中学英语语法专题讲座专题一(教师).doc

初中英语语法专题讲座语音、词汇、语法是构成语言的吧三大要素，而语法又是语言结构的规律。在语法规律的支配下，单词和词组组成了各种各样的句子，表达着人类亲疏好恶的态度，和喜怒哀乐的思想感情。语法无疑是外语学习必不可少的助手和工具。重视语法学习，必然会对我们掌握外语的规律有所帮助。下面我就根据新课标所规定的语法项目，结合同学们学习实际，遵循实用性和针对性的原则，注意突出重点，同时对学习语法项目是所需要说明和应该注意的问题予以简明分析，全面而系统地阐述初中学习所需的所有语法项目，有的内容还做了适度的扩展。每个专题都配备有针对性的习题，边讲解边练习，可以强化理解，也可以帮助记忆，运用。另外，每个专题结束后还有过关测试题，便于学生检测本专题的掌握情况。总之，本篇的编写内容将为广大初中学生学习英语提供极大的方便。英语语法中最基本的组成部分是词法和句法，所以本篇按照这两部分分别编写。专题一 冠词课标解读：新课标考试说明对本考点的要求是：了解冠词的分类，掌握不定冠词（a/an）定冠词（the）以及零冠词各自的用法。能力解读：冠词是构成英语词汇的重要部分，对定冠词的考查是每年中、高考的必考内容（一般以单选题的形式出现），考查内容包括不定冠词（a/an）定冠词（the）以及零冠词的用法。复习时要注意a/an/the及不用冠词的地方，特别是不定冠词（a/an）定冠词（the）。（一） 冠词概述 冠词是一种不能单独使用的虚词，只能附着在一个名次前，帮助说明这个名词的含义。冠词分为不定冠词（a/an）和定冠词（the）两种。下面分别就它们的用法加以讲解。（二） 不定冠词的用法不定冠词（a/an）表示数量，与one “一”的意思相近，但数的概念没有one强烈。不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音音素开头的词前面; an用在元音音素开头的词的前面。注意：判断一个单词是元音音素还是辅音音素是根据该单词的开头音节读音和不是字母是否是元音字母。很多字母是元音字母但开头音素不一定是元音音素。例如：_an_ egg _an_English book _an_umbrella _a_dog _an_idea _a_girl _an_hour _a_desk _a_university My brother has _a_black car.They stay there for _a_week .Give me _a_ pencil.(不要其他种类) 比较两句区别Give me _one_ pencil.（不要两只或更多） 1.表示时间、距离、重量等度量单位前，常用不定冠词表示数目“一”。如：一分钟 one minute 一天a day 一周a week一英尺a foot 一百a hundred 一双a pair2.不定冠词还表示“每一”的意思。如：他每周上5节英语课。We have five English lessons a week. 他每周看一次电视。He watches TV once a week. 我每周锻炼三次。I exercise three times a week. 大米每公斤可卖四元。The rice can sell at four yuan a kilogram.The spaceship can fly at about 11 km a second(每秒)。3.代表某一类人或物。以区别于其他种类。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为：一头大象比一个人强壮。) She is a teacher. 她是老师。This is a radio. 这是一台收音机。试翻译：自行车在农村很有用的。A bike is very useful in the countryside. 马是用用的动物。A horse is a useful animal. 正方形有四条边。A square has four sides.4.泛指某一类人或某一类事物中的一个，但又不具体说明到底是哪个。这是不定冠词的基本用法。如：I saw in the tree.（一只鸟） a bird_ from Beijing stayed in the hotel.一位来自北京的朋友呆在旅馆里。A friendHe teaches English in _in Chaohu.(一所中学)a middle school试翻译：你最喜欢哪一个？马、绵羊还是老虎? Which do you like best, a horse, a sheep or a tiger?患难朋友才是真正的朋友。A friend in need is a friend indeed.桌子上有一本书. There is a book on the desk.有一只狗躺在地上。There a dog lying on the ground.5.泛指某一类人或物，含有“任何一个”之意。如：A horse has four legs马有四条腿。A car runs faster than a bike汽车比自行车快。6.有时在抽象名词或物质名词前，表示一个具体情况或动作，或某一类物质。抽象名词:主要指一些抽象概念的名称，它们一般是不可数的，没有复数形式，前面也不能加冠词a，an。下面是一些常见的抽象名词：absence， access， age， agriculture， anger，beauty， behavior， cancer简单地说，就是看不见摸不着，但是可以感觉得到考虑得到的东西freedom(自由) 是意念，情感或品质，如爱，恨，善良，恐惧，愤怒，想象力这类东西。 物质名词：表示各种物质的总称或不确定形状和大小的个体的实物。物质名词是材料、食品、饮料以及固体、液体和气体的物质或化学元素名称,如: wood(木料), meat(肉), wine(酒), paper(纸), ink(墨水), gas(气体), water(水), oxygen(氧)等。物质名词一般没有复数形式,不加冠词,只有特指时加the; 表示物质名词的数量时,前面需加piece(片,枝,块), sheet(张), cup(杯), bag(袋), bottle(瓶)等表示计量的名词。尽管抽象名次和物质名次在一般情况下不可数，但表示表示一个具体情况或动作，或某一类物质时，就变得可数了。如：Its_an oil _.这是一种油。（表类别）Education is _a science._教育是一门科学。（表类别）This book is a great help to me ( 表具体情况)。Its an honor to me to attend the party. 一种荣誉试翻译：试一试_ 散步_抽支烟have a smoke 生火make a fire 休息一会_ 看一眼_ 过着幸福的生活have a happy life 很遗憾it is a pity.7.