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专业好文档专题复习 二次根式【知识点1】二次根式的概念:一般地,我们把形如的式子叫做二次根式。二次根式的实质是一个非负数数a的算数平方根。【注】二次根式的概念有两个要点:一是从形式上看,应含有二次根号;二是被开方数的取值范围有限制:被开方数a必须是非负数。例1 下列各式1),其中是二次根式的是_(填序号)例2 使有意义的x的取值范围是()ax0 bx2 cx2 dx0且x2来源:学*科*网z*x*x*k例3 若y=+2009,则x+y= 练习1使代数式有意义的x的取值范围是( ) a、x3 b、x3 c、 x4 d 、x3且x4练习2若,则xy的值为( )a1 b1 c2 d3例4 若,则 = 。例5 在实数的范围内分解因式:x4 - 4x2 + 4= _ 例6 若a、b为正实数,下列等式中一定成立的是( ): a、+=; b、=a2+b2; c、(+)2= a2+b2; d、=ab;【知识点2】二次根式的性质:(1)二次根式的非负性,的最小值是0;也就是说()是一个非负数,即0()。注:因为二次根式()表示a的算术平方根,而正数的算术平方根是正数,0的算术平方根是0,所以非负数()的算术平方根是非负数,即0(),这个性质也就是非负数的算术平方根的性质,和绝对值、偶次方类似。这个性质在解答题目时应用较多,如若,则a=0,b=0;若,则a=0,b=0;若,则a=0,b=0。(2)() 文字语言叙述为:一个非负数的算术平方根的平方等于这个非负数。注:二次根式的性质公式()是逆用平方根的定义得出的结论。上面的公式也可以反过来应用:若,则,如:,.(3)文字语言叙述为:一个数的平方的算术平方根等于这个数的绝对值。注:1、化简时,一定要弄明白被开方数的底数a是正数还是负数,若是正数或0,则等于a本身,即;若a是负数,则等于a的相反数-a,即;2、中的a的取值范围可以是任意实数,即不论a取何值,一定有意义;3、化简时,先将它化成,再根据绝对值的意义来进行化简。(4)与的异同点不同点:与表示的意义是不同的,表示一个正数a的算术平方根的平方,而表示一个实数a的平方的算术平方根;在中,而中a可以是正实数,0,负实数。但与都是非负数,即,。因而它的运算的结果是有差别的,而相同点:当被开方数都是非负数,即时,=;时,无意义,而.例7 a、b、c为三角形的三条边,则_.例8 把(2-x)的根号外的(2-x)适当变形后移入根号内,得( )a、b、 c、 d、例9 若二次根式有意义,化简x-4-7-x。例10 已知x、y是实数,且满足y=+1试求9x2y的值例11 若实数a满足+a=0,则有( )aa0 ba0 cab,则 b若a,则a0c若|a|=()2,则a=b d若a2=b,则a是b的平方根例13 是整数,则正整数的最小值是( )a、4; b、5; c、6; d、7例14 实数、在数轴上的位置如图所示,那么的结果是什么?例15 已知已知,则 例16 a0时,、-,比较它们的结果,下面四个选项中正确的是( ) a=- b- c=例17 若0x1,则等于()(a)(b)(c)2x(d)2x【提示】(x)24(x)2,(x)24(x)2又0x1,x0,x0【答案】d【点评】本题考查完全平方公式和二次根式的性质(a)不正确是因为用性质时没有注意当0x1时,x0练习3 若|1x|2x5,则x的取值范围是()ax1 bx0,x0,n0) (2) (3)-3() (a0)【知识点3】同类二次根式:(1)被开放数不含分母;(2)被开放数中不含开得尽方的因数或因式。例8 下列二次根式中,最简二次根式是()(a) (b)(c)(d)例9 已知0,化简二次根式的正确结果为_例10 设a=,b=,c=,则a、b、c的大小关系是 练习4 如果(y0)是二次根式,化为最简二次根式是( ) a(y0) b(y0) c(y0) d以上都不对练习5 化简二次根式的结果是 a、 b、- c、 d、-练习6 下列二次根式中,最简二次根式是( ) a. b. c. d. 专题三 二次根式的加减【知识点1】同类二次根式:几个二次根式化成最简二次根式后,如果被开方数相同,这样的二次根式叫做同类二次根式。.同类二次根式与同类项的异同:一. 相同点: 1. 两者都是两个代数式间的一种关系。同类项是两个单项间的关系,字母及相同字母的指数都相同的项;同类二次根式是两个二次根式间的关系,指化成最简二次根式后被开方数相同的二次根式。 2. 两者都能合并,而且合并法则相同。我们如果把最简二次根式的根号部分看做是同类项的字母及指数部分,把根号外的因式看做是同类项的系数部分,那么同类二次根式的合并法则与同类项的合并法则相同,即“同类二次根式(或同类项)相加减,根式(字母)不变,系数相加减”。 二. 不同点: 1. 判断准则不同。 判断两个最简二次根式是否为同类二次根式,其依据是“被开方数是否相同”,与根号外的因式无关;而同类项的判断依据是“字母因式及其指数是否对应相同”,与系数无关。 2. 合并形式不同例1在、3、-2中,与是同类二次根式的有_例2 若最简根式与根式是同类二次根式,求a、b的值练习1 下列二次根式中与是同类二次根式的是()a b c d练习2若最简二次根式与是同类二次根式,求m、n的值【知识点2】二次根式的加减:二次根式加减时,可以先将二次根式化为最简的二次根式,再将被开放数相同的根式进行合并。例3 (1) (2) (3)例4 已知4x2+y2-4x-6y+10=0,求(+y2)-(x2-5x)的值【知识点3】二次根式的混合运算 二次根式的混合运算顺序与整式的混合运算顺序一样:先乘方,再乘除,最后加减,有括号的先算括号里面的。例5计算 (1) (2)(3) 例6 若x,y为实数,且y求的值【提示】要使y有意义,必须满足什么条件?你能求出x,y的值吗?【解】要使y有意义,必须,即x当x时,y又|x,y,原式2当x,y时,原式2【点评】解本题的关键是利用二次根式的意义求出x的值,例7 已知x,y,求的值【提示】先将已知条件化简,再将分式化简最后将已知条件代入求值【解】x52,y52xy10,xy4,xy52(2)21【点评】本题将x、y化简后,根据解题的需要,先分别求出“xy”、“xy”、“xy”从而使求值的过程更简捷例8 先化简,再求值:,其中。例9 已知、为实数,且满足,求的值。winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all t

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