高考英语完形填空命题特点及解题策略

,完形填空,高考英语完形填空趋势,从近几年全国高考的完形填空来看，已经不再考核学生语法方面的知识了，而是从语义搭配、结构搭配、惯用搭配及逻辑知识等方面来测试学生词汇的掌握及运用。而且有些词的选择，必须在理解整篇文章的基础上，才能作出正确的判断。,高考英语完形填空命题特点,1.短文长度280词左右，生词少，难度适中。2.首句无空格，提供语境。5-10词设一空。人名、地名、日期、数字不在之列。隔词数越少，题目越难；反之亦然。3.选项多为一词，偶尔为词组。四选项为同一类词或属同一范畴，或近义或形异义，或与前后配成词组。故干扰性、迷性大。,高考英语完形填空命题特点,4.考查单词以实词(v.,n.,adj.,adv,pron.)为主，虚词(conj.,prep.)为辅。实词一般占80%-90%，其中又以动、名、形为主。5.以考查学生对文章的整体理解和词汇的意义把握为主。有些要结合常识才能正确选项；有些甚至要求在通篇理解的基础上，正确把握上下文的逻辑关系，才能正确判断和选择。,选项设置词汇类别比例（江苏）：,2008年考点分布如下：,语篇分析,完形填空是原版材料改编，特别重视上下文逻辑推理能力。在20题当中，着重考查动词(10题)和名词(6题)。文章的选项非常巧妙，除了要求对语境要有充分的把握之外，对词汇的比较也有很细致的要求。如第41题，考查名词purpose、decision、promise、goal在语境中的辨析。46题较难，一定要理解Glennie这时实际上还没有成名，所以不可能有dissatisfied（不满意的）、astonished（惊讶的）、discouraged（气馁的）这些感觉。,学生的主要问题,1.不善于抓文章的主旨，导致在理解上出现偏差，甚至于文章的中心意思相悖。2.容易受定势思维的干扰。有些学生一看到自己比较熟悉的语法结构、句子、短语，便不假思索地去选，忽视了对特定语境的理解，最终导致思维定势错误。3.对完形填空怀有厌倦、恐惧心理，做题时往往处于疲于应付的心态，解题能力得不到充分发挥。,完形填空解题策略,1.充分利用首句作为解题的突破口完形填空的首句往往是完整的，不设空的。而首句又常常是全文的中心句，因此，应充分重视完形填空的首句，通过它大致把握全文的大意和作者的意图，利用它作为解题的突破口。依据首句的提示，捕捉文中关键信息，通览全文，了解文章的题材、体裁、结构、背景、内容大意、前因后果、情节发展、论点论据等基本信息。同时，可以对有些空格要填的词做试探性猜测，为下一步选择最佳选项作好准备。,完形填空解题策略,例如:Themanwasinragswhenhecameintothetailorsshop.Theassistant_1_himandselectedhim_2_suitthattheyhad.Hesaidthathedidnthaveanysmallchangeonhim.1.A.lookedforB.lookeddownuponC.lookeduptoD.lookedhereandthere2.A.themostexpensiveB.thenewestC.thecheapestD.thelargest,完形填空解题策略,解析:文章一开头就出现了对人物的描述“inrags”，这个描述就是文段的关键词。开篇说到衣衫褴褛，后文又没有出现转折，由此，我们可以判断1空可以确定为B项；仍然由他的衣着，可推断售货员会挑最便宜的衣服给他，故2空选C。,完形填空解题策略,2.根据上下文的逻辑意义确定答案文章是一个具有内在联系的整体，而上下文则是营造语境的基础，也是逻辑推理的依据。通读全文，理顺大意，根据上下文找出信息词，是做好完形填空的技巧之一。完形填空的命题设计上正朝着深层化和语境化方向发展，逐渐淡化单纯的语言分析考查，而越来越侧重逻辑推理判断的考查。词语在特定语境中所表达的隐含信息大都无法从字面或一个或几个句子的表面理解传达出来。这就大大增加了干扰项的迷惑性，从而提高了试题难度。因此，要想解决这类题目，只有借助上下文乃至全文语境的提示。,完形填空解题策略,例如:Manyoldpeopledonthavegood_.TheycantwatchTVbuttheycanlistentomusicornewsovertheradio.A.hearingB.healthC.eyesightD.time解析:从“canlisten”可排除A,从“cantwatch”可知选C.,完形填空解题策略,3.从词汇的意义和用法方面考虑做好完形填空题须具备较大词汇量，并结合上下文确定词义。完形填空在命题过程中，淡化基础句型结构、语法规则和短语搭配，侧重词汇的活用。应该加强对词合乎情景需求的判断的训练，加深对基本词汇的感受能力和应用能力，提高解完形填空题技能。,完形填空解题策略,例如:Ifhecontinuestosteal,heismost_toendupinprison.A.possibleB.probablyC.likelyD.perhaps解析:此题主要是考查同义词的用法，根据它们用法上的差异，只能选C.,完形填空解题策略,4.积累习惯用法和固定搭配完形填空题中考查习惯搭配和固定用法的题目也占有一定比重，这就要求平时记忆和积累，做到脱口而出。这类题属于较容易的题，一般在初选时就能确定。,完形填空解题策略,5.依据作者的态度和观点作者写一篇文章必有他的意图和目的，作者在表达情感时总是选择特定的词汇，因此文章字里行间不可避免地渗透了作者的情感。做完形填空时，应该留心捕捉作者的情感信息。