我从一个较高的立意来对中考题型，特别是完形、阅读等，进行分析、探讨，借以使同学们获得较为完整的解题思路和解题方法。 词汇（一）这一讲里，主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法，特别是针对同学不易掌握的方面。 一、名词 关于名词，我们必须掌握名词的数，名词的格。单数可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用an，而不是a 1.复数的构成方法：(1)一般在复数名词后加s，如：dog-dogs。(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es，如：watch-watches。(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es， 如：country-countries。请区别：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词，则只须加s。 如：monkey-monkeys。 (4)以o结尾的名词，只有potato(土豆)，tomato(西红柿)加es构成复数。(5)以f、fe结尾的名词，变f、fe为v再加es， 如：knife-knives。 2.单复数形式相同的词：sheep-sheep，fish-fish Chinese-Chinese，Japanese-Japanese 3.特殊变化的单词有：(1)tooth-teeth，foot-feeth(2)man-men，woman-women，policeman-policemen,Frenchman-Frenchmen 请区别：German(德国人)Germans (3)childchildren 4.常以复数形式出现的名词：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。 如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours. 5.有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理) No news is good news. 6.可用how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any等来修饰可数名词复数。 How many are there in your pencil-box?(knife) 不可数名词：1.常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，fish，meat，等。应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood. 2.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。如：Some bread_over there.(be) 3.常用how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any等来修饰不可数名词。 4.常用a piece of,a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义，bread仍为不可数名词，不加s，而piece则可加s。即：twopiecesof bread 请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示， 如：三箱苹果three boxes of apples 例： 1、These two pieces of bread _over there.(be) 2、Could I have three _,please？ A.piece of bread B.piece of breads C.pieces of bread D.pieces of breads 名词的格 名词所有格的构成方法，在名词后加“ s”。如：TomToms译为“的”，若遇上以s结尾的复数名词，则在s后加“ ”即可。如：TeachersDay , twoweeksholiday，而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加s 。如：Childrens Day 关于名词所有格，应掌握以下几点： 1.可用名词所有格表示地点。 如：my aunts 我姑姑家。 go to the doctors 去医生家。 2.表示两人共同拥有，在最后一个名词后加s 如：Lucy and Lilys 露西和莉莉的 3.掌握词组：a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友 eg;The white shirt is and blue one is . A、Kate,my B.Kates,mine C.Kate,mine D.Kates,my 二、冠词 冠词是词汇中的基础的，也是简单的部分，所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法，归纳起来，同学们应该掌握以下几点： 1.冠词指不定冠词a,an和定冠词the 2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an hour,an English car. 请区别：a useful machine 3.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the 4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如：the sun,the moon,the earth 5.定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。如：the first,the best ,in the south 6.在复数姓氏前加the，表示一家人，常看成复数。 如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer. 7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the，如：in the box ,behind the chair 8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面：(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer,in August 请区别：in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加the)(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。 如：have breakfast ,play football(3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school,by bus ,at night.9.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：in front of 在前面 in the hospital 在医院里 in the front of 在范围内的前部 in hospital (生病)住院 练习:Theres _800-metre-long road behind _hospital. A.an,an B.a, a C.an, the D.a, the 三、数词 同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词，以及与数词有关的钟点表达法。对数词的考查，中考常采用单选题及听力题，这些题型归纳起来，应掌握以下几点特别容易出错的地方。 1.基数词变序数词。其规律为： 1,2,3特殊记，加th从4起 (first,second,third,fourth) 8少t，9去e，千万别忘记 (eighth,ninth) 逢5逢12，ve变f (fifth,twelfth) 20到90，y要变ie (twentieth,ninetieth) 若是几十几，前基后序别倒位 (ninety-first) 2.hundred,thousand,million 在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。 如：five hundred people. 只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s，构成复数形式。 hundreds of 数以百计的，成百上千的 thousands of 数以千计的，成千上万的 millions of 数百万的 这些词组前不能用具体数字。 3.序数词常与定冠词the 连用。练习:Henry has learned eight _ French words this year. A.hundred B.hundreds C.hundred of D.hundreds of The _lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty) 另外，同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。 顺读法(钟点分钟) 如：4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five 4:15 four fifteen 倒读法(分钟topast钟点) 如：4:30 half past four 4:15 fifteen past foura quarter past four 4:45 fifteen to fivea quarter to five 练习题 :1.At the beginning of the_(twenty) century,the worlds population was about 1700 million. 