美国商务部长美中贸易委员会午餐会讲话

Remarks at U.S.-China Business Council Luncheonby U.S. Commerce Secretary Gary LockeJanuary 13, 2011在美中贸易全国委员会午餐会上的讲话美国商务部长 骆家辉2011年1月13日Thank you John, for that kind introduction. And thank you for having me here today.约翰，谢谢你的介绍和好意。谢谢大家邀请我来这里。We are today less than a week away from an important State visit by Chinese President Hu Jintao.今天我们在这里聚会，距离中国国家主席胡锦涛的重要国事访问只有不到一周时间。More than two decades ago, on my first trip to mainland China, I could not imagine that the U.S.-China relationship would eventually become so consequential.二十多年前，我第一次访问中国大陆，那时我难以想象有朝一日美中关系会变得如此重要。Nor could I have imagined a scene like we witnessed a few days ago: Defense Secretary Gates joining together with his Chinese counterpart to stress the need for stronger military ties between China and the United States.我也难以想象我们几天前看到的情景：国防部长盖茨和中国国防部长共同强调中美之间有必要加强军事联系。In 1989, I came in from Shanghais airport on a rickety, Russian-made bus, and stepped into that citys dimly lit streets into a world very different than the one I left in the U.S.1989年，我到达后在上海机场乘坐的是一辆破旧的苏联制造的大客车，走上那座城市的灯光昏暗的街道，它与我离开美国时留在身后的那个世界大不相同。There were swarms of bicycles young men with their dates balanced on handlebars, grandparents pedaling to the market, boys and girls with white-knuckle grips on their parents shoulders. Bikes everywhere.那是自行车的海洋车大梁上载着女友的男青年、骑车去市场的爷爷奶奶、双手紧紧抓住父母肩膀的男孩和女孩。到处都是自行车。Shanghai then was a gritty, industrial city filled with low-rise buildings. There were no skyscrapers. Few cars. There was little sign of what was to come.当时的上海是一座铺着砂石路、房屋低矮的工业城市。没有高楼大厦。汽车也很少。难以想象会有后来的变化。Today, Shanghais skyline is dotted by more than 400 skyscrapers. Go to the Shanghai World Financial Center one of the tallest buildings in the world and you can stay at a Park Hyatt Hotel with a lobby on the 79th floor.今天，上海的地平线上耸立着400多座摩天大楼。如果你去上海环球金融中心这是世界上最高的建筑之一你可以在柏悦酒店下榻，该酒店的服务台设在第79层。Those bike paths I saw on my first visit have been replaced by elevated freeways shuttling people and commerce at a frenetic pace.我第一次访问时看到的自行车道已经被高架高速公路所取代，人和商品以惊人的速度流动。To see it is to be awed, and I am every time I go back to China.看到这番景象令人赞叹，我每次返回中国都有这种感受。The explosive growth in places like Shanghai has helped lift almost 200 million people out of poverty. In the years ahead, hundreds of millions more Chinese citizens will join the middle class.上海和其他地方发生的爆炸式增长已经帮助近两亿人口脱离贫困。在未来一些年中，还会有数亿中国公民加入中产阶层的行列。The United States welcomes this growth, because its good for the people of China; its good for the global economy; and its important for U.S. companies who offer world-class products and service, products and services that can improve the quality of life for the Chinese, while providing jobs for American workers back home.美国对此一增长表示欢迎，因为它对中国人民有利，对世界经济有利，对提供世界一流产品与服务的美国公司很重要，这些产品与服务能够改善中国人民的生活，同时为美国工人提供就业机会。With the U.S.-China Business Councils help, this has become perhaps the most important bilateral trading relationship in the world.在美中贸易全国委员会的帮助下，这种关系已经成为或许是世界上最重要的双边贸易关系。China is the top destination for American exports, behind just Canada and Mexico. And America is the number one national market for Chinese exports.中国是美国最大的出口市场之一，仅次于加拿大和墨西哥。而美国是中国最大的出口对象国。In the past 20 years, U.S. exports to China have increased by a factor of 12; imports from China have increased more than 30-fold.与二十年前相比，美国对中国的出口是当年的12倍，从中国的进口则增加了30倍以上。However, we are at a turning point in the U.S.-China economic partnership. Last year, China became the second largest economy in the world. And the policies and practices that have shaped our relations over the past few decades will not suffice over the next few decades.