skimming-and-scanning练习题.doc

Reading strategyskimming scanningSkimming is a reading strategy used to quickly identify the main ideas of a text. Skimming is done at a speed three to four times faster than normal reading. People often skim when they have lots of material to read in a limited amount of time. Use skimming when people want to see if an article may be of interest or use.There are many strategies that can be used when skimming. You can read the first and last paragraphs using headings, summarizers and other organizers as you move down the page or screen. You can also read the title, subtitles, subheading, and illustrations. In addition, reading the first (and last) sentence of each paragraph is also helpful in identifying the main idea quickly. We can quickly get the main idea of the whole passage by just looking at the outline listed above, and know that the passage can be divided into four parts. As to specific details, we first decide whether it is about the stories, or about practical instructions, then we can scan the relevant parts to get the information we want.Exercise1: SkimmingDirections: This exercise practises skimming - that means reading very fast to find only the main ideas of a text. You will have only two minutes to read the text and identify the main ideas. Choose the correct answer for each question.Pulp FrictionEvery second, 1 hectare of the worlds rainforest is destroyed. Thats equivalent to two football fields. An area the size of New York City is lost every day. In a year, that adds up to 31 million hectares - more than the land area of Poland. This alarming rate of destruction has serious consequences for the environment; scientists estimate, for example, that 137 species of plant, insect or animal become extinct every day due to logging. In British Columbia, where, since 1990, thirteen rainforest valleys have been clearcut, 142 species of salmon have already become extinct, and the habitats of grizzly bears, wolves and many other creatures are threatened. Logging, however, provides jobs, profits, taxes for the government and cheap products of all kinds for consumers, so the government is reluctant to restrict or control it. Much of Canadas forestry production goes towards making pulp and paper. According to the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Canada supplies 34% of the worlds wood pulp and 49% of its newsprint paper. If these paper products could be produced in some other way, Canadian forests could be preserved. Recently, a possible alternative way of producing paper has been suggested by agriculturalists and environmentalists: a plant called hemp. Hemp has been cultivated by many cultures for thousands of years. It produces fibre which can be made into paper, fuel, oils, textiles, food, and rope. For centuries, it was essential to the economies of many countries because it was used to make the ropes and cables used on sailing ships; colonial expansion and the establishment of a world-wide trading network would not have been feasible without hemp. Nowadays, ships cables are usually made from wire or synthetic fibres, but scientists are now suggesting that the cultivation of hemp should be revived for the production of paper and pulp. According to its proponents, four times as much paper can be produced from land using hemp rather than trees, and many environmentalists believe that the large-scale cultivation of hemp could reduce the pressure on Canadas forests. However, there is a problem: hemp is illegal in many countries of the world. This plant, so useful for fiber, rope, oil, fuel and textiles, is a species of cannabis, related to the plant from which marijuana is produced. In the late 1930s, a movement to ban the drug marijuana began to gather force, resulting in the eventual banning of the cultivation not only of the plant used to produce the drug, but also of the commercial fiber-producing hemp plant. Although both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson grew hemp in large quantities on their own land, any American growing the plant today would soon find himself in prison - despite the fact that marijuana cannot be produced from the hemp plant, since it contains almost no THC (the active ingredient in the drug). In recent years, two major movements for legalization have been gathering strength. One group of activists believes that ALL cannabis should be legal - both the hemp plant and the marijuana plant - and that the use of the drug marijuana should not be an offense. They argue that marijuana is not dangerous or addictive, and that it is used by large numbers of people who are not criminals but productive members of society. They also point out that marijuana is less toxic than alcohol or tobacco. The other legalization movement is concerned only with the hemp plant used to produce fiber; this group wants to make it legal to cultivate the plant and sell the fibre for paper and pulp production. This second group has had a major triumph recently: in 1997, Canada legalized the farming of hemp for fiber. For the first time since 1938, hundreds of farmers are planting this crop, and soon we can expect to see pulp and paper produced from this new source.1. The main idea of paragraph one is_. A. Scientists are worried about New York City B. Logging is destroying the rainforests C. Governments make money from logging D. Salmon are an endangered species2. The main idea of paragraph two is_. A. Canadian forests are especially under threat B. Hemp is a kind of plant C. Canada is a major supplier of paper and pulp D. Canada produces a lot of hemp3. The main idea of paragraph three is_. A. Paper could be made from hemp instead of trees B. Hemp is useful for fuel C. Hemp has been cultivated throughout history D. Hemp is essential for building large ships4. The