高中英语不定式专题复习

动词不定式,Todothatsortofthingisfoolish。,Iwanttoseeyouthisevening.,Allyouhavetodoistofinishitquickly.,Wefoundahousetolivein.,ShecameheretostudyEnglish.,Iwarnedthepatientnottoeatcoldwateraftertheoperation.,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾补,不定式或不定式短语可起名词，形容词和副词的作用，在句中做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语和宾语补足语。一，不定式在句中的作用：1、主语：不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。eg:Tomakeanewdresstakesheralotortime.Nottogetthereintimeisyourfault.注：常用it做形式主语，将todo放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。,句型1：It+谓语+todoeg:Ittakesusanhourtogettherebybus.句型2：Its+n.+todoeg:Itsourdutytohelpthepoor.句型3：Itisadj.for/ofsb.todosth.注：for/ofsbtodosth为不定式复合结构。1)of引起的复合结构只能做主语。eg:Itsverykindofyoutohelpme.,2)for引起的复合结构在句中可做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语等。eg:Anothermethodisforthemtoleaveatonce.(表语)Wedbetterfindsomeworkforthechildrentodo.(定语)Heputthepaperondeskforyoutoread.(状语)Whathetoldhermadeitimpossibleforhimtogoonherwork.(宾语)Itscommonforleavestofallformthetreesinautumn.(主语),2、做表语：主语+系动词+不定式1).其主语多为抽象名词(wish,need)eg:Mywishistobeascientist.Themainthingistokeepourroomclean.2).不定式tolet,toblame,toseek做表语,主动表被动.eg:Thehouseistolet.3).betodo可构成将来时态,表“准备/打算/计划/需要”;be是助动词，无词义,其主语为具体名词(人/事物);tobe可用begoingto或will/shall代替,此时不定式是谓语的一部分,而不是表语.eg:Sheistoreturnnextweek.Itwasabouttoleavewhenitstartedtorain.,3.做定语:不定式做定语总是放在它所修饰的名词之后,不定式表示的行为通常是未来的行为,它们常和被修饰的词有动宾关系,主谓关系和修饰性关系.1).动宾关系:Ihavealotofworktodo.Givemeapieceofpapertowriteon.2).主谓关系:Sheisthebestpersontofinishthework.Womenandchildrenwerethefirsttogetintothelifeboat.3).修饰性关系(同位),它所修饰的词多为抽象名词.need,time,way,right,chance,courage,reason,wish,movement.eg:Thereisnoneedforhimtocome.Hehasnotimetoreadthebook.,4.做状语:1).目的状语:可放于句首,也可放于句末,前面可加inorder/soas/soasto表强调.eg:Hewenttoseetheartisthimself.Hestoppedtohavealook.Heransofastastogettoschoolintime.2).结果状语:主要用在enoughto/tooto/onlyto结构中。eg:Thequestionistoodifficulttoanswer.Theyworkedhardenoughtofinishtheirwork.,3).原因状语:主语+系动词+adj.+todoa).表感情的adj.有:happy,surprised,pleased,glad,sorry,anxious(忧虑),disappointed,careful,afraid,wrong.eg:Imverysorrytoseeyou.Hewasafraidtoleavehimhome.b).说明句中主语在哪个方面存在形容词所表示的情况时,即与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，主动表被动.interesting,difficult,easy,important,possible,expensive,dangerous,useful.eg:Thequestioniseasytoanswer.Heisdifficulttoteach.,5.做宾语:不定式做宾语的情况，一般表示将来的行为,这时谓语和不定式的动作都是主语发出的.1).下列动词只能按不定式做宾语.plan,choose,manage,learn,pretend,agree,decide,mise,prepare,offer,fail,hope,wish,expect,ask;demand,want,hesitate,2).不定式做动词tell,teach,know,show,findout,discover,see(understand)的宾语时,不定式前常加连接代词who,which,what和连接副词how,when,where构成不定式短语做宾语.eg:Idontknowhowtogetthere.注:why不能与不定式连用.3).begin,start,continue后接不定式,动名词意思一样.4).like,love,hate,prefer动名词表经常性的动作，不定式表一次性动作.,5).remember,forget,regret后动名词表已经做过的动作,不定式表没有做过或将要做的动作.6).stop,try,goon,mean,beafraid,propose后两者都可,但意义不同.proposetodo计划,打算做proposedoing建议做7).a).preferdoingtodoingprefertodoratherthandob).beusedtodoingusedtodoc).itsnousedoingitsuselesstodod).beworthdoingbeworthyofbeingdonebeworthytobedone,6.做宾补(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系)1).有些动词(短语)必须接to的不定式做宾补talk,ask,warn,want,allow,permit,order,advise,force,beg,cause,encourage,invite,persuade,get,require,prefer,call,leave,expect,use(allow/permit/advisedoingsth),2).与表示说话或心理状态的动词say,report,believe,suppose,think,understand,consider等的被动语态连用.eg:Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.3).