但是，我们目前正处于美中经济伙伴关系中的一个转折点。去年，中国成为世界上第二大经济体。过去数十年中指导双边关系的政策与做法将不能满足今后数十年的需要。So today, Id like to talk a bit about how we can move forward and ensure that we can unlock the full potential of the U.S.-China commercial relationship in the early 21st century.因此，今天我要讲一讲我们如何继续前进，如何确保我们能够在二十一世纪初期充分发掘美中商贸关系的潜力。The gross trade imbalances between our countries are a good place to start, because they have the potential to threaten global stability and prosperity.谈谈美中贸易的严重失衡是一个很恰当的起点，因为这种情况有可能危及全球的稳定与繁荣。And I think a great illustration of that can be found in, of all places, Trenton, New Jersey.我认为，考虑到所有地方，新泽西州的特伦顿是能说明这个问题的极佳例子。Many of you have likely taken Amtrak up to New York, and when you pass by the Delaware River in New Jersey, you see that famous sign: Trenton Makes and the World Takes.你们中的许多人很可能曾乘坐美国铁路客运公司的火车北上去纽约，在你经过新泽西州的特拉华河时，你会看到那块著名的标牌：“特伦顿制造，全世界购买”。Well, replace Trenton with China, and you have a simplistic, but pretty accurate description of the global economy over the last few decades.现在，把特伦顿换成中国，那么，你对过去几十年的全球经济就会作出一种虽然过分简单却又相当准确的描述。China and the United States benefited tremendously from this arrangement in recent years.近年来，美中两国都从这一安排中获取了巨大的利益。American consumers got an impressive array of low-cost goods. And in its transition into one of the worlds top exporters, China was able to lift millions of its citizens into a fast-growing middle class.美国消费者获得了种类繁多的低价商品，而中国在向成为世界最大出口国之一的过渡中使其亿万人民进入迅速成长的中产阶层行列。But its not sustainable. The debt-fueled consumption binge in developed countries like America is over.但这种情况是不可持续的。像美国这样的发达国家靠举债狂热消费的情况已成为历史。And countries like China are beginning to realize that there are limits to purely export-driven growth.而像中国这样的国家已开始认识到纯粹靠出口来拉动经济增长是有限度的。Thats why we need a more equitable commercial relationship. And it is within our reach.因此，我们需要建立一种更公平合理的商贸关系，而这是我们可以做到的。The United States is doing its part to facilitate global adjustments by increasing private savings and exports, as well as taking steps to bring down its long-term fiscal deficits to a sustainable level.美国正在作出自己的努力，通过增加私人储蓄和出口并采取步骤将长期以来的财政赤字降低到可持续的水平来促进全球调整。And the Chinese leadership is making the rebalancing of its economy one of the cornerstones of its forthcoming five-year plan.而中国领导层正在将重新平衡经济当作其即将开始实施的五年规划的基石之一。China is aiming to promote domestic consumption through a variety of measures, such as boosting the minimum wage for its workers and building an improved social safety net. Changes like these will hasten the rise of a middle class that wants the same cars, appliances, fashion, medical care and other amenities that have long been enjoyed by consumers in the Western world.中国正在努力通过各种措施如增加工人的最低工资和建立更好的社会保障体系来促进国内消费。这些变化将加快中产阶级的兴起，他们希望与西方世界消费者一样拥有轿车、电器、时装、医疗保健和其他便利生活的设施。The Chinese government is also putting an intensive focus on strategic emerging industries, with more high-value work in areas like healthcare, energy and high technology.中国政府还在集中精力发展新兴战略产业，增加在医疗保健、能源和高科技等领域有更高价值的工作岗位。And the Chinese have signaled that they want foreign businesses to help develop these sectors by entering joint ventures and by conducting more research and development in China.中国方面还发出信号，表示希望外国企业通过中外合资和在中国开展更多的研发活动来帮助中国发展这些产业。This is assistance that U.S. companies are eager to provide, so long as China deals meaningfully with concerns about intellectual property protection, as well as a variety of other issues I will talk about later.这是美国公司热切希望能够提供的帮助，只要中国能切实回应他们对知识产权保护的关切并解决我将在下面谈到的一些其他问题。