2.Are these_(watch)yours? Yes. 3.You dont look well.Youd better go to the_(doctor) at once. 4.Would you give me_,please? A.two papers B.two piece of paper C.two pieces of paper D.two pieces of papers 5.There are three_and seven_in the picture. A.monkeys,sheeps B.monkeys,sheep C.monkies,sheep D.monkies,sheeps 6.A lot of_are talking with two_. A.Germans,Frenchmans B.Germen,Frenchmans C.German, Frenchmen D.Germans,Frenchmen 7.June 1 is _. A.the Childrens Day B.the Childrens Day C.Childrens Day D.Childrens Day 8._people went out to see what had happened. A.Thousands of B.Three thousand ofC.Thousand of D.Three thousands 9.We have been in the school for_. A.three and a half month B.three and a half monthsC.three month and a half D.three months and half 10._English is_ useful language. A.A, an B./, a C.The, an D. A, /11.John was given _ orange bag for his birthday but _ bag was lost just now. A.an,a B.a,the C.the,a D.an,the12.Theres _ old tree near _ house. A.a,an B.an,the C.a,the D.the,a 13.There is _ 800-metre-long road behind _ hospital.A.an,an B.a,a C.an,the D.a,the 四.代词人称代词: 主格: 单数I 、you 、he 、she 、it 复数 we 、you 、they 宾格: 单数me 、you 、him 、her 、it 复数us 、you 、them 物主代词: 形容词性 my 、your 、his 、her 、its 、our 、your 、their 名词性 mine 、yours 、his 、hers 、its 、ours 、yours 、theirs 反身代词: myself 、yourself 、himself 、herself 、itself 、ourselves 、yourselves 、themselves 1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语，相当于一个形容词，名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语，相当于一个名词。 2.注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。 如：These books arent ours. Ours are new. (这里ours=our books) This is not our room. Ours is over there. (这里ours=our room) 3.of+名词性物主代词表示所属 如：a sister of his 他的一个妹妹 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友 4.人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为：“第二人称，第三人称，第一人称”。如：You, she and I all enjoy the music. 5.关于反身代词，同学们须掌握其固定结构：enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快) by oneself=alone (单独、独自)help oneself to (随便吃/喝 些.) learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自学) 练习题 1.-Whose trousers are these? -_, I think. A.They B.Their C.Theirs D.Them 2. Nobody taught_English. He taught_. A.him, himself B.his, himself C.him, by himself D.his, his （二） 修饰可数名词 many few 表否定意义 a few 表肯定意义 修饰不数名词 much little 表否定意义 a little 表肯定意义 few 和 little 与 quite 或 only 连用时，常加不定冠词 a.如:There are quite a few new books in the library.= 用little, a little, few, a few填空: 1.I often stay at home because I have _ friends here. 2.Jim,dont go and get some water. There is _ water in the glass. 3.Though he learned French only _ weeks. He can speak very well. 4.Lily had _ bread because she was hungry yesterday. （三）不定代词: something, anything, nothing. 当形容词修饰这三个不定代词时，常后置。 如：something new Theres _ in todays newspaper. 中考题 A.important anything B.important something C.anything important D.something important (四)另外，还要注意代词some, every, all, both, either, another 1.some（一些，某） 一般用于肯定句中 注：some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。 any（任何） 多用于疑问句和否定句 Will you give me some water? Would you like some meat? May I ask some questions? Could I have some apples? 2.every单数名词 “每一个” 强调共性，作定语,形式上为单数。 each “每一个” 强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，常与of连用。 如: Each student was asked to try again. Each of them has a nice skirt. Every child likes playing games. 3.all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时，一般放在连系、助动词之后，行为动词之前。 none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词of 如： We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada. None of us is/are afraid of dogs.（单、复数均可） 4.both “（两者）都” ,作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。 either “两者中任何一个” ,作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时，后跟名词单数。 neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，用法同either。 如：They both swim well. Both of them swim well. There are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street. Neither of us is going to Beijing next week. Neither answer is right. 5. another +单数名词, “另一个” one the other “一个，另一个” the other +复数名词 = the others “其他的人或物” （指确定范围内剩下的全部） others “别人” (五)疑问代词 5个“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which 这里，which是同学们不易掌握的内容，其实，同学们只须记住，对作定语的内容提问，常用which. 例如: I like the red shirt. _ _ do you like ?练习:一、根据所给单词的适当形式填空，使句意通顺，语法完整6Can you come with us?(we)7These skirts are hers. Yours are over there.(she)8Please take care of yourselves, boys and girls.(you)9I dont think this is my frisby, though it looks like mine.(I) 10Look at those books. Are they yours?(that) 二、根据首字母填空11Is there anything interesting in the newspaper? 12She asked us to help each other.13The old man can neither read nor write. 14Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. 15Please help yourself to some fish, Lucy.三、同义句转换16、A: The children played happily in the zoo yesterday.B: The children enjoyed themselves in the zoo yesterday. 17、A: He doesnt like mutton, and she doesnt, either.B: Neither he nor she likes mutton.18、A: All the American people dont like sandwiches.B: Not all the American people like sandwiches. 19、A: They dont often hear the twins sing the song in the school.B: Neither of the twins is often heard to sing the song in the school.ZK) 四、单项选择(C)20、-Can you speak Chinese, Peter?-Yes, but only .A. little B. few C. a little D. a few (A)21、-Do you like Janes new skirt?