与表示希望，期望，意愿的动词expect,hope,mean,intend,plan,think,want,wish的过去时态连用，表曾经打算设想做却没做的事.eg:Theyexpectedtohavegonetothematch,buttheticketswereallsold.Theyhadexpectedtogotothematch.,四,不定式的时态和语态时态:三态todo/tobedoing/tohavedone一般式表示的动作通常与句中谓语动作同时或在其后发生eg:Wesawhimgototheshop.进行式表示不定式的动作正在进行.eg:Hepretendedtobeworkinghard.完成式表示不定式动作在谓语动作/状态前发生.Imgladtohaveseenyourmother.eg:Ihappenedtohavereadthebook.,动词不定式To的几种常见的省略形式,非谓语动词历来是高考中的重点，不定式结构在考点中常占很大比重。其中TO的用法很复杂，现就TO在一些结构中常被省略的情况作如下小结。1感官动词和使役动词在主动语态中不需要带to，即我们常说的“一觉二听三让五看”：feel,listento、hear,let、make、have,see、watch、notice、observe、lookat.HenoticedTomtakeabranchofflowersinhishand.他注意到汤姆手中拿着一束鲜花。Theteacherhasuswriteacompositioneveryweek.老师要我们每周写一篇文章。注：除let外其他在变成被动语态时要加上to。Thepersonwasseentoentertheshopbyus.我们看见那个人进了那家商店。,2由all，what引导的主语从句或者主语被only,first,one,least或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。AllIdidwasemptythebottle.我所做的是倒空这个瓶子。WhatIwantedtodowasdriveallnight.我想做的是彻夜开车。TheonlythingIcoulddowasdoitmyself。我惟一能做的是我自己解决。3常用的结构maywelldo，mayaswelldo(还是好了)及but或except后接不定式时，如果它们前面有do便可省略to，其结构为cannotdobut（do)，cannothelpbut(do)不得不等句型，Wemightaswellputupherefortonight.我们不妨今晚就在这儿过夜。Shecandonothingbut/exceptsing.她除了唱歌什么也没做。Thereisnothinghecoulddobutplayalldaylong。他除了整天玩，别无它事可做。,4不定式做help后的宾语补足语或宾语时，可带to也可不带。CanIhelp（to）carryitforyou?我可以帮你搬吗？Ihelpedhim（to）mendthebike.我帮助他修理自行车。5在hadbetter，wouldrather，ratherthan之后省略to。Youdbetternottellhimthenews.你最好不把这个消息告诉他。Ratherthanwaitanyone,Idecidedtogohomebytaxi.我决定乘出租车回家而不愿等候任何人。,学习动词不定式时要特别注意以下几点：一、后接不定式的动词1.后接不定式做宾语的动词hope,agree,dare,decide,determinebegin,start,refuse,prepare,offermanage,try,aim,forget,remember，chooseseem,pretend,learn,love,hate等。(可记：希望同意敢决定，开始拒绝备提供，设法瞄准忘记选，似乎假装学爱憎。)2.后接不定式作宾补的动词permit,request,allow,command,tell,invite,cause,encouragewarn,adivse,persuadeforce,order,remind,teach等。(可记首字母：practicewapfort实践攻克堡垒。)3.后接不定式既作宾语又可作宾补的动词ask,beg,like,preter,help,promise,wish,want,expect等。（可记：请求、愿、助、诺、希望。）,二、不定式省略to的现象：1.在hadbetter,wouldrather,whynot,donothingbut,wouldratherthan以及情态动词后。如：Tomwouldratherplaytennisthanswim.Icoulddonothingbutwaitforyou.2.在see,hear,watch,notice,feel,observe,let,make,have等感官动词和使役动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补，但当这些动词为被动时其后的不定式必须带to.如：Hesawtwomenentertheroom.Iwasmadetodoit三、不定式的否定式否定不定式时，否定副词not或never,seldom,hardly等要置于to前。如:Shecheckedthenamessoasnottomakemistakes.,四、注意不定式复合结构的用法句中不定式需要有逻辑主语时，常用for+名词(或代词宾语)+不定式，构成不定式的复合结构。如：ItisveryimportantforustolearnEnglishwell.但某些形容词如kind,clever,foolish,wise,nice,generous,silly,stupid等，是表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征的，常用of引导不定式的逻辑主语。如：Itwaswiseofhimtodothat.五、不定式的主动式与被动式：句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式用主动式。如：Ineedtobuyacomputer.句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，不定式用被动式。如：Thefridgeneedstoberepaired.,六、区分不定式小品词to和介词to：1.下列to为不定的小品词，后接动词原形：beableto,beaboutto,haveto,oughtto,tooto,inorderto,soasto,usedto等。Yououghttofollowyourfathersadvice.2.下列to为介词，后接名词、代词或V-ing形式：payattentionto,lookforwardto,be/getusedto(习惯于),leadto,stickto,belongto,devoteoneselfto等。如：Imlookingforwardtoseeingyouagain.七、不定式的位置及与所修饰词之间的关系1.不定式作定语放在被修饰词之后。如：Iwanttohavesomethingtoread.2.不定式与被修饰词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，所以当不定式的动词是不及物动词或不定式的动词与其所修饰的词之间构不成动宾关系时，其后需加一个适当的介词。如：Ineedapentowritewith.,八、疑问词how,when,what,where,which以及whether与不定式连用，在句中作主语、表语或宾语，其功能相当于名词性从句。