小句复合体.ppt

小句复合体,Lecture4,小句复合体,小句：语法中的最高单位。它是及物性、语气和主位等系统的起点，分别同时通过三个结构层得到体现（及物性结构、语气结构和主位结构）。小句体现了经验意义、人际意义和语篇意义，在非标记（unmarked）的情况下也通过调群（tonegroup）来体现。,小句复合体,Clausecomplex:Asentencecanbeinterpretedasaclausecomplex:aHeadclausetogetherwithotherclausesthatmodifyit.Acombinationofclausesrelatedparatacticallyorhypotacticallybutnotthroughembedding;themodeofcombinationisthemodeoforganizationofthelogicalsubtypeoftheideationalmetafunction.Forexample,clausescombinedthroughcoordinationformaclausecomplex.Thenotionofclausecomplexthusenablesustoaccountinfullforthefunctionalorganizationofsentences(cf.Halliday1994:216).,Parataxis:Logicalinterdependencybetweenclauseswheretheinterdependentsareofequalstatus.Roughlycomparabletocoordinationintraditionalgrammar.Iftwoclausesarerelatedparatactically,theprimaryoneisinitiating(1),andthesecondaryonecontinuing(2).,|IswitchedonmyTVset|andtherewasaprogramaboutwhales.|12|Letsfaceit,|thehumanbodyislikeacondominiumapartment.|12,Hypotaxis:Logicalinterdependencybetweenclauseswheretheinterdependentsareofunequalstatus.ThusoneoftheclausescanbeseenasaHeadbeingmodifiedbytheother(s).Iftwoclausesarerelatedhypotactically,theprimaryoneisdominant(a),andthesecondaryonedependent(b).Roughlycomparabletosubordinationintraditionalgrammar.Thetraditionaltermsubordinationdoesusuallynotdifferentiatehypotaxisandembedding(rankshiftedclauses).,|Fearofflyingisquiterational|becausehumanbeingscannotfly.|ab|Becausehumanbeingscannotfly,|fearofflyingisquitebarational.|,Embedding:rankshiftedclausesclauseaspartof(nominal)group(downrankedtopartofconstituent)clauseasparticipant(downrankedtoclauseconstituent)|Ioncehadaleatherjacketthatgotruinedintherain.|,EmbeddingClauseaspartofgroupThepeoplethatrunthestoresattheairporthavenoideawhatthingscostanywhereelse.(nominalgroup)YouneverseeanybodyonTVjustslidingoffthefrontofthesofawithpotatochipcrumbsallovertheirshirt.(nominalgroup)Justgoasfastasyoucan.(adverbialgroup)Theyreveryproudthattheyhaveafireplace.(nominal/adjectivalgroup),Clauseasclauseconstituent(participant)Drivingtotheairportcanmakemenervous.IgaveherwhateverIhadthere.Helikestotraveltoexoticplaces.,Expansion,ThesecondaryclauseexpandstheprimaryclauseElaborating(i.e.)=restatinginotherwords,specifyingingreaterdetail,commenting,exemplifyingKings,emperorsandpharaohshadstorytellers;|thatwastheirentertainment.(12)Ihaveafriendwhosunemployed|hescollectingunemploymentinsurance.(12)Theydecidedtocanceltheshow,|whichupseteverybody.(ab)Theydecidedtocanceltheshow,|upsettingalotofpeople.(ab),1.PfaffsucceedsMartinBurke,|whoresigned.(ab)2.Heappearsasanindependentandself-reliantfigure,|whoseruggedindividualismneednotbepressedintothemoldofa9to5routine.(ab)OneoftheroughestwastheTVquizshows,|whichgavehiminferioritycomplexes.(ab)Hisinnervoice,whichshouldtellhimwhatnottodo,hasnotdeveloped.(a),Extending(and,or),addingsomenewelement,givinganexceptiontoit,offeringanalternativeaddition(positive,negative,adversative),variation(replacive,subtractive)Maybethecometskilledthedinosaurs,|maybetheytrippedandfell.(12)Itsmybook|butyoucanreadit.