Such cooperative projects can serve as the foundation for a stronger economic relationship between China and the U.S.这类合作性项目可成为美中两国建立更牢固的经济关系的基础。But Chinas long-term success at addressing the concerns of international businesses will help determine whether it realizes its economic vision a vision in which China is a leader in innovation and a producer of higher-value goods and services.但是，中国在处理国际企业关注的问题上的长期成功将有助于实现其经济愿景即成为创新领域的领先者和高价值商品与服务的提供者。Heres the good news: we are already seeing examples of just how this future could play out, as our businesses and our governments collaborate to tackle some of the worlds greatest challenges.令人可喜的是，随着我们的企业和我们两国政府展开合作，着手解决世界面临的一些最大挑战，我们已经看到实现这一未来的实例。Just look at whats happening with the new Energy Cooperation Program that Secretary Chu and I announced while in China in October 2009 to promote more collaboration between Chinese and American companies on energy issues. One of the founding corporate members of the program, Boeing, is partnering with Air China and Petro China to research a new generation of aviation biofuels that dont rely on food crops.让我们看一下朱部长和我2009年10月在中国宣布的旨在推动中美公司在能源问题上展开合作的新的“能源合作项目”的进展。项目创始会员之一波音公司正在与中国国际航空公司和中国石油天然气集团公司合作，研发不依赖粮食作物的新一代生物航空燃料。If this venture is successful, it could reduce the carbon footprint of airplane travel, and avoid the negative impact that other biofuels have on the global food supply.如果这项合作成功，将可以减少飞机的碳足迹，并避免其他生物燃料对全球粮食供应产生的负面影响。Or look at whats happening with Duke Energy, one of Americas leading utilities, which has signed an agreement for joint research with Chinas largest energy company, Huaneng, and with the Chinese governments Thermal Power Research Institute.再看一下美国领先的电力公司之一杜克能源公司。它与中国最大的电力公司华能集团和中国政府的国电热工研究院签署了联合研究的协议。Today, there are scientists and researchers shuttling between the companies and the research institute, working to develop cutting-edge solutions for cleaner-burning coal and carbon sequestration.今天，科学家和研究人员在各公司和研究机构之间来回穿梭，努力制定更清洁的燃煤和碳封存的尖端方案。The Chinese and American governments are also working together on a variety of transportation issues, including how to spur the deployment of more high-speed rail. China has embraced high-speed rail and has developed its infrastructure at a tremendous rate. Starting from scratch, China has constructed and put into service over 4,000 miles of high-speed routes in the last decade making Chinas the longest high-speed rail network in the world.中美政府还在就各种交通运输问题展开合作，包括推动建设更多的高速铁路。中国已经拥有高速铁路并以惊人的速度建设起基础设施。中国白手起家，在过去十年已建成并投入使用4000多英里的高速公路，使中国成为世界上高速铁路总里程最长的国家。In meetings last year, officials and experts from the Department of Transportation and Chinas Railway Ministry met in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to share information on the development of high-speed rail standards. And at the state level, the Chinese government has signed cooperation agreements with the State of California on its high-speed rail project to link Anaheim and San Francisco.去年，中国交通运输部和铁道部的官员和专家前来马萨诸塞州剑桥参加会议，交流有关制定高速铁路标准的信息。在州一级，中国政府与加利福尼亚州签署了连接旧金山和阿纳海姆的高速铁路项目的合作协议。There is, however, a sobering side to U.S.-China commercial relations: For every story like Duke Energys or Boeings, there are many more that are never written.然而，美中商业关系也有令人关切的一面：并非在各种情况下都有杜克能源公司或波音公司这样的合作，许多其他公司的境遇没有被报道。When I talk to business leaders across America, they continue to express significant concerns shared by business around the world -about the commercial environment in China especially Chinas lax intellectual property protection and enforcement, lack of transparency in government decision-making and numerous indigenous innovation policies that often preclude foreign companies from vying for Chinese government contracts. These policies mandate that products must be made, conceived and designed in China.