-Yes, very much. Ill ask mum to buy for me.A. one B. it C. the other D. a (B)22、The color of her skirt is different from of mine.A. one B. that C. it D. this (B)23、Students are usually interested in sports. Some like running, some like swimming. like ball games.A. the others B. others C. the other D. other (A)24、-Ill give the boys to eat.-Oh, I know, fish and chips.A. something English B. English somethingC. anything English D. English anything (D)25、-Shall I help you with the heavy box?-No, thanks, I can do it .A. me B. my C. mine D. myself (D)26、-What time shall we meet this afternoon,3:00 or 4:00?-I dont mind. time is OK.A. Neither B. Each C. Any D. Either (C)27、-My bag is full, what about ?- is full, too.A. you, Yours B. his, He C. yours, Mine D. hers, She (D)28、-Ive had enough bread, Would you like ?-No, thanks.A. a few more B. one more C. another more D. some more (A)29、There are many trees on sides of the river.A. both B. either C. neither D. each(A)1、He has two bikes, one is new, is old.A. the other B. other C. the others D. others (C)2、Without the sun, could grow in the world.A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything (B)3、 of them is going to play basketball with you this afternoon.A. All B. Neither C. Some D. Both (B)4、-Can you tell me what a panda looks like?-Look! This is a picture of .A. it B. one C. two D. some (B)5、There are not many pears here, but you can take if you want to.A. few B. a few C. a little D. little二、形容词 副词大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级： 原级：比较级： 比较.，更.一些 最高级： 最. （A）1.构成：(规则情况)情况 变 化 方 法 例 词 单音节词和少数双音节词: 一般情况 加er, est clever-cleverer-cleverest 以字母e结尾 加r, st nice-nicer-nicest 重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时 双写加er, est big-bigger-biggest以辅音字母加y结尾 变y为i加er, est early-earlier-earliest 部分双音节和多音节词 在词前加more, most slowly-more slowly-most slowly 2.不规则变化，须熟记： good/well-better-best many/much-more-most far-farther-farthestbad/badly/ill-worse-worst little-less-least (B)常见的使用情况 1.as as 和.一样（中间用原级） 2.not as(so) as 和.不一样（中间用原级） 3 than . .比.（用比较级） 4.有范围修饰的用最高级 如:in, of, among或用从句修饰的 eg.Winter is the coldest season of the year. This is the best film that I have ever seen . 5.比较级+and+比较级 意为“越来越.eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful 6. The+比较级，the+比较级 越.就越. eg:The more, the better. 越多越好 (C)注意点：1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。 2.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。 3.在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one,that,those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。eg:The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai. (D)掌握三种同义句转换：1.He is taller than any other student in his class. =He is the tallest (student)in his class. 2.This film is less interesting than that one. =This film isnt as interesting as that one. =That film is more interesting than this one. 3.I prefer maths to English. =I like maths better than English. Which do you like _, fish, meat _ eggs? A.best, or B.better,or C.best, and D.better,and 此外，关于形容词、副词的内容同学们还须掌握： 1.形容词修饰名词作定语，跟在连系动词之后作表语。 2.副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词 enough属例外词：形/副+enough to do enough+名词 例如;She is old enough to go to school. 她够上学的年龄了。 3.区别几组易混淆的副词: 也 too用于肯定、疑问句 also 较为正式书面语 either 用于否定句 已经 already 常用于肯定句、疑问句 yet 常用于否定句、疑问句 不再 no (not any) longer 从时间上讲 no (not any) more 从动作上讲 如此这样 such 修饰名词 eg: such a big box so 修饰形容词、副词 eg: so big 单独、独自 alone 作表语 =by oneself 孤独的 lonely 可作表语、定语 eg:A group of girls are singing and dancing _ over there. (happy) 练习题 1.The students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake. _ are climbing the hill. A.Others B. Other C. Another D.The other 2.There isnt _ in todays newspaper. A. important something B. important anything C. anything important D. nothing important 3.-Whose watch is this, Mary? Is it your sisters? -No,Mum. Its not _. Its _. A.hers, my B. her, my C. Mine, hers D.hers, mine 4.The Changjiang River is the third _ river in the world. A.long B.longer C.longest D.the longest 5. An elephant is _ than a horse. A.more strong B. much stronger C. the most strong D. much more strong 6. Which do you like _, tea, orange or water? A.good B.Well C. Better D. Best 一、 介词 1与形容词搭配的词组有： be afraid of （怕） be angry with （生某人的气） be away from （不在某地） be different from （与不同） be good at （善于） be good/ bad for (对有益/有害) be interested in （对感兴趣） be late for （迟到） be/get ready for （为作好准备） be sure of (对有把握) be worried about （为感到担忧） 2介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式 1)You must take good care of her. 2)Thank you for teaching us so well. 3几组易混淆的介词 A “在.之后” in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时） after + 一段时间（用于一般过去时） after + 一点时间（常用于一般将来时） 如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour. The baby will stop crying in half an hour. They will visit their teacher after Friday. B for +一段时间 since +过去的一点时间 这两者均用于现在完成时，具体在时态部分，我会继续向同学们讲解。 C be made of 用制成 be made in “由某地制造”be made by somebody “由某人制成” D in, on, at表时间 in “在某月(季节、年)等” eg:in 1996,