,完形填空解题策略,例如:EllaFantwasamiddle-agedladywholivedwithheronlysonJohninasmallhouse.She_1_Johnverymuch.Inher_2_hecouldntdoanything_3_.Everymorningshewouldgivehimbreakfast_4_bedandbringhimthepapersto_5_.1.A.dependedonB.waitedonC.trustedD.loved2.A.hopeB.eyesC.headD.belief3.A.wrongB.greatC.goodD.strange4.A.toB.atC.inD.by5.A.checkB.readC.keepD.sign,完形填空解题策略,解析:通读这段文字，了解到在作者看来，这位母亲对儿子十分溺爱，认为他不会做坏事。并用具体事例来说明这种溺爱:早晨把饭端到儿子床上，并拿报纸给他读。理清了这些，这几个空就很容易选了。1.D2.B3.A4.C5.B,完形填空解题策略,6.注意分析句子结构例如:_1_thewallet,foundinthestreet,beputintoapocket,_2_turnedovertothepoliceman?Shouldtheextrachargereceivedatthestorebeforgottenorreturned?1.A.ShouldB.MostC.WouldD.Need2A.andB.orC.thenD.but解析:两个句子一对比，很容易发现他们结构的一致，于是选项也就明了了。1.A2.B,完形填空解题策略,7.依据生活经验和常识有些空涉及到我们应该具备的常识，是否合乎情理是我们选择的依据。例如:Immediately,theofficersjumpedintotheircarsandrushedto_hospital.A.animalB.biggestC.nearestD.plant解析:C.由“immediately”可知情况紧急，到最近的医院当属情理之中了。,完形填空解题分类实例分析,一.按词类分：1.实词2.虚词3.词组,完形填空解题分类实例分析,二.按形式分：1.单纯性选择2.常识性选择3.近义词选择4.近形词选择5.惯用法选择,完形填空解题分类实例分析,三.按句义选择四.按语义选择,按词类分：1.实词,例1：Everyonewantstobehealthyandhappy._1_,illnessoraccidentsmayoccurwithout_2_.1.a.Obviouslyb.Unfortunatelyc.Naturallyd.Ormationc.warningd.notice,按词类分：1.实词,例2:Overthelastfewyearsmanufacturershavebeen_1_reducingthesizeandweightofvideo-cassetterecorderstomaketheequipmentmore_2_.1.a.steadilyb.constantlyc.frequentlyd.essentially2.a.valuableb.portable(轻便的)c.selectived.economical,按词类分：1.实词,例3:About120,000people_1_tothecityeveryyear.Theycomeforthefew_2_jobs,whichareusuallynobetterthan_3_theyleft.1.a.changeb.arrivec.drived.move2.a.possibleb.popularc.available(可用的)d.convenient3.a.oneb.theonec.onesd.theones,按词类分：2.虚词,例4：_1_youhavechosenanarticletoread,youwillfindtheimportantgeneralinformation_2_thekeyfactsinthefirstfewparagraphs.1.a.Whileb.Oncec.Assoonasd.Whenever2.a.withb.byc.ford.at,按词类分：2.虚词,例5:WhenIhavefreetime,Igo_1_alongwalk.SomepeoplereadbooksorwatchTV_2_othershavesports.1.a.tob.forc.ond.with2a.andb.butc.yetd.while,按词类分：2.虚词,例6:Theaudiencewaited_1_silencewhiletheiragedspeakersearchedamonghisnotes_2_thefigureshecouldnotremember.1.a.forb.inc.atd.during2.a.forb.ofc.aboutd.on,按词类分：3.