用于一些固定词组中。如：a bit ,a little, take an active party in, a lot of, a few, in a hurry, tell a lie, in a word, have a good time, make a face, give sb a hand , have a cold, a number of , make a noise等等。（二）定冠词的用法1.定冠词the特指某些人或某物。这时常与带有各种修饰语的名次连用。（the在辅音音素前读_,在元音音素前读_）如：请把床上的手表给我。Please give me the watch.桌上的书包是Jim的。The schoolbag on the desk is Jims.树下跳舞的女孩是谁？who is the girl dancing under the tree.他就是你想见的人。He is the man who you want to see.2.谈话双方都知道的人或事物。（要有实际语言环境暗示）如：请把门打开。Please open the door .（谈话双方都知道是那扇门）我们在电影院见面. Lets meet at cinema.（都知道是哪家电影院）英语老师来了，请安静！ The English teacher is coming. Be puiet.（都知道是哪位英语老师）校长在大门口。The headmaster is at the gate.3.复述上文提到过的人或事物的名词前。如：I bought an English storybook and a dictionary yesterday. The storybook is on the desk. The dictionary is at home.翻译：很久很久以前，有一个老人，他有一条狗。这条狗已经很老了。一天，狗死了，老人感到非常孤独。Long, long ago, there was an old man with a dog, the dog was very old. One day, the dog died, the old man felt very lonely.4.用在大家都熟知的、世界独一无二的事物前。如：地球比月亮大，但比太阳小。The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.5.用在表示方向、方位的名次前。如：The sun rises in the east. Li Ming is at the back of the door.翻译：在太阳下_ 在地球上_ 在月球上_ 在世界上_ 在东方_ 在南方_ 在东南方_ 在西北方_ 居中 _在右边 _在过去_ 在将来 _6.用在序数词或形容词的最高级前以及only（唯一的注意：only 常作定语，与可数名词单数连用），very（正是，恰恰是。注意：very 此时为形容词，和the, this, that,或my，your，his等词连用，以加强语气。）same (同样的)等词前。这个男孩总是第一个来，最后一个走的.The boy is always the first to come and the last to leave.星期天是一周中的第一天。Sunday is the first day of a week.我是四人中最高的。Im the tallest of four.第二单元是最难的。Unit 2 is the most difficult in Book One.这就是我唯一（only）想说的事。 Its the only thing I wanted to say.Tom 是他们的独生子。Tom is their only son.（注意：only 常作定语，与可数名词单数连用）这正是他写那本书是用过的钢笔。This is the very pen he used when he was writing the book.他正是我想见的人。He is the very man I want to see.他看上去和以前一样。She looks just the same as before.7.在乐器前面要加the，但体育运动名词前不要加the .She likes playing the piano. I can play the violin. He likes play football.8.有时用于单数名词前表示一类人或事物。如：最老式的计算机是算盘。The oldest kind of computer is the abacus.计算机是奇妙的机器。The computer is a wonderful machine.古代中国发明了指南针。The compass was invented in ancient china.马是有用的动物。The horse is a useful animal.9.用在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉前；用在普通名词和形容词构成的专有名词前(如：某些国名全称，党派，名族，组织，机构，建筑物，旅馆，商店，报刊，会议历史事件，朝代等)。the Yellow River , the Pacific Ocean, the South China Sea,the Peoples Republic of China（China的全称）, the Chinese（中华民族），the No.1 Middle School, the Great Wall, the Olympics 10.用在姓氏复数形式前表示一家人、夫妇或兄弟姐妹等；用在地名前表示和那人或该地相似的人或地方，或某一时期的某人或某地。The Lis went to Beijing yesterday.史密斯一家正在看电视。The smiths are watching TV.(谓语用复数)布朗一家 这个人正是当代的爱迪生。The man is the Edison of today.上海是中国的纽约。Shanghai is the New York of China.11.和一些形容词连用表示一类人。谓语用复数。the rich, the poor, the young , the dead, the living(活着的人)，the sick，the learned（有学问的人）12.用在一些习惯用语中。如：the public(公众，众人), the other day(几天前), by the way, in the morning, in the afternoon, on the right/left, in the end（三）常见不用冠词的情况即零冠词1.除特殊情况外，人名、称呼、地名、国名（非全称）、季节、月份、星期、节日、语言、学科等一般的专有名词前不用冠词。