如：Wheretogohasnotbeendecidedyet.（Whereweshallgohasnotbeendecidedyet.）九、有些动词(stop,forget,remember,regret,like等)后接不定式或动名词时，意思差别很大。如：Imustremembertoposttheletter.我必须记着要发信。(信还未寄出)Irememberpostingtheletter.我记得发了信了。(信已寄出)Ilikeswimming.(喜欢游泳这项运动)IliketoswimthisFriday.(喜欢在星期五去游泳这一具体动作),Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier_itmoredifficult.(MET99)A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake2.Iveworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat_inmynewjob.(NMET2000)A.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expects,高考题汇集：,3.CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered_thefirstcomputer.(MET1998),toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedC.havinginvented,4.Allenhadtocallataxibecausetheboxwas_tocarryallthewayhome.(MET2003),muchtooheavyB.toomuchheavyC.heavytoomuchD.tooheavymuch,5.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim_.(NMET95),A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto,6.LittleJimshouldlove_tothetheatrethisevening.(MET97),tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking,7.Therearefivepairs_,butImatalosswhichtobuy.(1999上海高考),tobechosenB.tochoosefromC.tochooseD.forchoosing,8._lateintheafternoon,Bobturnedoffthealarm.(2001年北京春季高考),A.TosleepB.SleepingC.SleepD.Havingsleep,9.Withalotofdifficultproblems_,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.(2002年上海春季高考),settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled,10.Shewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasarole_inmakingtheearthabetterplacetolive.(2003上海春季高考),A.tohaveplayedB.toplayC.tobeplayedD.tobeplaying,11.Inordertogainabiggershareintheinternationalmarket,manystateruncompaniesaretrying_theirproductsmorecompetitive.(2002上海春季高考),tomakeB.makingC.tohavemadeD.havingmade,12.Theteacheraskedus_somuchnoise.(2003北京春季高考),A.dontmakeB.notmake,C.notmakingD.nottomake,4.Maryisalwaysthefirststudenttoanswertheteachersquestionsinclass.A.risingB.toriseC.roseD.risen5.Mum,whydoyoualwaysaskmetoeataneggeveryday?-_enoughproteinandnutritionasyouaregrowingup.A.GetB.GettingC.TogetD.Tobegetting6.Wouldyoubesokindusout?-Withpleasure.A.helpingB.inhelpingC.helpD.astohelp,7.Wetumbrellasarenotallowedintothishotelaccordingtotherule.A.tobetakenB.totakeC.takenD.taking,8.Robertissaid_abroad,butIdidntknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.AtohavestudiedBtostudyCtobestudyingDtohavebeenstudying,9.InAustraliahemadealotoffriends_averypracticalknowledgeofEnglish.getB.gettingC.togetD.got,EXERCISES1.Youhadbetter_yourhaircut.A.hadB.haveCtogetDtohave2We_putthemeetingoffforaweek.AcanaswellB.willaswellC.shallaswellD.mayaswell3He_liveinthecountrythaninthecity.AprefersBlikestoChadbetterD.wouldrather4Theboytoldhisfatherthathewouldrather_anastronaut.A.becomeB.tobecomeCbecomingDbecame,5Pauldoesnthavetobemade_.Healwaysworkshard.A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning6-Iusuallygotherebytrain.-Whynot_byboatforachange?A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing7Hewantstodonothingbutout.togogogoinggoes8Hewantstobelieveanythingbut_themedicine.AtotakeBtakeCtakeDtakes,9Comparedwithwomen.menalwaysprefer_athomeratherthan_somuchtimeshopping.Atofinish,tospendBtofinish,spendCfinish,spendDfinish,tospend,巩固性练习1.Shecanthelp_thehousebecauseshesbusymakingacake.A.tocleanB.cleaningC.tobecleaningD.beingcleaned2Whileshopping,peoplesometimescanthelp_intobuyingsomethingtheydontreallyneed.A.topersuadeB.tobepersuadedC.persuadingD.beingpersuading3Weagreed_here,butsofarshehasntturnedupyet.A.havingmetB.meetingC.tomeetD.tohavemet,4-Youwerebraveenoughtoraisetheobjectionsatthemeeting.