“优良中药材吴茱萸高产平衡施肥技术研究”年终总结报告

IPNI国际合作项目“优良中药材吴茱萸高产平衡施肥技术研究”年终总结报告IPNI international cooperation projectsExcellent Chinese herbal medicine Evodia balanced fertilization technology, high-yield research year-end summary report1项目名称：优良中药材吴茱萸高产平衡施肥技术研究1. Project name: excellent Chinese herbal medicine Evodia yield balanced fertilization technology research2报告时间：2009年1月2009年12月3项目领导人及详细地址：2. Report Date: January 2009 December 20093. Project leader and full address: 郭晓敏 江西农业大学林学院 330045 中国 江西省 南昌市 牛德奎 江西农业大学林学院 330045 中国 江西省 南昌市 Xiao-Min Guo College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330045 ChinaNiu Dekui College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330045 China4项目期限：: 2007年1月2009年12月5本报告年限：2009年1月2009年12月 6项目总经费： 18600 美元7该项目调查数据和分析结果及其他信息表达： 以研究论文的形式表达8研究工作地点：江西省樟树市江西省瑞昌市林业局林场9研究工作地区的土壤类型：红壤10研究试验地类型： 企业林场 科研机构 4. Project duration: January 2007 December 20095. Report Period: January 2009 December 20096. Total project funding: 18.6 thousand U.S. dollars7. The project survey data and analysis results and other information representation:To study the papers in the form of expression8. Research Location:Zhangshu City, Jiangxi ProvinceRuichang City, Jiangxi Province Forestry Bureau Forest Farm9. The study area soil types:Red10. Research trials in type:Enterprise Forest research institutes11项目研究内容： A 研究不同氮、磷、钾配比施肥与吴茱萸产量的关系，得出最佳的施肥配方。 B 研究不同磷、钾肥用量与吴茱萸产量、有效成分含量的关系。 C 明确江西省吴茱萸栽培中土壤肥力状况和养分限制因子。D 研究不同管理措施与吴茱萸产量的关系，提出符合中草药GAP标准的优质高产吴茱萸养分管理模式。11. Project studies content:A study of different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization and Evodia yield ratio of the relationship between the optimum fertilization formula.B study of different phosphorus, potassium and Evodia yield, the active ingredient content relationship.C clear Jiangxi Province Evodia cultivation soil fertility status and nutrient limiting factor.D study different management measures and Evodia production relations, Chinese herbal medicines that meet the standards of quality and high yield Evodia GAP nutrient management.12. 研究背景及目的和意义：吴茱萸（Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss)Benth)为芸香科植物，落叶灌木或小乔木，以果实入药，为我国传统中药之一。喜光、喜温暖潮湿环境，定植2-3年结果，每株可产13kg，45年进入盛果期，每株可产5kg。植株寿命1020年，是很好的生态与经济兼用的中药材树种。吴茱萸含有丰富的生物碱类、柠檬苦素类、挥发油类、脂肪酸类物质，具有很高的药用价值，在治疗心血管疾病、抗肿瘤、抗炎方面有着十分显著的疗效。吴茱萸的开发以药物开发为中心，一是由中草药的中药处方制剂向优质高效的制剂药品开发，二是由中药制品向保健品、保健饮料的开发，三是运用吴茱萸树叶可提取芳香油来开发调味料、香料，广泛用于国防、航空、化工、食品、医药等工业。随着我国中医药事业的发展和出口需求量的增加，吴茱萸成为近年来药用偏紧的药材，收购价格由20世纪的815元/kg，涨至现在的3040元/kg。随着我国加入世界贸易组织后，政府采取了积极的财政政策，扩大内需，促进出口，加大了对吴茱萸的需求量，但野生吴茱萸资源较少，人工种植吴茱萸产量也较低（初果期鲜果7.4kg/亩，盛果期150kg/亩），发展高产吴茱萸技术将会带来十分可观的经济效益和社会效益。本研究的目的是通过研究吴茱萸林地土壤养分的变化规律和土壤养分限制因子，找出吴茱萸产量与土壤中养分含量的相关性，确定合理的施肥量和施肥方法，以及施肥数量，时间，频率等，同时，结合施肥效应和Li-6400型便携式光合作用测定，在研究吴茱萸光合速率及吴茱萸林平衡施肥技术的基础上，力图找出最佳施肥配比，对吴茱萸林进行综合营养管理并指导油茶施肥和养分管理，实现吴茱萸林可持续发展，以最少的投入获得最大的经济效益，帮助农民脱贫致富。12. Background and purpose and meaning:Evodia (Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth.) For the Rutaceae plants, deciduous shrubs or small trees, to fruit medicine, one of Chinas traditional Chinese medicine. Yoshimitsu, joy warm and humid environment, planting 2-3 year result, per plant can produce 1 3kg, 4 5 years into the Sheng Guoqi, per plant can produce 5kg. Plant life of 10 to 20 years, is a good ecological and economic use either of the Chinese herbal medicine species. Evodia is rich in alkaloids, limonoids, volatile oils, fatty acids, substances with high medicinal value in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory