cloning(基因重组克隆技术).ppt

Unit8,TeachingObjectives,1.Enlargevocabulary2.Talkabouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagescloningbringstous3.Learntoidentifythewriterspurpose4.Learntowritealetterofthanks,Sections,SectionALegalandMoralImplicationsofCloningSectionBWhoWillTakeAdvantageofHumanCloning?SectionCTwinsSixYearsApart,SectionA,LegalandMoralImplicationsofCloning,TableofContents,BackgroundInformationWarming-upActivitiesTextAnalysisVocabularyandStructureVocabularyTestWriting,Therearedifferenttypesofcloning,andcloningtechnologiescanbeusedforotherpurposesbesidesproducingthegenetictwinofanotherorganism.Thethreetypesofcloningtechnologiesare:(1)recombinantDNAtechnologyorDNAcloning（基因重组克隆技术）,(2)reproductivecloning（再生克隆技术）,and(3)therapeuticcloning（干细胞疗法克隆技术）.,Whatiscloning?,Dolly,thefirstmammaltobeclonedfromadultDNA,wasputdownbylethalinjectiononFeb.14,2003.Priortoherdeath,Dollyhadbeensufferingfromlungcancerandcripplingarthritis.,CelebritySheepDolly(1),AlthoughmostFinnDorsetsheeplivetobe11to12yearsofage,postmortemexaminationofDollyseemedtoindicatethat,otherthanhercancerandarthritis,sheappearedtobequitenormal.TheunnamedsheepfromwhichDollywasclonedhaddiedseveralyears,CelebritySheepDolly(2),priortohercreation.Dollywasamothertosixlambs,bredtheold-fashionedway.,Scientistshavebeencloninganimalsformanyyears.In1952,thefirstanimal,atadpole,wascloned.BeforethecreationofDolly,thefirstmammalclonedfromthecellofanadultanimal,cloneswerecreatedfromembryoniccells.SinceDolly,researchershaveclonedanumberoflargeandsmallanimalsincludingsheep,goats,cows,mice,pigs,cats,rabbits,andagaur.Allthesecloneswerecreatedusingnucleartransfertechnology（细胞核移植技术）.,Whatanimalshavebeencloned?(1),Dolly,Clonedmonkeys,Firstclonedmule,Whatanimalshavebeencloned?(2),Clonedtwingoats,Firstclonedhorse,Firstclonedcat,Reproductivecloningisexpensiveandhighlyinefficient.Morethan90%ofcloningattemptsfailtoproduceviableoffspring.Morethan100nucleartransferprocedurescouldberequiredtoproduceoneviableclone.Inadditiontolowsuccessrates,clonedanimalstendtohavemorecompromisedimmunefunctionandhigherratesofinfection,tumorgrowth,andotherdisorders.,Whataretherisksofcloning?(1),Japanesestudieshaveshownthatclonedmiceliveinpoorhealthanddieearly.Aboutathirdoftheclonedcalvesbornalivehavediedyoung,andmanyofthemwereabnormallylarge.Manyclonedanimalshavenotlivedlongenoughtogenerategooddataabouthowclonesage.Appearinghealthyatayoungageunfortunatelyisnotagoodindicatoroflongtermsurvival.Cloneshavebeenknowntodiemysteriously.,Whataretherisksofcloning?(2),GroupDiscussions(1),1.Asfarasyouknow,whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesthatcloningbringstous?,Somefataldiseasescanbecuredwiththeapplicationofcloning;therateofsuccessinorgantransplantwillbegreatlyimproved;andtheinfertilecouplesarehopefultohavetheirownbabies,etc.However,itmaybringconfusionandfeartous;itwillthreatenhumansocietyanddignity;andthoseclonesmayfeelmiserableiftheyaretreatedasorgandonorsinsteadofindependenthumanbeings.,GroupDiscussions(2),2.ShouldHumansbecloned?,Duetotheinefficiencyofanimalcloningandthelackofunderstandingaboutthistechnology,Imstronglyagainstit.Notonlydomostattemptstoclonemammalsfail,severalclonedanimalshavediedprematurelyfrominfections