(12)3.Icouldnotclingtomypast|nordidIwishto.(12),Vocationalcoursesshouldbeprovidedingrades11and12;|however,forslowlearnersandprospectivedropoutsthesecoursesoughttobeginearlier.(12)Somemediumsspeakinpractical,down-to-earthterms,|whileothersmaystressthespiritual.(ab)Iftheyarehere,|thensurelyIhavetherighttobehere.(ba)Weusedtogoawayattheweekend,|takingallourgearwithus.(ab),Enhancing(so,yet,then),qualifyingtheprimaryclausewithsomecircumstantialfeatureoftime,place,causeorcondition.mostlyadverbialclausesArgerwasneverabletoproduceit,|soIcuthimoffmypayroll.(12)WellworkforaboutanhouronSaturday,|thenwellworkMondayandTuesdayofnextweek,|thentaperoff.(123)Ileftmywife|becauseIrealizedthatIhadmadeanawfulmistake.(ab),Thoughmycarisquiteold,|itisstillinrunningorder.(ba)Agliderpilotisinhospitalwithafracturedrib|afterhisaircraftcrashedintoanelectricitypylon.(ab)Peoplealwaysrun|toseeafire.(ab)Keepinganervouseyeonthepassingtraffic|manywonderedoutloudwhichofthemwouldbenext.(ba)Ourchairmanbeingawayonholiday|thereislittlewecandoaboutitrightnow.(ba),Projection“,Thesecondaryclauseisprojectedthroughtheprimary(projecting)clausereportingspeech/ideasprojectedclausesrepresentpropositions/proposalswithadifferentsourceVerbalprocess:directspeechShesaid|Ijustworkhere.12Verbalprocess:indirectspeechShesaid|thatsheworkedthere.ab,Mentalprocess(cognition):direct/indirectMenthink:|ObviouslyIcanbetalkedintoanything.12Menthink|thattheycanobviouslybetalkedintoanything.abIdontwant|tobecomearefugeefortherestofmylife.(ab),Mentalprocess(perception)Theyveheard|thathesagoodlecturer.(ab)2.Adamsaw|thatshehadstoppedagain.(ab),Embeddedprojection,Myquestionisifyoucangofaster,whydontyougoasfastasyoucanallthetime?Ifthereweremoresuchcases,itwouldbeeasiertoanswerthequestionwhetherthepolicy-makersfavortheirownsocialclasses.Itisdifficulttounderstandwhyyoucantgofaster.Thatyoudislikeherisobvioustoeveryoneinthedepartment.,Itisobviousthatyoudislikeher.Thatyoudislikeherisobvious.,Projectionsideasvs.facts,MarkAnthonythought|thatCaesarwasdead.(thought-cognition-projecting)MarkAnthonyregrettedthatCaesarwasdead.(regretted-affection-notprojecting)Itstrikesme|thatthereisno-onehere.(mentalprocess-cognition)Itworriesmethatthereisno-onehere.(mentalprocess-affection),Sheunderstoodthatthehouseneededrestoration.Shesawthatthehouseneededrestoration.,Textanalysis,|Letsfaceit,|thehumanbodyislikeacondominiumapartment.|Thethingthatkeepsyoufromreallyenjoyingitisthemaintenance.|Theresatremendousamountofdaily,weekly,monthly,andyearlyworkthathastobedone.|Fromshoweringtoopenheartsurgery,werealwaysdoingsomethingtoourselves.|Ifyourbodywasausedcar,|youwouldntbuyit.|Youdgo,|Nah,Iveheardaboutthesehumanbeingbodies.|ThisisoneofthoseEarthmodels,right?|Yeah,acousinofminehadone.|Toomuchworktokeepthemgoing.|Thenewonesarenicelooking,though.|,Clauseasconstituent,ThematicequativeWhattheEnglishdidwastointroduceteaasapartoftheirdailylives.ThematizedcommentItsnicetositdownwithaquietcupoftea.,PredicatedThemeItwastheEnglishwhofirstintroducedteaasapartoftheirdailylives.Enhancementcircumstantialadjunct?We