has a very significant effect. Evodias development to drug development as the center, the first being that the Chinese medicine herbal prescription preparation of the preparations to the high quality and efficiency of drug development, and second, by the Chinese medicine products to health care products, health beverage development and the third is the use of Evodia extract the aromatic oil is used for the leaves can be development of seasonings, spices, widely used in national defense, aviation, chemical, food, medicine and other industries. With the development of Chinese medicine in China and export demand increased, Evodia become tight in recent years, the medicinal herbs, the purchase price from the 20th century, 8 15 yuan / kg, rose to the current 30 to 40 yuan / kg. As China joins the World Trade Organization, the Government has adopted a proactive fiscal policy to expand domestic demand, export promotion, increased demand for Evodia, but the wild Evodia fewer resources and lower production of cultivated Evodia (early fruiting phase Fruit 7.4kg / mu, Sheng Guoqi 150kg / mu), the development of high-yield Evodia technology will have a very considerable economic and social benefits. The purpose of this study was through the study of Evodia changes of forest soil nutrients and soil nutrient limiting factors, identify Evodia yield and soil nutrient content relevance, determine a reasonable amount of fertilizer and fertilization methods, and the amount of fertilizer, time, frequency, etc. at the same time, combined with fertilization effect and the Li-6400 portable photosynthesis, in studying the photosynthetic rate and Evodia Evodia Lam balanced fertilization technology, based on the ratio of trying to find the best fertilizer for the integrated nutrient management Evodia Lin and guide oleifera fertilization and nutrient management, and Evodia forest sustainable development, with minimum capital investment to obtain the greatest economic benefit to help farmers escape poverty.13试验结果：（一）吴茱萸林地土壤物理性状分析（1）土壤含水率土壤含水率是土壤重要物理性状之一，土壤中的营养元素只有溶解在水中，才能为树木所吸收和利用。土壤含水率对水分小循环(如植物生长、溶质运移、土壤侵蚀等) 和水文大循环(如区域景观格局)具有重要影响。土壤水分是植物生长所必需的，并参与土壤中各种物质的转化过程，对林木的正常生长具有十分重要的意义。13 Test Results:(A) Analysis of Evodia forest soil physical properties(1) soil moisture contentSoil moisture content of soil, one of the important physical properties of soil nutrients is only dissolved in water, in order to absorb and use for the trees. Soil moisture content of the water small cycles (such as plant growth, solute transport, soil erosion, etc.) and hydrological cycle in the (eg, regional landscape pattern) has a significant impact. Soil moisture is necessary for plant growth and to participate in a variety of substances in the soil in the transformation process, the normal growth of trees is of great significance.图1：樟树吴茱萸林地各处理土层土壤含水率 Figure 1: camphor Evodia woodland soil moisture content of soil of each treatment由图1可以看出，樟树吴茱萸样地各处理土壤含水率最大值为29.58%，表现在N1P1K1处理土壤的2040cm，同样N1P1K1处理的含水量在土壤020cm也表现为最大，上下层土壤的含水量均高于对照CK处理，且含水率随土层加深而逐渐增大。这是由于地表水分蒸发，加上吴茱萸根系在上层分布比较多，土质比较疏松，以及水分通过土壤空隙渗透作用而造成。因此，平衡施肥有利于吴茱萸林提高抗旱、蓄水能力。（2）土壤总孔隙度 土壤是多孔体，土粒之间、土壤团聚体之间以及团聚体内部均有孔隙存在。土壤孔隙状况直接影响土壤的通气透水及根系穿插，是土壤肥力的重要指标之一。樟树吴茱萸林地各处理土壤孔隙度测定结果如表1。