我在与美国各地的企业领导人交谈时，他们继续对中国的商业环境表示重大关切世界上其他国家的企业界也有同样的担忧最受关注的问题是中国的知识产权保护和执法措施不力、政府决策和无数的自主创新政策缺乏透明度，往往阻止外国公司参与竞争中国政府的承包项目。这些政策要求产品必须在中国构思、设计和制造。Its important to note that since China formally joined the WTO nine years ago, it has made important progress opening its market. Tariffs have come down, private property rights are steadily evolving and great strides have been made to free the flow of commerce across Chinas borders.必须指出，自从中国在九年前正式加入世界贸易组织以来，它在开放市场方面已经取得重大进展。关税已经降低，私有财产权在稳步建立，在开放中国边界商贸流通方面迈出了重大步伐。On balance, the competitive playing field in China is fairer to foreign firms that it was a decade ago. And we commend the Chinese for that.总的来说，中国的市场竞争环境对于外国企业来说比十年前更为公平，我们对此表示赞赏。It is also not lost on countries in the West that on our march towards industrialization, we sometimes protected native industries with policies that today would mobilize an army of WTO lawyers in opposition.西方国家记忆犹新的是，在我们的工业化进程中，我们有时用政策来保护本国产业，而在今天，这样的做法会引来世界贸易组织的大批律师群起而攻之。But those policies were folly then, and they are surely folly now. After World War II, the United States and a growing community of nations painstakingly built a global trading system based on the free flow of goods, ideas and services across borders.但是，那些政策在当时来说是愚蠢的，现在也还是愚蠢的。在第二次世界大战以后，美国和一批日益增多的国家艰苦地建立起一个基于货物、观念和服务跨越边界自由流通的全球贸易体系。And the creation of the World Trade Organization in 1995 ensured that countries would be held accountable for their commitments to open markets and lower barriers.1995年建立的世界贸易组织规定各国必须实践其开放市场、降低关税的承诺。China has benefited tremendously from this international trading system, especially since it joined the WTO in 2001. The United States and other foreign nations have every right to seek more meaningful commitment and progress from China in implementing the market-opening policies it agreed to when it joined the WTO.中国已经自该贸易体系获取了巨大利益，特别是从它于2001年参加世界贸易组织以来。中国在参加世界贸组织时曾同意实施开放市场的政策，美国和世界上其他国家完全有理由要求中国在这方面作出更有实质意义的承诺和改进。From our experience, there are usually five things that need to happen to turn these promises into reality.根据我们的经验，要将这些诺言变为现实通常有五件事情要做。It starts with the easiest step: a statement of principle from Chinese officials that action will be taken to solve a market access issue.第一个步骤最容易：由中国官员发表一项原则声明，表明将采取行动来解决市场准入问题。Next, that agreement has to be codified into binding law or regulations.下一步是，该协议必须转变为有约束力的法律或法规。Third, the law or regulation needs to be faithfully implemented by the central government.第三，该法律或法规必须由中央政府忠实地推行。And fourth, it needs to be implemented at the local and provincial levels.第四，它也必须在地方一级与省一级实施。Only after all these things have happened can you arrive at the fifth, final and most important step, which is where this new law or regulation becomes a norm an accepted way of doing business in Chinas commercial culture.只有在这些步骤都完成后，才能进行第五步、也就是最后和最重要的一步，那就是：新法律或法规成为常规，即成为在中国商业文化中习以为常的经营方式。When it comes to indigenous innovation, intellectual property or a variety of other market-access issues, an enduring frustration is that in too many cases only the earliest steps are taken, but not all five.就自主创新、知识产权或许多其他市场准入问题而言，一个长期存在的困难是：在太多的情况下，只采取了最初的几个步骤，而没有完成全部五个步骤。Perhaps an agreement is made, but it never becomes binding. Or perhaps theres a well-written law or regulation at the national level, but theres lax enforcement at the provincial or city level.或许达成了一份协议，但从未成为有约束力的文件；或许国家一级有一部完善的法律或法规，但在省一级或市一级却未得到认真执行。