besides, but, except, except for, but for的用法及区别.doc

besides, but, except, except for, but for的用法及区别一、besides的用法besides 表示一种累加关系，意思是“除了什么之外，还有”。如：Mary knows Japanese besides French. 除法语外，玛丽还懂日语。There were other sports besides soccer. 除了足球还有其他的运动。Whos prepared to work overtime besides me? 除我之外还有谁愿意加班？但是，在否定句中，besides 也表示“除之外不再有 ”，与but, except 同义。如：I care for nothing besides this. 除此之外，我什么也不要。No one writes to me besides you. 除你之外，没有人给我写信。另外，besides 后除接名词或代词外，还可接动名词或名词性从句。如：Besides being a teacher, he was a poet. 除了是位教师外，他还是位诗人。Besides doing the cooking I look after the garden. 除了做饭之外我还得管园子。I know nothing besides what I have told you. 除了我已对你说的之外，其他的我别无所知。 二、but 与except的用法1. but 和 except 均可表示“除外不再有”，但两者在含义上有细微差别：but侧重指意义的几乎完整性，而 except 则侧重指后面除去的部分。比较：All are here but one. 除一个人都到了。All are here except one. 还有一个人没到。2. 在现代英语中，but 的介词用法十分有限，一般说来，它只能用在下列词语之后： no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等 any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 等 every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等 all, none 等 who, what, where 等请看以下典型例句：Everyone was there but him. 除他之外，大家都在。I have told this to no one but you. 除你之外，这事我没告诉任何人。You can come any day but Friday. 除了星期五之外，你哪天来都行。Ill do anything but that. 我绝不会干那种事。一般说来，若没有出现上述词汇，就不宜使用介词 but，否则可能造成错句。但是 except 却没有以上限制。比较：正：The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外，这扇窗户从不打开。误：The window is never opened but in summer.3. but 通常不能置于句首，而 except 一般不能置于句首。如：除我之外每个人都累了。正：Everyone is tired but (except) me.正：Everyone but (except) me is tired.误：But (Except) me, everyone is tired.但是，except for 可以用于句首，与 except 意思相同。如：Except for me, everyone is tired. 除我之外每个人都累了。Except for her, everyone came. 除她外，大家都来了。Except for Jim, everyone went there. 除吉姆外，大家都去了。三、except 与except for的用法except 主要用来谈论同类的东西，而 except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西，在说明情况后作细节上的修正，有时含有惋惜之意。如：She eats everything except fish. 她什么都吃，但不包括鱼。Everyone except me got an invitation. 除了我以外，所有人都收到了请柬。He works every day, except Saturday and Sunday. 除了星期六和星期日之外，他每天都工作。We had a pleasant time, except for the weather. 我们玩得很高兴，只是天气不太好。Its a nice pub, except for the landlord. 酒店挺不错，可是那店主却不怎么样。当用于all, every, no, everything, anybody, nobody, nowhere, whole等表示概括性的词语后面时，两者可互换。如：You couldnt hear anything except (for) the noise of Louise typing. 除了路易丝打字的声音外，你什么也听不到。但是下面一句要用except for，因为其前没有上面提到的概括性的词语：The house was quiet except for the noise of Louise typing. 除了路易丝打字的声音外，房里安安静静的。注：若用于句首，则 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首)。 四、except for 与but for：except for 主要表示排除，but for 主要表示一种虚拟条件(与虚拟语气连用)。如：Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外，大家都通过了考试。But for my help, she would not have passed the exam. 若不是我的帮助，她就不会通过考试。But for the atmosphere plants would die. 如果没有大气，植物就会死亡。传统语法认为，except for不用于引导虚拟语气，但在现代英语中也可以这样用。如：Except for John, they would all have died. 要不是因为约翰，他们就都会死了。She would have left her husband years ago except for the children. 要不是为了孩子，她几年前就离开她丈夫了。Youd have a good view of the sea from here except for the block of flats in between. 要不是隔着这座公寓大楼，大海的景色就可以从这里一览无遗。 五、一点补充besides 除用作介词外，还用作副词，其意为“此外”、“而