As can be seen from Figure 1, camphor Evodia plots of soil moisture content of each treatment a maximum of 29.58%, shown in N1P1K1 dealing with soil 20 40cm, the same N1P1K1 deal 0 20cm in the soil water content also showed the largest upper and lower soil moisture were higher than the control CK treatment, and the moisture content gradually increased with the deeper soil. This is due to surface evaporation, coupled with the distribution of Evodia roots are more in the upper, more porous soil, as well as the role of water infiltration through the soil caused by the gap. Therefore, the balanced fertilization is conducive to increased drought Evodia forest, water storage capacity.(2) The total soil porositySoil is a porous body, between the soil particles, soil aggregates both between and within the porous aggregate exists. A direct impact on the situation of soil pore permeable soil aeration and root interludes, is one of the important indicators of soil fertility. Camphor Evodia woodland soil porosity of each treatment determination results in Table 1.表1：各处理土壤各层总孔隙度变化情况Table 1: The processing of soil total porosity of each layer changes（单位：%）Soil depth处 理CategoriesN1P1K0N1P1K1N1P1K2N1P2K1N1P2K2N1P0K1CK0cm-20cm48.058.052.049.047.047.040.820cm-40cm43.056.049.044.046.046.037.3由表1看出，樟树吴茱萸林地土壤孔隙度最大值为58%，表现在土壤020cm的N1P1K1处理中，整体平均值为47.4%，上层土壤孔隙度普遍高于下层土壤空隙度，各个施肥处理的土壤孔隙度均高于对照CK处理。由此可以得出樟树吴茱萸样地土壤符合正常土壤孔隙度范围，没有存在板结现象，且合理施肥对土壤孔隙的调节有明显作用，另外由于吴茱萸根系主要分布在上层土壤，根际微生物活动旺盛，致使上层土壤比较疏松，通气性较好，孔隙度比较大，利于吴茱萸的生长发育，下层孔隙度相对比较小利于吴茱萸林地蓄水、保水。由此可见吴茱萸根系集中分布的土壤上层保水通气能力明显高于根系分布较少的土壤下层，同时在平衡施肥的条件下，吴茱萸林地土壤的孔隙度要大，土质比较疏松。Be seen from Table 1, camphor forest soil porosity Evodia a maximum of 58%, performance in the soil 0 20cm of N1P1K1 treatment, the overall average of 47.4%, the upper soil porosity is generally higher than the lower soil porosity, various fertilizer treated soil porosity CK were higher than the control treatment. It can be derived camphor Evodia soil sample in line with normal range of soil porosity, compaction phenomenon does not exist, and reasonable regulation of fertilization on soil porosity plays a significant role, and since Evodia root mainly in the upper soil and rhizosphere microbial activity vigorous, resulted in relatively loose upper soil, good aeration, porosity and relatively large, which will help Evodia the growth and development, the lower the porosity is relatively small benefit Evodia forest water storage and water retention. This shows that Evodia Root concentrated ventilation in the soil water retention capacity of the upper root distribution was significantly higher than the lower soil less, while under conditions of balanced fertilization, forest soil porosity Evodia larger, more porous soil.（3）土壤容重土壤容重是衡量土壤供肥、保肥能力的重要物理指标。土壤容重关系着土壤水、气、热的流通和储存，以及对林木的供应是否充分和协调，同时对土壤养分也有多方面的影响。土壤容重的大小取决于土壤机械组成、结构以及有机质的含量和性状等因素。樟树吴茱萸林地各处理土壤容重测定结果如表2。(3) Soil bulk densitySoil bulk density is a measure of the soil for fertilizer, fertilizer ability to protect important physical indicator. The relationship between soil bulk density with soil water, gas, heat flow and storage, as well as the adequacy of the supply of trees and coordination, while soil nutrients also have a multiplier effect. Soil bulk density depends on soil mechanical composition, structure and organic matter content and the characters and so on. Camphor Evodia woodland soil bulk density determination results of each treatment, such as Table 2.