小升初英语语法知识点总结.doc

卓越教育 Outstanding Education小学英语语法知识点总结 一、名词（一）可数名词：表示可以具体个别存在的人或物。可数名词有单复数形式，其单数形式与不定冠词a(n)连用。-可数名词复数规则：1一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds2以s. ss. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches, glass-glasses3以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries, city-cities, body-bodies4以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives, leafleaves, wife-wives, half-halves5不规则名词复数： child children， mouse mice man men, woman women, policeman policemen tomato tomatoes, potato potatoes注： 初中英语以o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es，其余的加-s如：photo photos foot feet， tooth teeth 注： oo变成ee。 fish , sheep, Chinese, Japanese单、复数同形注：变复数时词形不变。 people单数形式表示复数意义，要求谓语动词用复数；people的复数形式peoples通常指“多个民族”。习题：写出下列各词的复数 I _him _this _her _watch _child _photo _diary _day_ foot_ book_ dress _tooth_ sheep _box_ strawberry _peach_ sandwich _dish_bus_man_ woman_ （二）不可数名词：表示不能个别存在的事物，如液体类，气体类的物质；少数固体类的物质 （grass草，ice冰），抽象的名词（help帮助，music音乐）。不可数名词没有复数（如some water）,不能与不定冠词连用。（三）名词所有格：1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。如：Childrens Day(儿童节), my sisters book(我姐姐的书)(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。如：Teachers Day(教师节)(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. 如：todays newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes break(十分钟的课间休息), Chinas population(中国的人口).(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).2、注：s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(诊所) 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and Bs 的形式, 如：Lucy and Lilys bedroom “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”, 称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my fathers(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)二、人称代词和物主代词1、人称代词主格和宾格的区别：主格通常位于句中第一个动词之前（有时候位于than 之后），宾格一般位于动词或介词之后。2、物主代词形容词性与名词性的区别：形容词性用时后面一般要带上名词，名词性则单独使用，后面不带名词。人称代词物主代词主格宾格形容词性名词性我Ime我的mymine你，你们youyou你的，你们的youryours他hehim他的hishis她sheher她的herhers它itit它的itsits我们weus我们的ourours他（她，它）们theythem他（她，它）们的theirtheirs【注】：人称代词有主格和宾格之分，一般动词前用主格，动词后用宾格。物主代词一般看后面有没有名词，如有，就用形容词性物主代词(短的);如无，就用名词性物主代词(长的)。习题：用所给词的适当形式填空 1. That is not _ kite. That kite is very small, but _ is very big. ( I )2. The dress is _. Give it to _. ( she ) 3. Is this _ watch? (you) No, its not _ . ( I )4. _ is my brother. _ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _. ( he )三、一般现在时（一）一般现在时的功能1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：The sky is blue. 天空是蓝色的。2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：I get up at six every day. 我天天六点起床。3.表示客观现实。如：The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。（二）一般现在时的构成1. be动词：主语+ be(am,is,are)+ 其它。如：I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。2.行为动词：主语+ 行为动词+( 其它)。如：We study English. 我们学习英语。【注】当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时，要在动词后加-s或-es。如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。（三）一般现在时的变化 1. be动词的变化。否定句：主语+be+not+其它。 如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。一般疑问句：Be+主语+其它。如：-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, Im not.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句。如：Where is my bike?2.行为动词的变化。否定句：主语+ dont( doesnt )+动词原形+( 其它)。如：I dont like bread.当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesnt构成否定句。如：He doesnt often play.一般疑问句：Do( Does )+主语+动词原形+其它。如：- Do you often play football? - Yes, I do. / No, I dont.当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。如：- Does she go to work by bike?- Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt.特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：How does your father go to work?动词+s的变化规则1一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks2以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes3以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies习题：一般现在时用法专练一、 写出下列动词的第三人称单数 drink _ go _ stay _ make _look _ have_ pass_ carry _come_ watch_ plant_ fly _study_ brush_ do_ teach_wash_二、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。