main idea of paragraph four is_. A. Hemp is used to produce drugs B. Many famous people used to grow hemp C. It is illegal to grow hemp D. Hemp is useful for producing many things5. The main idea of paragraph five is_. A. Hemp should be illegal because it is dangerous B. Recently, many people have been working to legalize hemp C. Hemp was made illegal in 1938 D. Marijuana is not a dangerous drugScanning is a reading technique used when you want to find specific information quickly. In scanning you have a question in your mind and you read a passage to find the answer, ignoring unrelated information.How to scan:1. Pre-determine the specific information you are looking for.2. Try to anticipate how the answer will appear and what clues you might use to help you locate the answer. For example, if you were looking for a certain date, you would quickly read the paragraph looking only for numbers.3. Use headings and any other aids that will help you identify which sections might contain the information you are looking for.4. Selectively read and skip through sections of the passage.When scanning, look for the authors use of organizers such as numbers, letters, steps, or the words, first, second, or next. Look for words that are bold faced, italics, or in a different font size, style, or color. Sometimes the author will put key ideas in the margin. Exercise 2: ScanningDirections: This exercise practises scanning - that means reading very fast to find specific information. You will have only two minutes to read the text of Pulp Friction and choose the correct answer for each question.1. How many species of salmon have become extinct in BC?A. 27B. 31 C. 137D. 1422. How much of the worlds newsprint paper is supplied by Canada?A. 31% B. 49%C. 34%D. 19%3. What equipment on a ship was made from hemp?A. RopesB. engine fuelC. life raftsD. waterproof cloth4. What drug can be obtained from a relative of hemp?A. cocaine B. heroin C. amphetamineD. marijuana5. Where was hemp farming recently legalized?A. the USAB. CanadaC. SingaporeD. the Netherlands窗体窗体底端Exercise 3: ScanningExercise: read each of the questions first, locate the relevant part of the text, and then find the correct answer1 Accord to the passage, self-esteem is important because_.A. it can affect your emotionB. it can affect your attitude toward lifeC. it can affect your behavior D. it can affect your health1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as factors influencing self-esteem?A. Education B. Body changes C. Family life D. Comments from others3. In order to build healthy self-esteem, you should have _. A. good friendships B. a positive attitude C. a healthy lifestyle D. both B and C4. To build your self-esteem, you should give yourself _compliments every day. A. two B. three C. four D. five5. If you feel like your body image and self-esteem are affecting your life, the most important thing is to _. A. learn how to handle the problems alone B. ignore the problems C. get help D. face up with your problemsPassage reading Body Image and Self-Esteem 1058 wordsIm fat. Im too skinny. Id be happy if I were taller, shorter, had curly hair, straight hair, a smaller nose, bigger muscles, longer legs.Do any of these statements sound familiar? Are you used to putting yourself down? If so, youre not alone. As a teen, youre going through a ton of changes in your body. And as your body changes, so does your image of yourself. Lots of people have trouble adjusting, and this can affect their self-esteem.Why Are Self-Esteem and Body Image Important?Self-esteem is all about how much people value themselves, the pride they feel in themselves, and how worthwhile they feel. Self-esteem is important because feeling good about yourself can affect how you act. A person who has high self-esteem will make friends easily, is more in control of his or her behavior, and will enjoy life more.Body image is how someone feels about his or her own physical appearance. For many people, especially those in their early teens, body image can be closely linked to self-esteem. Thats because as kids develop into teens, they care more about how others see them.What Influences a Persons Self-Esteem?PubertySome teens struggle with their self-esteem when they begin puberty because the body goes through many changes. These changes, combined with a natural desire to feel accepted, mean it can be tempting for people to compare themselves with others. They may compare themselves with the people around them or with actors and celebs they see on TV, in movies, or in magazines.But its impossible to measure ourselves against others because the changes that come with puberty are different for everyone. Some people start developing early; others are late bloomers. Some get a temporary layer of fat to prepare for a growth spurt, others fill out permanently, and others feel like they stay skinny no matter how much they eat. It all depends on how our genes have programmed our bodies to act.The changes that come with puberty can affect how both girls and guys feel about themselves. Some girls may feel uncomfortable or embarrassed about their maturing bodies. Others may wish that they were developing faster. Girls may feel pressure to be thin but guys may feel like they dont look big or muscular enough.Outside InfluencesIts not just development that affects self-esteem, though. Many other factors (like media images of skinny girls and bulked-up guys) can affect a persons body image too.Family life can sometimes influence self-esteem. Some parents spend more time criticizing their kids and the way they look than praising them, which can reduce kids ability to develop good self-esteem.People also may experience negative comments and hurtful teasing about the way they look from classmates and peers. Sometimes racial and