词组,例7：Hewasonlyfourteenandwasnotgoodatswimming_1_.Sohe_2_intothatplace.1.a.afterallb.inallc.atalld.forall2.a.needntgob.neednthavegonec.shouldnttgod.shouldnthavegone,例8：(词组)We_1_aboutwhenmanfirstbegantousesalt,butwedoknowthatithasbeenusedinmanydifferentwaysthroughoutthehistory._2_,itisrecordedinmanybooksthatpeoplewholivedover3000yearsagoatesaltedfish.ThousandsofyearsagoinEgypt,salt_3_thedead.1.a.haveallknownb.havenoideac.haventanyideasd.haveanidea2.a.Forexampleb.Suchasc.Firstofalld.Aboveall3.a.usedtopreserveb.gotusedtopreservingc.usedtopreservingd.wasusedtopreserve,例9：(词组)TheEnglishlanguageservesabout250millionpeople,oraboutonetenthoftheworldspopulation,asamothertongue,_1_,itismoreorlesscorrectlyusedby_2_100million,moreasasecondarylanguage,ranging_3_fromthePidginEnglish(混合语言)oftheIslandsofMelanesiatothealmostperfectspeechofculturedforeigners.1.a.Howeverb.Asaresultc.inadditiontod.Iheway,按形式分：1.单纯性选择,例10：_1_methodshavebeenusedto_2_theintelligenceofeverychild-dull,bright,ornormal.1.a.Valuableb.Variousc.Uniqued.Unusual2.a.measureb.describec.illustrated.recognize,按形式分：1.单纯性选择,例11：Thetouristpaid700poundsforthepainting,buthe_1_thathedidntknowits_2_misedb.claimedc.admittedd.permitted2.a.practicalb.additionalc.adequated.actual,按形式分：1.单纯性选择,例12：_1_,noonewashurtintheaccident,butsomepassengerssufferedfrom_2_.1.a.Obviouslyb.Surprisinglyc.Fortunatelyd.Unfortunately2.a.distressb.shockc.failured.trouble,按形式分：1.单纯性选择,例13:Beingmuchtoofat,Stellawasadvisedto_1_herfoodforeachmeal,yet,shewouldhave_2_ofthat.1.a.relaxb.reducec.relieved.remove2.a.nob.notc.noned.nothing,按形式分：1.单纯性选择,例14:Atanearlyagetheyouthwilldevelophis_1_,andthekindofhomelifehehaswillgreatly_2_elligenced.knowledge2.a.increaseb.enhance(增强)c.encouraged.influence(影响),按形式分：2.常识性选择,例15：EveryonehasseentheOlympicGamesatsometime-eitherinMontreal,Barcelona.andeveryoneknowsthat_1_startedtheGames.Butmostpeopledontknowtherealstory.1.a.Greeksb.Frenchc.Americansd.English,按形式分：2.常识性选择,例16:Therearetwenty-sevenbridgesovertheThames.TowerBridge,thefirstbridgeovertheThamesasyoutraveltoward_1_fromthesea,isthemostfamousofthemall.1.a.Europeb.Americac.Londond.China,按形式分：2.常识性选择,例17:OneofthemostfamousstatuesintheworldstandsonanislandinNewYorkHarbor.Thisstatueis,ofcourse,theStatueoflibertyTheStatueoflibertyisa(an)_1_whoholdsa_2_uphigh.1.a.manb.womanc.childd.old2.a.caneb.candlec.torchd.lamp,按形式分：2.近义词选择,例18：Heusedtohavea_1_ofcoin-collection,buthehasgivenitup.1.a.customb.habitc.hobbyd.like,按形式分：2.近义词选择,例19:Americanschoolchildrencanbeseeneveryday_whitesneakers,bluesneakers,blacksneakersandevenredones.1.a.puttingonb.havingonc.wearingd.dressing,按形式分：2.近义词选择,例20:Thewoundedsoldierwasunconsciousbutstill_1_whentakentothehospital.1.a.livingb.alivec.lived.lively,按形式分：2.