1. He often _(have) dinner at home.2. Daniel and Tommy _(be) in Class One.3. We _(not watch) TV on Monday.4. Nick _(not go) to the zoo on Sunday.5. _ they _(like) the World Cup?6. What _they often _(do) on Saturdays?7. _ your parents _(read) newspapers every day?8. The girl _(teach) us English on Sundays.9. She and I _(take) a walk together every evening.10. There _(be) some water in the bottle.11. Mike _(like) cooking.12. They _(have) the same hobby.13. My aunt _(look) after her baby carefully.14. You always _(do) your homework well.15. I _(be) ill. Im staying in bed.16. She _(go) to school from Monday to Friday.17. Liu Tao _(do) not like PE.18. The child often _(watch) TV in the evening.19. Su Hai and Su Yang _(have) eight lessons this term.20. What day _(be) it today? Its Saturday四、现在进行时 1现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。2现在进行时的肯定句基本结构为be+动词ing.3现在进行时的否定句在be后加not。4现在进行时的一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。5现在进行时的特殊疑问句的基本结构为：疑问词 + be + 主语 + 动词ing? 但疑问词当主语时其结构为：疑问词 + be + 动词ing?动词加ing的变化规则（1）一般情况下，直接加ing，如：cook-cooking（2）以不发音的e结尾，去e加ing，如：make-making, taste-tasting（3）如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing， 如： run-running, stop-stopping习题：现在进行时专项练习：一、写出下列动词的现在分词：play_ run_ swim _make_go_ like_ write_ _ski_ read_ have_ sing _ dance_put_ see_ buy _ love_ live_ take_ come _ get_stop_ sit _ begin_ shop_二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空：1. The boy _ ( draw)a picture now.2. Listen .Some girls _ ( sing)in the classroom .3. My mother _ ( cook )some nice food now.4. What _ you _ ( do ) now?5. Look. They _( have) an English lesson .6. They _(not ,water) the flowers now.7. Look! The girls _(dance )in the classroom .8. What is our granddaughter doing? She _(listen ) to music.9. Its 5 oclock now. We _(have)supper now10._Helen_(wash )clothes? Yes ,she is .五、一般将来时1、概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或预备做某事。句中一般有以下时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year), soon,the day after tomorrow（后天）等。 2、基本结构：be going to do；will do. 3、否定句：在be动词（am, is, are）后加not或情态动词will后加not成wont。例如：Im going to have a picnic this afternoon. Im not going to have a picnic this afternoon.4、一般疑问句： be或will提到句首，some改为any, and改为or，第一二人称互换。如：We are going to go on an outing this weekend. Are you going to go on an outing this weekend?5、特殊疑问句：疑问词+be+主语+going to+动词原形?如：What is Jim going to do? 疑问词当主语时：疑问词+be+going to+动词原形?如：Who is going to play football?6、同义句：be going to = will do be not going to = wont doI am going to go swimming tomorrow. = I will go swimming tomorrow. 7对划线部分提问。一般情况，一般将来时的对划线部分有三种情况。 问人。Who 例如：Im going to New York soon. Whos going to New York soon? 问干什么。What do.如：My father is going to watch a race with me this afternoon. What is your father going to do with you this afternoon? 问什么时候。When. 如：Shes going to go to bed at nine. When is she going to bed?习题：填空1. 我打算明天和朋友去野炊。I_ _ _ have a picnic with my friends.I _ have a picnic with my friends.2.我们将要学习英语We _ _ _ learn English.We _ learn English.六、一般过去时1一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：last year, yesterday, just now, two weeks ago等。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often, always等频率副词连用。例如：I saw him in the street yesterday.。Li Mei always went to school on foot last year.2Be动词在一般过去时中的变化：am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。（was not=wasnt）are在一般过去时中变为were。（were not=werent）带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。3行为动词的一般过去时肯定句：主语+动词的过去式+其它。如：He went to the toy store yesterday.否定句：didnt+动词原形，如：Jim didnt go home yesterday.一般疑问句：Did+主语动词原形其它？如：Did Jim go home yesterday? 特殊疑问句：疑问词+did+主语+动词原形? 如： What did Jim do yesterday? 疑问词当主语时：疑问词+动词过去式?如：Who went to home yesterday?【注】一般过去时口诀一般过去时并不难，表示过去动作、状态记心间。动词要用过去式，时间状语句末站。否定句很简单，didnt 站在动词原形前，其它部分不要变。一般疑问句也好变，did放在句子前，主语、动词原形、其它部分依次站。