ThemeandRheme主位与述位.ppt

Thefourthclass,Thefirstperioditisthatwithwhichtheclauseisconcerned.Theremainderofthemessage,thepartinwhichthethemeisdeveloped,iscalledinPragueSchoolterminologytheRheme.Asamessagestructure,therefore,aclauseconsistsofathemeaccompaniedbyarheme;andthestructureisexpressedbytheorder-whateverischosenasthethemeisputfirst.,-Halliday是从功能而不是从成分分布的角度对主位进行界定的。他认为：主位是信息（message）的起点（pointofdeparture），是小句所关心的成分（theelementwithwhichtheclauseisconcerned）。述位一般是句子的信息中心（informationfocus）所在，即句子所要表达的最重要的新信息。,Accordingtothedegreeofthecomplexityofthethemeitself,Hallidaydividedthemesintothreecategories,say,simpletheme(单项主位),clausetheme(句项主位),andmultipletheme(复项主位).,Simpletheme:referstothethemeofaclauseconsistingofjustonestructuralelement,withneitherinterpersonalnortextualtheme.Thestructuralelementcanberepresentedbynominalgroup,adverbialgrouporprepositionalgroup,whosenumbermaybeonlyoneormorethanone.-单项主位指的是那些只包含韩礼德所说的概念成分而不包括人际成分和语篇成分的主位。其表现形式为名词词组、副词词组或介词短语。e.g.,(1)Themaninblack(T)laughedatme.(R)(2)Slowlyandquietly,(T)hepushedthewindowopen.(R)(3)Fromdoortodoor(T)hewendhisway.(R),2)Aclauseasthetheme:referstousingthemainclauseorsubordinateclausetoserveastheme.-句项主位指小句充当主位，传统语法所说的主从复合句中的主句和从句都可以成为主位。当主位由一个小句表示时，它本身内部又可含有主位述位结构。e.g.(1)Givethatteapotaway(T)/ifyoudontlikeit.(R)(2)Ifyoudontlikethatteapot(T)/giveitaway.(R)(3)Ifwinter(T)comes(R)(T)/canspringbefarbehind?(R),3）Amultipletheme:referstothethemeconsistingofnotonlystructuralelement,butalsotextualelementorinterpersonalelement.Ifallthesethreeelementsturnupinthesametheme,thesequenceofthethemeis,textualelement-interpersonalelement-structuralelement.-复项主位是由多种语义成分构成的主位，它具有内部结构，可以进一步划分为语篇主位（textualtheme）、人际主位（interpersonaltheme）、和话题主位（topicaltheme）（structuraltheme）。当三种主位同时并存时，其出现顺序为：语篇主位人际主位话题主位。,-Textualthemeincludesthecontinuativeelements(连续成分)like:yes,no,well,oh,now;orthestructuralelements(结构成分)like:yet,so,evenif,however;ortheconjunctiveelements(连接成分)like:therefore,inotherwords,asfarasthatisconcerned.-Interpersonalthemeincludesthemodalelements(情态成分)like:certainly,tobefrank,broadlyspeaking;orthefiniteelements(一般疑问句中的限定成分)likedoes,do;orthevocativeelement(称呼成分)likeJohn,MrsJones,ladiesandgentlemen.,-Structuralelementreferstothetopicalelement(主题成分),whichcanalsobecalledastopicaltheme(主题主位),anditisthelastcomponentofthemultipletheme.e.g.,(1)Conversely(textual),possibly(interpersonal),females(topicaltheme)/feltmoreateaserespondingtoanon-specificfemaleaddress.(2)Ontheotherhand(textual)maybe(interpersonal)onaweekday(topicaltheme)/itwouldbelesscrowded.(3)Well(连接)but(结构)then(连接)(textual)Ann(称呼)surely(情态)wouldnt(限定成分)(interpersonal)thebestidea(topicaltheme)/betojointhegroup?,Besides,itsworthyofpointingoutthat1)Interrogative:(1)YesNoe.g.Had(finite)+she(subject)(theme)/writtenabout(2)wh-:wh-wordsserveasthetheme2)Imperative:predicatore.g.Dont/touchthat.Pleasedont/touchthat.Write/itdown.,3)Exclamative:Wh-word+complement;wh-word+adv.e.g.(1)Whatneatwriting/youvegot!(2)Howsweetly/shesings!Conclusion:1)Now,wegettoknow,inEnglish,aclauseissupposedtoconsistoftwoelements.Oneistheme,theotherisrheme.,2)Themeisimportantbecauseitiswhattheclauseisabout.Ontheonehand,itactsasthepointoforientationbyconnectingbacktopreviousstretchesoftextandhencemaintainingacoherentpointofview.Ontheotherhand,itactsasthepointofdeparturebyconnectingforwardandthuscontributingtothedevelopmentofthelatterstretches.3)Rhemeisalsoimportantbecauseitiswhatthespeakersaysaboutthetheme.Itistheimportantelementinthestructureofaclausebecauseitcarriestheverynewinformationthespeakerwantstoconveytothehearer.Besides,itfulfillsthecommunicativepurposeoftheutterance.,*Thethirdthesedifferentthemesallendupinthesamerheme.(几个句子的主位各不相同，但述位一致。)e.g.John(T1)likesfootball(R1).Jim(T2)likesfootball(R2=R1).Everyboystudentsinmyclass(T3)likefootball(R3=R1).T1R1T2R2(=R1).TnRn(=R1),(3)LinearThemePattern(延续型、阶梯型)Underthispattern,therhemeoronepartoftherhemeintheformersentencebecomesthethemeforthenextclause.(前一句的述位或述位的一部分成为后一句的主位。)e.g.We(T1)visitedtheGreatWall(R1).TheGreatWall(T2=R1)isinthenorthernpartofChina(R2).China(T3=R2)haswitnessedmanychangessincetheGreatWallwasbuilt(R3).T1R1T2(=R1)R2.Tn(=Rn-1)Rn,(4)CrossThemePattern(交叉型)Underthispattern,thethemeinthefirstsentencewillbecometherhemeinthesecondone.Andthenthethemeinthesecondsentencewillbecometherhemeinthethirdone,andsoon.(前一句的主位是后一句的述位。),Theplay(T1)wasinteresting(R1),butI(T2)didntenjoyit(R2=T1).Ayoungmanandayoungwoman(T3)troubledme(R3=T2).I(T4)turnedroundandlookedatthem(R4=T3),butthey(T5)didntpayanyattentiontome(R5=T4).T1R1T2R2.TnRn(=Tn1),(5)SplitRhemePattern(述位分裂型)Underthispattern,therhemeintheprevioussentenceisspiltintoseveraldifferentthemesforthefollowingsentences.e.g.Myfavoritethreecolors(T1)arered,blueandwhite(R1).Red(T2=R1)makesmefeelhappy(R2).Blue(T3=R1)makesmefeelquiet(R3).White(T4=R1)makesmefeelpeaceful(R4).T1R1T2R2T3R3TnRn,(6)DerivedThemePattern(派生主位型)Underthispattern,thethemesinthefollowingsentencesareallderivedfromthefirstsentence.e.g.ThereasonsforTomtolikestudyingEnglish(T1)areasfollows(R1).Thefirst(T2=T1)isthatEnglishisanimportantcourse(R2).Thesecond(T3=T1)isthatEnglishisaninterestingcourse(R3).Thethird(T4=T1)isthatheenjoysEnglishsongsverymuch(R4).T1R1T2R2T3R3TnRn,Conclusion:1)PatternsofsequencingofThemeandRhemeareo