近义词选择,例21:Whilesomepeoplethinkthatsugaristhebest_1_of_2_,othersbelievethatsugarisbadforhumanhealth.1.a.originb.sourcec.resourced.cause2.a.powerb.energyc.forced.strength,按形式分：2.近形词选择,例23:$500,000,000isasmallamountofmoney_1_thesizeofthemarket.1.a.consideredb.considerationc.considerabled.considering,按形式分：2.近形词选择,例24:ItswonderfulforthefactthattheChineseteamwonanunexpectedgold_1_inSydney,12morethanitspreviousbest.1.a.metalsb.medalsc.modelsd.modals,按形式分：2.惯用法选择,例25:Itsuddenly_1_methatifwewanttogoonapicnictomorrowwehadbetterdosomepreparationsthisevening.1.a.hitonb.struckc.occurredd.drew,按形式分：2.惯用法选择,例26:Safeoperationmeansthatboththeoperatorsandtheequipmentare_1_fromharm.1.a.keptb.freedc.preventedd.hidden,按形式分：2.惯用法选择,例27:Wewerealmostexhaustedbeforewefinally_1_sightofthedilapidatedtemplewhichwassaidtobeoneoftheremains_2_backtothefifteencenturyB.C.1.a.heldb.caughtc.gotd.took2.a.datingb.tracedc.goingd.returned,按句义分：,例29:Itwasaftermidnight,andIwasonmywayhome.Thefootstepsthat_1_methroughthedarkstreetintheEastEndofLondonwere_2_oftwoyoungmenwhowereobviously_3_nogood.1.a.stoopedb.pursued(追求)c.followedd.traced2.a.thoseb.thatc.onesd.one3.a.ofb.forc.uptod.onto,按句义分：,例30:Nearlythree-quartersoftheearthiscovered_1_water.Waterheatsupmoreslowlythanland,_2_onceithasbecomewarmittakeslongertofall_3_.1.a.onb.withc.ind.by2.a.sob.andc.thend.but3.a.downb.upc.apartd.behind,按句义分：,例31:Mrs.Whiteaddedlaughinglythat_1_shewassoyoungsheshouldhideherpacketinherpocketin_2_apolicemansawit._3_,thelittlegirldidnotseemtofindthisveryfunny.1.a.asb.forc.whiled.though2.a.consequenceb.timec.cased.fact3.a.Otherwiseb.Nevertheless(然而)c.Moreoverd.Therefore,按句义分：,例32:Strangelyenough,Ioncetriedtogetsick.Ididnttwearasweater_1_Ishould,andIwalkedintherain_2_mybootsandmyfeetgotsoaked._3_videdc.whend.though2.a.withb.inc.byd.without3.a.Butb.Thenc.Therefored.Yet,按句义分：,例33:Someparentsaregreatlyworried_1_theirchildrenfailtodowellintheirstudies.They_2_eithergeneticfactorsorlaziness,_3_theynevertakethesenon-intelligencefactorsinto_4_plainc.confused.condemn3.a.neverthelessb.similarlyc.therefored.but4.a.figuresb.considerationc.grantedd.reflection,按句义分：,例34:Acreditcardisa_1_ofidentification_2_whichtheownermayobtainconsumercreditforthe_3_ofgoodsorservices_4_perty4.a.betterb.morec.ratherd.right,按句义分：,例36:_1_hungry,thepeoplesometimeswouldkilltheanimalsinthelordsforestforfuel;_2_whencold,theymightcutdowntreesforfuel._3_,strongl