表2 ：各处理土壤各层容重变化情况Table 2: layers of different treatments of soil bulk density changes in（单位Units：g.cm-3）Soil depth处 理CategoriesN1P1K0N1P1K1N1P1K2N1P2K1N1P2K2N1P0K1CK0cm-20cm1.341.191.271.211.301.251.5120cm-40cm1.431.351.421.581.381.421.60由表2知，樟树吴茱萸林地上层土壤比较疏松，这可能是由于吴茱萸根系主要集中在上层土壤所致，各个处理土壤容重平均值为1.38g.cm-3，符合正常土壤容重范围，各个施肥处理中N1P1K1处理土壤上下层均表现最低，值分别为020cm是1.19g.cm-3和2040cm是1.35g.cm-3，且各个施肥处理土壤容重均不同程度低于对照CK处理。由此可以说明平衡施肥对吴茱萸林地土壤具有改良作用，利于吴茱萸生长发育均衡吸收养分。From Table 2 is understood that the upper forest camphor Evodia relatively loose soil, which may be due to Evodia root mainly concentrated in the upper soil caused by soil bulk density average of the various treatment 1.38g.cm-3, in line with the normal range of soil bulk density, all fertilization treatments N1P1K1 treatment in both upper and lower layers of soil show the lowest values were 0 20cm is 1.19g.cm-3, and 20 40cm is 1.35g.cm-3, and the various fertilization treatments were different levels of soil bulk density lower than control CK treatment. So, it could of balanced fertilization on forest soil has improved Evodia role, which will help growth and development of a balanced absorption of nutrients Evodia. (B) Analysis of Evodia forest soil chemical properties (1) Different Fertilizer Evodia forest soil ammonium N, available phosphorus and potassium content of the changesNitrogen, phosphorus and potassium act as necessary for plant growth as a large number of elements in plants throughout the growth cycle, plays an important role.Among Evodia balanced fertilization in the cultivation of the research, soil ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium as Evodia forest soil chemical properties analysis of important indexes, in the experiments their content were analyzed for fertilizer before and after to statistics, statistical results in Table 3Table 3: Different Fertilizer Evodia forest soil ammonium N, available phosphorus and potassium content of the changes单位：(mg/L)类别CategoriesN1P1K0N1P1K1N1P1K2N1P2K1N1P2K2N1P0K1CK总体Total铵态氮Ammonium3.2615.947.454.526.262.56-10.706.67速效磷Available phosphorus5.926.982.5910.438.961.06-1.205.13速效钾Potassium-33.2114.1124.1027.6120.7611.50-19.3510.81This table methodology: a testing ground for various regions, the same treatment before fertilization, after fertilization of soil nutrient content of the difference，Units：mg/ L。From Table 3:In all fertilization treatments, the soil samples Evodia ammonium nitrogen and available phosphorus content of changes are higher than CK. processing. From the various processing soil fertilizer increased situation, the largest increase in focus on N1P1K1 processing, the value of 15.94 mg / L. N1P1K0 and N1P0K1 of fertilizer increased values are 3.26 mg / L and 2.56 mg / L. The use of soil ammonium nitrogen is not very high. Therefore, the combined application of NPK fertilizer on soil ammonium content increased effect of the best, single-treatment of P fertilizer or potash fertilizer improve soil ammonium concent effect is not obvious . From the various processing the use of Available phosphorus, N1P2K1, and N1P2K2 deal with changes of soil available phosphorus content are higher than other treatments, CK processing is negative, the relative decrease 1.20 mg / L before fertilization, To illustrate that the reasonable application can improve pertinence of organic p utilization.From the various processing rapidly-available potassium using, N1P1K0 processing in the content of soil rapidly-available potassium to reduce performance in change, for 33.21mg / L, Among the N1P2K1, N1P1K2 and N1P2K2 processing changes, soil available K content is higher, and N1P2K1 is the