动词过去式变化规则：1一般在动词末尾直接加-ed，如：work-worked , cook-cooked2结尾是e加d，如：live-lived 3末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ed，如：stop-stopped4以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i， 再加-ed，如：study-studied5不规则动词过去式： am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, swim-swam, sit-sat, fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke, sweep-swept, swim-swam, sit-sat 习题：过去时练习 一、写出下列动词的过去式 isam_ plant_ are _drink_ play_ go_ make _does_ dance_ worry_ ask _taste_ eat_ put _kick_ pass_ do _二、 用be动词的适当形式填空1. I _ at school just now.2. He _ at the camp last week.3. We _ students two years ago.4. They _ on the farm a moment ago.5. Yang Ling _ eleven years old last year.6. There _ an apple on the plate yesterday. 7. There _ some milk in the fridge on Sunday.8. The mobile phone _ on the sofa yesterday evening. 9. I _ an English teacher now.10. She _ happy yesterday.11. They _ glad to see each other last month.三、用动词的适当形式填空1. I _ (watch) a cartoon on Saturday.2. Her father _ (read) a newspaper last night.3. We _ to zoo yesterday, we _ to the park. (go)4. _ you _ (visit) your relatives last Spring Festival?5. _ he _ (fly) a kite on Sunday? Yes, he _.6. I _ (sweep) the floor yesterday, but my mother _.7. What _ she _ (find) in the garden last morning? She _ (find) a beautiful butterfly.四、用am, is, are 填空1. I _ a boy. _ you a boy? No, I _ not. 2. The girl_ Jacks sister. 3. The dog _ tall and fat. 4. The man with big eyes _ a teacher. 5. _ your brother in the classroom? 6. Where _ your mother? She _ at home. 7. How _ your father? 8. Mike and Liu Tao _ at school. 9. Whose dress _ this? 10. Whose socks _ they?七、Have、Has和There be结构1、There be结构包括there is, there are, there was, there were.2、意思都是“有”。3、和have、has、had的区别：(1)There be 句型表示：在某地有某物(或人)(2)在there be 句型中，主语是单数，be 动词用is ; 主语是复数，be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品，be 动词根据最近be 动词的那个名词决定。(3)there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。(4)there be句型与have(has) 的区别：there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。(5)some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用：some 用于肯定句， any 用于否定句或疑问句。(6)and 和or 在there be句型中的运用：and 用于肯定句， or 用于否定句或疑问句。(7)针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是： How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语? How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语?(8)针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是： Whats + 介词短语?(9)There be结构一般用在句子的开头，而have等词只能用于某一个主语后面。八、冠词1、冠词分类：英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。2、不定冠词a / an的用法：用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。(1)表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如：There is a dog lying on the ground.(2)表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.(3)表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如：He is a teacher of English.(4) 表示“一”这个数量。如：There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(5)几个用不定冠词的习语：a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a rest等(休息)一会儿,等等。3、定冠词the的用法：定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。(1)表示特指的人或事物。如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack.(2)指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard, Lily.(3)复述前面提到过的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：The earth turns around the sun.(5)用在表示方位的名词前面。如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(6)在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如：Who is the first one to go? / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth. (在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)(7)常用在乐器名称的前面。如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(8)用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(9)用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如：He is from the United States of America.(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(11)same之前一般用the。如：Lucy and Lily look the same.(12)几个用定冠词的习语：at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。 4、一些不用冠词的情况：(1)专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如：China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水) (2)名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.(3)周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(4)(第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如：Men are cleverer than monkeys.(5)三餐饭前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)(6)节、假日前一般不用。