A few weeks ago, the Commerce Department and the office of the U.S. Trade Representative welcomed Vice Premier Wang Qishan and other leading Chinese officials for the 21st Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade, where we worked through a variety of specific trade issues.几周以前，商务部和美国贸易代表曾欢迎王歧山副总理和中国的其他高级官员前来参加第21届美中商贸联合委员会会议，在那次会议上，我们解决了许多具体的贸易问题。It was a productive meeting. Vice Premier Wang and his team were responsive to our concerns and they pledged action in a variety of areas critical to American businesses.这是一次富有成效的会见。国务院副总理王岐山和他的团队对我们关心的问题反应积极，承诺在对美国企业关键的一些领域采取行动。They agreed to remove administrative and regulatory barriers discriminating against American companies selling everything from industrial machinery and telecom devices; to those that restrict U.S. participation in the development of large-scale wind farms in China.他们同意取消歧视美国公司在销售一切产品上的行政和法规上的壁垒，包括从工业机器和电讯器材到那些限制美国参与在中国开发大规模风能电场的活动。They also agreed to revise one of their major government procurement catalogues to ensure a level playing field for foreign suppliers and to reduce the use of counterfeit software in government offices and state-owned enterprises.他们还同意修改他们的主要政府采购目录，以确保外国供应商有一个公平竞争的环境，并减少盗版软件在政府部门和国有企业的使用。Additionally, Vice Premier Wang asked the Commerce Department and the U.S. Trade Representative to partner with him on a public campaign to reduce intellectual property rights violations in China, which he is leading.此外，国务院副总理王岐山请求商务部和美国贸易代表与他合作进行一次减少知识产权在中国被侵权的公开活动，他正领导这项活动。The American government welcomes these commitments from China.美国政府欢迎中国作出的这些承诺。But to be clear, they are only a first step. What was agreed to at the JCCT were important statements of principle and policy but they must be turned into concrete action with results.但需要申明的是，这些都只是第一步。在美中商贸联委会上达成的一致都是原则和政策上的重要声明但它们必须转化为具体行动，取得成果。Take last years JCCT, when the Chinese agreed to remove a local content requirement for wind turbine suppliers a positive step forward.以去年的美中商贸联委会为例，中国同意取消对风力涡轮机供应商当地含量的要求一个积极的步骤。But soon after, Chinas government employed a rule that required foreign businesses seeking to build large scale wind farms in China to have prior experience with such projects in China. The rule might have been different than the local content requirement, but it had the same effect making it tougher for foreign companies to compete with Chinas domestic companies.但之后不久，中国的政府实施了一条规定，要求在中国进行大型风能电场建设项目的外国企业必须有在中国做过同样项目的经验。该规定可能与要求当地含量不同，但却有同样的影响使外国公司与中国国内公司的竞争难度更大。At this years JCCT, we persuaded the Chinese to modify that rule as well.在今年的美中商贸联委会上，我们同样说服中国修改了这一规则。Or look at the issue of intellectual property. We have heard Chinese leaders condemn IP-theft in the strongest terms, and weve seen central government laws and regulations written or amended to reflect that sentiment.再看一下知识产权问题。我们已经听到中国领导人最强烈地谴责对知识产权的侵犯，我们已经看到了中央政府的法律和法规的编写和修订都反映了这种精神。But American and other foreign companies, in industries ranging from pharmaceuticals and biotechnology to entertainment, still lose billions of dollars from counterfeiting and IP-theft in China every year.但美国和其他外国公司，从制药公司和生物技术到娱乐等行业，每年还是因为在中国的仿冒及知识产权盗用而损失数十亿美元。For example, in the United States, for every $1 in computer hardware sales there is about 88 cents in software sales. But in China, for every dollar in hardware sales there is only eight cents in software sales.例如，在美国，每销售1美元的计算机硬件，就有88美分的软件销售。但在中国，在硬件上1美元的销售额只有8美分的软件销售。According to the Business Software Alliance, that discrepancy is largely explained by the fact that nearly 80 percent of the software used on computers in Ch