highest to 27.61mg / L,. It showed a reasonable application of NPK which is conducive to the accumulation of potassium, rather than application of potash fertilizer, the soil will soon be in a potential depletion of potassium in the state.Thus, in Fertilization NPK fertilizer to improve soil nutrient content on the most obvious effect of a single P fertilizer or potash can not effectively improve soil nutrient content, and even lead to lack of soil nutrients. (2) Different fertilizer formulas Evodia forest soil organic matter content and the changes in PH value Soil organic matter is from the tuyuhun life of the soil, including soil microbes and soil animals and their secretions, as well as plant residues in soil and plant secretions. Soil organic matter is one of the key indicators of high and low soil fertility, due to regional climatic conditions, vegetation types and tillage management is different from the plants into the soil residues of the volume and chemical composition are very different, which is the main source of soil nutrients , and can improve soil physical properties, which have the biological activity and complexation, helping to eliminate the pollution of the soil and promote growth of trees and improving the ability of soil protection and buffer properties of fat plays an important role. Soil pH and say soil reaction. It is the soil solution of the acid-base reaction. In soil solution depends on the concentration of hydrogen ions, pH value. The effectiveness of soil pH on nutrient a great impact in agricultural production should pay attention to soil pH, and actively take measures to adjust. Table 4: Different Fertilizer Evodia forest soil organic matter content and the changes in PH value处理Categories有机质含量Organic matter content（）PH值PH Value施肥前Pre-fertilization施肥后After fertilization变化Change施肥前施肥后变化N1P1K01.081.310.064.31 4.37 0.06 N1P1K11.231.290.234.30 4.84 0.54 N1P1K20.921.090.174.18 4.51 0.32 N1P2K11.101.200.104.23 4.54 0.31 N1P2K21.001.160.174.23 4.49 0.25 N1P0K11.171.240.074.26 4.42 0.16 Ck1.651.03-0.624.25 4.35 0.10 总体Total1.161.190.034.25 4.53 0.27 From Table 4: Evodia sample content of soil organic matter content in after fertilization, the overall trend is not very large, increased 0.03%. Sample each processing in the fertilization of soil organic matter content increased degree relatively CK. Changes of soil organic matter content of each processing is relatively clear that the biggest changes is N1P1K1, to 0.23%, N1P1K0 and N1P0K1 variation is small relatively, 0.06% and 0.07% respectively. Description of balanced fertilization for soil fertility, increasing soil organic matter content have a very good role in promoting the same time, soil fertility, organic matter can be well reflect the soil fertility and characterization of soil fertility.PH value changes is the most N1P1K1,for 0.54, and is the lowest N1P1K0,for 0.06, followed N1P0K1,for 0.16.afer Fertilization pH value changes of each treatment are greater than CK processing. Description NPK balanced fertilizer can improve effectively the soil pH, because the nitrogen and potash fertilizer applie into the promotion of Evodia absorption and utilization of phosphate fertilizer, reducing the accumulation of phosphate in the soil and eventually result in the increase of soil pH values. The increase of pH value make for microbial activity, and increased the soil available nutrient content, which is very beneficial for