如：Liu Xiang，Africa，Anhui Province, Professor Yang, in summer, Miss Wang, May, China , Monday, Womens Day, Teachers Day, Childrens Day, New Years Day, Japanese.试给上面的例子归类。2.三餐及体育运动，体育器材前不用冠词。如：到吃晚饭的时间了。It is time for dinner. 饭菜已准备好了。Dinner is ready. 他们中午要吃鱼。We will have fish for lunch.我喜欢踢足球。I like playing football.下象棋，_ 打扑克，play cards3复数名词前不用冠词，可泛指一类。如：Now computers can work faster than before.我们喜欢读书。I like reading books.我喜欢的动物是老虎和狮子。My favorite animals are tigers and lions.他们是医生。They are doctors.这个老师经常帮助学生们学英语。The teacher often helps students with their English.大象比马重。Elephants are heavier than horses.马是有用的动物。（三种译法） 4.除特指或具体化外，抽象名词、物质名词前一般不用冠词，表示泛指。(前面提过的情况)如：He likes listening to music after supper.She has made great progress. (进步) 我没时间多想。I have no time to think 孩子们都喜欢玩雪。The children all like playing snow.5.家庭成员的名次（如父母、兄弟、姐妹等）在家庭内部称呼时，常常大写，前面不用冠词的。如：Tom asked,“where is Mother?Uncle is taking Brother out for a walk.6.两个或两个以上的名次并列时，若指同一个人或物，或配成套的一件东西，后面的名次前不加冠词。如：She is a teacher and writer.汉译：她即使教师也是作家。They are a teacher and a writer.汉译： 他们一个是教师，一个是作家。试比较。a knife and fork汉译：一套刀叉。7.在与介词by 连用的交通工具或通讯工具名词前不用冠词，表示方式。如：by bike, by train, by bus, by plane, by air, by sea, by land, by radio, by satellite, by post/mail I think he will tell you the news by letter/ by telephone.8. 泛指两个成对的名词并用时，通常不用冠词（包括同一名词重复）夫妻俩听到这消息是很难过。Husband and wife were sad at the news.他们是兄弟姐妹。They are sisters and brothers.父子father and son 日夜day and night一天一天地day and day 肩并肩 side by side 面对面 face to face手拉手hand in hand 循序渐进little by little一个一个 one by one从早到晚from morning to night 挨门挨户地from to door从南到北from south to north从头到脚 from head to foot日复一日 from day to day9.表示种类的短语，如 kind, type,等名词前面不用冠词。如：this kind of car, all kind of stamps 10.一些习惯用语中不用冠词。at desk （在办公），at table(在吃饭)， at home , at last, at least, at most, at present, at school, at night, at noon, at first, by mistake, by accident, by chance, on time, on foot , in fact ，on earth, in public, in trouble, （四）冠词的位置冠词通常放在名词前。如果名词前有形容词就在该形容词前。如：That is a story.That is an interesting story.That is a very interesting story.1.修饰名词的形容词被so，as, too, how修饰时，不定冠词要放在形容词的后面。如:我从没见过如此有趣的电影。I have never seen so interesting a film.= 她是和你一样漂亮的女孩。She is as beautiful a girl as you.2.不定冠词放在such，what等词的后面，如：I have never seen such an interesting film.It is easy to work with such a girl. What a beautiful girl she is!3.当副词quite和rather修饰作定语的形容词时，不定冠词放在quite和rather前后都可以。多数放在后面。如：She is a quite nice teacher.= she is quite a nice girl.4.half 修饰名词时，不定冠词放在half 之后。如: My mother will come back in half an hour.5. all, both, half修饰名词时，定语要放在这些词后。如：All the teachers have been here.过关针对性习题 冠词练习题I. 改错题。1. The building is a university. _2. Let me have the second try. 定冠词放在序数词前面表顺序；但 an /a 凡在序数词前表示“再一，又一”3. I have the three times the number of your books.1.副词twice, double, much, 以及数词+times(倍)作定语时，much, by far 修饰形容词最高级时，定冠词放在上述副词或短语后面。I have twice the strength of theirs.我们有他们两倍的力量或 我们的力量比他们大一倍。4. The policeman caught the thief by his arm. 定冠词固定结构：动词+人+介词+人身体或衣着的一部分。