如：On Childrens Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(7)球类名词前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(8)城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如：They are now at Peoples Cinema.(9)一些习惯用语中不用。如： at / to / from / out of / after / for school; in / to / for / after class; in / to / out of / into bed; after / at/ from / out of / to work; at / to sea; in / from / down / to town; at / from home; at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; at night/noon/midnight; on foot; go to school/bed; on top of; in front of; on show/display/duty/watch; in / out of hospital; at all; on/in time; at first/last/once; in Chinese/English; take care of 九、介词1、介词的主要用法：介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如：out of(从中出来), away from(距离), next to(在隔壁), in front of(在前方)等。2、介词的分类表： 地点(位置、范围)介词： after在后面, at在处, before在.前, behind在.后, beside在.旁边, between在.之间, from来自., in在.里面, near靠近., on在.上面, outside在.外面, under在.下方, in front of在.前, in the middle of在.的中间, at the back of在.的后部,等等。 方向(目标趋向)介词： along沿着., around绕着., at朝着., down向下, for向., from从/离., in进入., into进入., near接近., off脱离/除., out of向.外, outside向.外, to向/朝., up向.上, away from远离. 时间介词：about大约., after在以后, at在 (时刻), before在以前, for有(之久), from从(时)起, in在(上/下午); on在(某日), past过了(时), to到(下一时刻), 方式介词：as作为/当作., by用/由/乘坐/被., in用(语言), like与一样, on骑(车)/徒(步), with用(材料),用(手/脚/耳/眼), 涉及介词: about关于., in在(方面), of的,有关., to对而言, with就而言 其它介词: 【目的介词】 for为了., to为了 【比较介词】 as与一样,like象一样,than比.,to与相比少, 【伴随/状态介词】 at在(上班/休息/上学/家,etc.),in穿着(衣服/颜色), on在(值日), with与一起,有/带着/长着.3、介词短语的句法作用：介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。如：The man came .(状)(那个人走下楼来)/The woman is from the countryside.(定)(头上戴花的妇女来自乡下)/The teacher is now with the students.(表)(老师现在和学生在一起)4、介词短语在句子中的位置： 介词短语做状语时,如果表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比较,一般放在句尾； 介词短语作表语时放在连系动词之后；介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。如：He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year.(状语)(他想来年在上海找份好工作)/ They searched the room for the thief.(他们在房间里搜索小偷) / The letters are for you.(表语)(信是给你的)/ Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs?(定语)(你看见一只黑头白腿的猫了吗？)5、重要注释： this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等词构成的时间短语,前面不用任何介词。如：Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao.(每年都有国外的游客来游览平窑镇)/ He had a bad cold that week.(那个星期他患重感冒) 记住一些固定词组： on foot(步行), at night(在晚上), play with(玩耍),look out of(朝外面看), with ones help(在的帮助下),look after(照料),look for(寻找),on a bike(=by bike)骑车, help sb. with(帮某人做)等等。6、某些介词的用法辨析： 时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别：表示时间时, in表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后), on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间； 表示地点时, in表示在某个范围之内, on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如：He was born on the morning of May 10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7：00 in the morning.(我通常在早上的七点钟起床) / His glasses are right on his nose.(他的眼镜就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在电影院) after与in表示时间的用法区别：“after+(具体时刻/从句)”表示“在时刻之后”常用于一般时态；“in+(一段时间)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于将来时态。如：He said that he would be here after 6：00.(他说他六点钟之后会来这儿)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父亲大约一个月以后从英国回来) by、in与with表示方式的用法区别：都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以方式”, in表示“使用”某种语言/文字,with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如：We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路)/ Please write that article(文章) in English.(请你用英语写那篇文章)/ Lets go to the zoo by taxi.(我们打的去动物园吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍写的) in front of 与in the front of： in front of“在的前面”, 与in the front of“在的前部”。如：A car was parking in front of the hall.(大厅跟前停着一辆汽车)/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk.7、for用法小结 表示“当作、作为”。如：I like some bread and milk for breakfast. What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么？表示理由或原因，意为“因为、由于”。如：Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。Thank you for your last letter. 谢谢你上次的来信。表示动作的对象或接受者，意为“给”、“对 （而言）”。如：Let me pick i