ethnic prejudice is the source of such comments. Although these often come from ignorance, sometimes they can affect someones body image and self-esteem.Healthy Self-EsteemIf you have a positive body image, you probably like and accept yourself the way you are. This healthy attitude allows you to explore other aspects of growing up, such as developing good friendships, growing more independent from your parents, and challenging yourself physically and mentally. Developing these parts of yourself can help boost your self-esteem.A positive, optimistic attitude can help people develop strong self-esteem for example, saying, Hey, Im human instead of Wow, Im such a loser when youve made a mistake, or not blaming others when things dont go as expected.Knowing what makes you happy and how to meet your goals can help you feel capable, strong, and in control of your life. A positive attitude and a healthy lifestyle (such as exercising and eating right) are a great combination for building good self-esteem.Tips for Improving Your Body ImageSome people think they need to change how they look or act to feel good about themselves. But actually all you need to do is change the way you see your body and how you think about yourself.The first thing to do is recognize that your body is your own, no matter what shape, size, or color it comes in. If youre very worried about your weight or size, check with your doctor to verify that things are OK. But its no ones business but your own what your body is like ultimately, you have to be happy with yourself.Next, identify which aspects of your appearance you can realistically change and which you cant. Everyone (even the most perfect-seeming celeb) has things about themselves that they cant change and need to accept like their height, for example, or their shoe size.If there are things about yourself that you want to change and can (such as how fit you are), do this by making goals for yourself. For example, if you want to get fit, make a plan to exercise every day and eat nutritious foods. Then keep track of your progress until you reach your goal. Meeting a challenge you set for yourself is a great way to boost self-esteem!When you hear negative comments coming from within yourself, tell yourself to stop. Try building your self-esteem by giving yourself three compliments every day. While youre at it, every evening list three things in your day that really gave you pleasure. It can be anything from the way the sun felt on your face, the sound of your favorite band, or the way someone laughed at your jokes. By focusing on the good things you do and the positive aspects of your life, you can change how you feel about yourself.Where Can I Go if I Need Help?Sometimes low self-esteem and body image problems are too much to handle alone. A few teens may become depressed, lose interest in activities or friends and even hurt themselves or resort to alcohol or drug abuse.If youre feeling this way, it can help to talk to a parent, coach, religious leader, guidance counselor, therapist, or an adult friend. A trusted adult someone who supports you and doesnt bring you down can help you put your body image in perspective and give you positive feedback about your body, your skills, and your abilities. The most important thing is to get help if you feel like your body image and self-esteem are affecting your life.Exercise 4How Do You See Diversity? As a manager, Tiffany is responsible for interviewing applicants for some of the positions with her company .During one interview, she noticed that the candidate never made direct eye contact. She was puzzled and somewhat disappointed because she liked the individual otherwise. He had a perfect resume and gave good responses to her questions, but the fact that he never looked her in the eye said “untrustworthy,” so she decided to offer the job to her second choice. “It wasnt until I attended a diversity workshop that I realized the person we passed over was the perfect person,” Tiffany confesses. What she hadnt known at the time of the interview was that the candidates “different” behavior was simply a cultural misunderstanding . He was an Asian-American raised in a household where respect for those in authority was shown by averting(避开) your eyes. “I was just thrown off by the lack of ye contact; not realizing it was cultural,” Tiffany says. “I missed out ,but will not miss that opportunity again.” Many of us have had similar encounters with behaviors we perceive as different. As the world becomes smaller and our workplaces more diverse, it is becoming essential to expand our understanding of others and to reexamine some of our false assumptions .Hire Advantage At a time when hiring qualified people is becoming more difficult ,employers who can eliminate invalid biases(偏爱) from the process have a distinct advantage .My company, Mindsets LLC ,helps organizations and individuals see their own blind spots . A real estate recruiter we worked with illustrates the positive difference such training can make . “During my Mindsets coaching session ,I was taught how to recruit a diversified workforce. I recruited people from different cultures and skill sets .The agents were able to utilize their full potential and experiences to build up the company .When the real estate market began to change, it was because we had a diverse agent pool that we were able to stay in the real estate market much longer than others in the same profession.”Blinded by GenderDale is an account executive who attended one of my workshops on supervising a diverse workforce . “Through one of the sessions ,I discovered my personal bias ,” he recalls . “I learned I had not been looking at a person as a whole person , and being open to differences .” In his case , the blindness was not about culture but rathe