杭州城市规划virtual_cities_v12.ppt

UsingVirtualCitiestoPlanRealCities,ACaseStudyUsingtheVirtualTerrainProjectInHangzhou,China,Dr.MichaelFlaxmanLecturerinLandscapePlanningHarvardGraduateSchoolofDesign,BenDiscoeLeadDeveloper,VirtualTerrainProjectTheOpenPlanningProject(TOPP),CastofCharacters,15GraduateStudentsinArchitecture,LandscapeArchitecture&PlanningOneSemesterInterdisciplinaryStudio(doublecourse):Faculty:CarlSteinitz(Architecture&LandscapeArchitecture)MikeFlaxman(Planning,GIS&Visualization)BenDiscoe,LeadDeveloper,VTP(notpictured),StudyAreaLocation,SoutheasternChina2hoursSWofShanghai,PublicImageoftheWestlakeandHangzhou,Hangzhou2000,OneoftheMostProsperousCitiesinChina6MillionPeoplePopulationDoublingin20Years15XAutoOwnershipExpected,DesignStrategy,ConclusionofpriorHarvardstudy:ToprotecttheWestLake,newdevelopmentshouldbedirectedawayfromitandtowardtherivertotheSouth.BuildNewCityCenterAlongRiverMakethisareamoreattractivetodevelopmentthantheedgeoftheWestLake,BasicTask:Propose&EvaluateAlternativePlansforHangzhou2020,EachAlternativeAccommodatesProjectedGrowth(SameProgram)EvaluatetheVisual,Economic&EnvironmentalConsequencesPresentResultstotheGeneralPublicinFormwhichFostersProductiveDiscussion,DesignChallenge:HowtoDevelopandEvaluateCompellingAlternativesforLargeUrbanAreasWheretoplacestrategicpublicinvestmentsintransportationinfrastructureandcivicbuildingsWheretoallowvariouslandusesanddensities/heightsNeedtoestablishopenspacenetworkplanning,ProblemSummary,TechnicalChallenge:HowtoVisualizeAlternativeFuturesforLargeCitiesandRegionsEfficientlygeneratingmodelsofcurrentconditionsVisualizingmultiplealternativeplansin3DVisualizingdetaileddesigninbroadercontextWorkflowmustfacilitate“topdown”design,ConventionalApproachestoCityRepresentationforPlanning,Sketches-mapsSingle-usezoningrepresentingclassesoflegally-permitteduseBuildingheightsimplicitinzoning,ProblemswithConventionalRepresentation,Nobodyunderstandsthemapsexcept(perhaps)theplannerBasicallytooabstract:allconcernedpreferrepresentationwithbuildingmassingstoprovidesenseofscaleTwodimensionalrepresentationofatruly3Dproblem,VisualizationGoals:,Visualrepresentationoffunction,sizeandlocations(not“realism”but“naturalsceneparadigm”)RepresentsomeindividualbuildingsandneighborhoodpatternsAgoodworkingmodel,notjustapolishedfinalrendering,Challenge#1:NumberandDiversityofElements,LandscapeComponentsTerrainBuildingsRoadsVegetationWaterLighting/Atmosphere,Anylargelandscapeislikelytocontainallofthesecomponents.Therelativeproportionwillbelocation-specific,buteachcomponentneedsanefficientrepresentation.,Challenge#2:Interactivity,Workdoneinparallelby20studentsworkingonPCs(singlehigh-endvisualizationsystemnotpractical)StudentsanddesigncriticsneedtobeabletoviewworkfromanycameraangleDesignrevisionsshouldrequireeditingatthelevelofthecritique(changingzoningratherthanmanuallymoving3000buildings),PotentialRealtimeCityVisualizationApproaches,GISVisualizationSystemsArcScene,ERDASVirtualGISGameEnginesVRML/GeoVRMLCommercialflightsimulationgeneratorsGeneralconclusionManytechnicalsolutionswereavailable,butnosingleavailablepackagewassuitableforinteractivecitydesignwithrealGIS/CAD,WhyTheVirtualTerrainProject?,SupportsmostcommonGISformatsCLODterrainsimplificationallowsrealtimeperformanceonnormalPChardwareCangeneratebuildingsprocedurallybasedonfootprintsIntegratesCADmodelswhereavailableCrossPlatformOpenSource,sobothfreeandextensible,VTPFoundations,BuiltatopthreemajorlibrariesOpenSceneGraphHighPerformance,OpenGL-basedReadsMany3DFormats:OpenFlight,3DSwxWindowsProvidesmaturecross-platformGUI(Linux,Windows,MacOS)GDAL(GeographicDataAbstractionLibrary)Reads/writesmostGISformatsDealswithMapProjections,Establishdatameaning&representationoptionsUsing“Builder”for2DGIS/ImageData“CultureEditor”for3DandproxiesView/EditUsingRuntime“Enviro”,VTPVisualizationProcess,ProductionPipeline1:BaseData,CurrentConditionsBasedatafrom1msatellitesceneExistingbuildingfootprintsfrom1:1000CADElevationfrom1:10Kcontours+spotelevations,ProductionPipeline2:Buildings,DevelopedBuildingTypologyDevelopedcustomArcViewscriptstoplacetemplatebuildingfootprintswithattributesGenericbuildingsderivedprocedurallyfromfootprintsinBuilderCustombuildings/bridgesdevelopedinCAD/surfacedin3DS.InsertlocationsspecifiedinGIS.,ProductionPipeline3:Terrain&GroundCover,GradingplansdevelopedinGISusingArcViewTinSurfacecoverchangesspecifiedinGISExportedfromGISasanimagefile(BMP),ProductionPipeline4:Vegetation,PlantingplansdonebylandscapearchitectsinGIS(placingstems+plantIDattribute)StreettreesgeneratedprocedurallyinGISbasedonroadtype,Results:Process,Efficient:Fourplansinfourweeks“agoodplanisadoneplan”Studentswithnoprior3DvisualizationexperiencewereabletoproductivelyusethetoolsEffective:VisualizationsinfluenceddesignchoicesBuildingdensitiesoffirstroundproposals“lookedlikeCleveland”soadjustedupwardVisualizationofgreenspaceandstreettreeshadlargeimpactinpublicreviewsinChina,Resultsof“GISTemplatesto3D”Strategy,WeaknessesNogoodtoolsforbuildingfootprintgeneration/alignmentGeneratinggradingplansusingArcViewverytediousSomedesignbestdonein3D.,StrengthsEfficientforlargeareasGood,cleanly-attributeddataGISintermediateproductsuseful,Results:VTPStrengths,Supportsallmajorlandscapeelements:billboardvegetation,CLODterrainProcedural&CADbuildingsGISintegrationfacilitatedtop-downdesignandrevisions,SimplenavigationinterfacePowerfulreal-timevisualizationtechnologiesforworkonstandardcommodityhardware,Results:VTPWeaknesses(foruseinInteractivePlanning),ConstraintsonterrainsizeandgroundplaneresolutionMultiplefileconversionsrequiredforsomedesignchanges(noauto-update/build)Lackofintegrationoffeaturetypes(particularlyroads&terrain)GISintegrationwas“oneway”(GIS-Vis)ratherthan“roundtrip”(noVis-GIS),GeneralConclusionsaboutCity&RegionalVisualizationsforPlanningUse,ChosentechniquemustefficientlyrepresentcommonobjectstypesGIS/databaseessentialforeffectivereal-worldvisualizationcreation/managementProceduralmodelinggreatlyfacilitatesbothcreationandupdatesInter-object3dtopology/constraintsverychallenging,NextSteps,Beyondaesthetics-visualizingconsequencesEconomic,Biodiversity,WaterQualityScenarioComparisonInterfaceVisualizedifferencesusingcrossfadeorsplitscreenInternetintegrationEasydataacquisitionfromwebmapserversFacilitatesharingofbuildingmodels,ecosystems,etc.Betterpatterngenerationtools,ForMoreInformation,OntheHangzhouProject:/gsd98mf2TheVirtualTerrainProject/,FutureDirections,InterfaceEnhancementsIncorporateViewpointandAnimationPathEnha