-Well,nowIregret_that.A.todoB.todoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone5LittleTomshouldlove_tothetheatrethisevening.A.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking,6Ivegotaterribleheadache.Itried_somemedicine,butitdidnthelp.A.totakeB.havingtakenC.takingD.tohavetaken7-Wouldyoujoinustonight?-I_,butIhavetopreparefortomorrowstest.A.wouldlovesoB.wouldlovetoC.wouldloveitD.wouldlove8Iwouldlove_tothepartylastnight,butIhadtofinishextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone,9heletmerepeathisinstructions_surethatIunderstoodwhatwas_afterhewentaway.A.tomake,tobedoneB.making,doingC.tomake,todoD.making,todo10-Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.-Imeant_,butwhenIwasleaving,Icouldntfindheranywhere.A.todoB.toC.doingD.doingso11InsomepartsofLondon,missingabusmeans_foranotherhour.A.waitingB.towaitC.waitD.tobewaiting,12Withalotofdifficultproblems_,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.steelingC.tosettleD.beingsettled13.Doletyourmotherknowallthetruth.Sheappears_everything.A.totellB.tobetoldC.tobetellingD.tohavebeentold,14.Tofetchwaterbeforebreakfastseemedtobearule_.A.toneverbreakB.nevertobebrokenC.nevertohavebrokenD.nevertobebreaking15.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,but_itmoredifficult.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake答案：1.A2.D3.C4.D5.A6.C7.B8.B9.A10.B11.A12.C13.D14.B15.B,练习：1.Sarah,hurryup.Imafraidyouwouldnthavetimeto_beforetheparty.(NMET2004全国卷I)A.getchangedB.getchangeC.getchangingD.gettochange2.Myadvisorencouraged_asummercoursetoimprovemywritingskills.(NMET2004北京)A.formetakingB.metakingC.formetotakeD.metotake3.Idontknowwhetheryouhappen_,butImgoingtostudyintheUSAthisSeptember.(NMET2004辽宁)A.tobeheardB.tobehearingC.tohearD.tohaveheard4.Thefinalexaminationiscomingupsoon.Itstimeforusto_ourstudies.(NMET2004辽宁)A.getdowntoB.getoutC.getbackforD.getover,5.Thefluisbelieved_byvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecellsinsidethehumannoseandthroat.(NMET2004上海)A.causingB.beingcausedC.tobecausedD.tohavecaused6.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only_thefilmstarshadleft.(NMET2004福建)A.totellB.tobetoldC.tellingD.told7.Itseemsthathehasnopen_.(NMET2003北京春)A.towriteB.towritewithC.writingD.writingwith8.Shewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasarole_inmakingtheearthabetterplacetolive.(NMET2003上海春)A.tohaveplayedB.toplayC.tobeplayedD.tobeplaying,9.Theteacheraskedus_somuchnoise.(NMET2003北京)A.dontmakeB.notmakeC.notmakingD.nottomake10.Thepatientwaswarned_oilyfoodaftertheoperation.(NMET1996)A.toeatnotB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteating11.Weagree_herebutsofarshehasntturnedupyet.(NMET1995)A.havingmetB.meetingC.tomeetD.tohavemet12.Hurryup,heissure_forus.(NMET1995)A.towaitB.tobewaitingC.waitingD.beingwaited,13.Attheshopping-centre,hedidntknowwhat_and_withanemptybag.A.tobuy;leaveB.tobebought;leftC.tobuy;leftD.wastobuy;leave14.Shemadeacandle_uslight.A.giveB.gaveC.togiveD.given15.WhereshouldIsendmyform?ThePersonnelOfficeistheplace_.A.forsendingitB.tosendittoC.tosendD.tosendit16.Itsnecessary_someEnglishgrammar.A.forusstudentstolearnB.forwestudentstolearnC.ofusstudentstolearnD.forourstudentslearning,17._kindto