常考的这类动词：catch, take, strike(),pat, hit, hold, pull, 等。动词后面应加入人或对象再加介词on，by, in, with,.之后加定冠词再加部位，这时定冠词千万不要换成his，her，their等形容词性物主代词。II.单选题。（每题分析属于哪种用法，并写出来，可以参考前面讲解。）( ) 1.First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you never get _又一，再一_ second chance to make _泛指第一印象_ first impression. A. a; the B. the; the C. a; a D. the; a ( ) 2.The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that_ people from all walks of life are working hard for _ new Anhui. 来自社会各阶层人泛指；一个新的安徽类别 A. 不填；a B. 不填； the C. the ; a D. the ; the( ) 3. -Youve dropped _ “s” in the word “necessary”.-Oh, _ letter “s” is doubled. A. a; a B. a ； the C. an ; the D. the; the ( ) 4. -Mike, could you come and give me _ hand?-Ok, Mum, Im coming now. 固定搭配 A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( ) 5. -Lily is coming by _plane tomorrow.-Lets go to _ airport to meet her.A. a; a B.不填；a C. the ; the D. 不填；the( )6-Lily， open _ door, please.-Im coming. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( ) 7.Look! There is _ map of China on the wall. 第一次出现 A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( ) 8.There is _ local shop for people to buy daily things in the small village.A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( )9.-By the way, have you got _ e-mail address？-Oh, yes, it is swimonland A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( ) 1O.We often take part in afterclass activities. I like to play_ basketball, but my mother likes to play _ guitar.A. a; the B. the; the C. 不填； 不填 D. 不填； the( ) 11. I really like _ book you lent me yesterday.A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( ) 12.On _ sunny afternoon, my parents and I had a good time on the beach.A. the B. an C. a D. 不填( ) 13. Jack started to work at _ early age because his family was very poor. 固定搭配A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( ) 14. After school we usually play_ basketball for half an hour on _ playground.A. the; the B.不填； 不填 C. 不填；the D. the； 不填( ) 15-Do you haven_ QQ number?-Sorry, I dont have one.A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( ) 16.Sandy often takes her dog for _ walk around the lake after supper.A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( ) 17. -I just have _ cup of milk for _ breakfast.-Thats not enough.A. a; a B. the; the C. a; 不填 D. a; the( ) 18.Theres _ 800-meter-long road behind _ hospital.A. an; an B. a; a C. an; the D. 不填( ) 19.Mary has _ e-dictionary. She got it from her uncle.A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( ) 20. -Do you play _ piano in your free time?-No, I like sports. I often play _ soccer with my friends.A. /; the B. the; / C. the; the D. a; a ( ) 21. -I hear therell be _ talk on teenage problems next Monday.-Do you mean _ talk our teacher asked us to listen to?A. a; the B. a; a C. the; the D. the; a ( ) 22. -Dont shout at Mike like that.-He is only _ 11-year-old boy. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( ) 23.Its said that _ umbrella was invited over four thousand years ago by Chinese people.A. a B. an C. the D. 不填 the用在单数名词前表示一类人或事物。( ) 24.Dont make _same mistakes for the second time in _ day.A. the; a B. a; a C. the; the D. 不填( ) 25. -My father is _ university teacher. Whats your father?-He is _unusual doctor.A. a; an B. an; an C. an; a D. a; a ( ) 26.I knows _ man in the car. He is our English teachers husband.A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( ) 27. This is _ book I bought yesterday. Isnt it _ interesting one?A. the; the B. the; a C. a; the D. the; an ( ) 28.Obama has been elected _ first black president of United States, and the international society expects to have _ new USA under his leadership.A. 不填；the B. a; the C. the; a D. the; the( ) 29.Everyone understands that _ horse is _ useful animal.A. a; a B. the; the C. / ; a D. the; the( ) 30.What _ important work! I am proud its _ useful job.A. an; a B. /; a C. a; an D. / ; an( ) 31. -Do you like _ film Pirates of the Caribbean?-Oh, it is _ interesting movie.A. a; an B. the; the C. the; an D. an; 不填( ) 32.The cartoon Mulan is _ interesting film and _ story happened in China.A. a; the B. an; the C. the; a D. an; a ( ) 33-Mum, where did you put my new MP3?-I put it in _ yellow box under your desk. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( ) 34. Jack likes playing _soccer, but he doesnt like playing _ piano.A. /; / B. the; / C. the; the D. /; the( ) 35.Look, Jim, _ Walkman that I bought last year isnt working properly.A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( ) 36.I looked under _ table and found _ pen I lost yesterday.A. the; a B. the; the C. /; the D. the; / ( ) 37.My father is _ engineer. He works very hard. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( ) 38.I think its _ useful advice, so I will always remember it. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( ) 39.People often go skating in _ winter. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填季节前不加the，如果特指某一个特定的季节就要加the( ) 40. _ people attended the meeting last night. A A hundred B Hundred C Hundreds of ( ) 41. He has already worked for _ hour. A theB an C a( ) 42. He wrote a _ report. A. two-thousand-words B. two-thousand-word C two-thousands-word D two-thousands-words( ) 43 John is _ university student. A some B any C. a D an( ) 43.That table is made of _. A .a wood B some wood C the wood D wood( ) 44.He is a student of _. A Class First B the Class One C Class One D First Class( ) 45. I have been waiting for him for _ hour and a half. A the B a C an D whole( ) 46. John Smith is _ honest man. A one B an C the D a ( )47. My father told me he was soon going to visit _. A. the United State B the United States C United States D Unites Stated( ) 48.We are going to learn _ next week. A .Lesson Twelve B Lesson Twelfth C Twelfth Lesson D the Lesson Twelfth( ) 49.About _ of the workers in that steel workers young people. A third-fifths B three-fifths C three-fives D three-fifth(