.Moreover,wedontknowhowcloningcouldimpactmentaldevelopment,whichiscrucialforthedevelopmentofhealthyhumans.Withsomanyunknownsconcerningreproductivecloning,theattempttoclonehumansatthistimeisconsideredpotentiallydangerousandethicallyirresponsible.,ComprehensionoftheText(1),Howdidtheworldreacttothefirstsuccessfullyclonedsheep?,Theworldwasamazedbythenewsatfirst,thenworriedaboutandpuzzledoveralonglistofwildpossibilities.,ComprehensionoftheText(2),2.Whatarethetwobroadcategorieshumancloningsituationsoftenfallinto?,Oneofthesituationsisthatparentswanttocloneachildwhocanserveeitherasatransplantdonororasasubstitutefortheoriginal.Thesecondisthatadultswanttoclonethemselvesforavarietyofreasons.,ComprehensionoftheText(3),3.Accordingtotheauthor,whyaretwinsmorealikethanclones?,Becauseclonesareonlyphysicallyidenticalwhiletwinssharethesameenvironmentwithinthemotherandareusuallyraisedinthesamefamily.,ComprehensionoftheText(4),4.Biologicallyspeaking,whatistheonlypossiblemajordifferencebetweenacloneandtheoriginal?,Theonlypossiblemajordifferenceisbearingchildren,asscientistsarenotsureifDollywillbeabletohavelambs.,ComprehensionoftheText(5),5.Whydosomeparentswanttosavetheirfatallyillchildthroughcloning?,6.Couldclonedanimalsbeusedasorgandonors?,Becausecloningwouldincreasethechancesforatissuematchfrom25percenttonearly100percent.,Iftechnologywasimproved,thiscouldberealized.,ComprehensionoftheText(6),7.HowdidJudithMartinsuggestreferringtoonesDNAdonors?,8.Whatisthegravestconcernabouthumancloningforsociety?,Itmightbepropertorefertothemas“Mosthonoredsirormadam”.,Thecreationofanewanddisrespectedsocialclass:theclones.,Mainideaofthetext,Whenaworldwithhumancloneswassuddenlywithinreach,peoplesreactionstoitwerestrongandvaried.Theypuzzledoveranumberofquestionsaboutthelegalandmoralimplicationsthathadarisenfromcloning.,TextAnalysis(1),TextAnalysis(2),MainIdeasofEachPart,PartI(Para.1),PartII(Paras.2-3),PartIII(Paras.4-18),PartIV(Paras.19),Withthesuccessofcloninganadultmammal,theworldwassuddenlybroughtintotherealityofhumancloning.,ThispartisabouttheworldsstrongandimmediateresponsesinthewakeofWilmutsannouncement.,Thispartofferscompleteorpartialanswers,fromtheup-to-dateknowledge,tothesixquestionsonthelegalandmoralimplicationsofcloning.,Thispartisintendedtoreaffirmtheauthorsopinionthat,althoughthelistofquestionscouldgoon,peoplearejustbeginningtowonderaboutthefutureoftheworldaftercloning.,implicationprohibitmountresembleminorfataldeliberateclassify,wordthat/ofsucceedindoingdraftguidelinesforfallintointheorybeidenticalto/withintermsofbeconcernedaboutbecomparable/similarto,WordsandExpressions,Structures,1.Typicalpatternsforadvancingonesarguments2.Typicalpatternsforcomparisonandcontrast3.Typicalpatternsforshowingsb.sreactionstosth.,implicationn.,sth.thatissuggestedorsth.thatisnotopenlystated含义，暗示Hesmiled,buttheimplicationwasthathedidntbelieveme.他微微一笑,但这一笑暗示着他不相信我的话。2.involvingorbeinginvolved,esp.inacrime牵连，卷入Theimplicationofthegeneralmanagerinthecriminalcasefurthercomplicatedthewholesituation.总经理卷入这件刑事诉讼案使整个形势进一步复杂化了。,prohibitvt.,fobid,esp.bylaworrule;prevent;makeimpossible禁止，使不可能，阻止Smokingisstrictlyprohibitedintheprocessofhandlingexplosivematerials.在处理易爆物时,严格禁止吸烟。Theloudnessofthemusicprohibitsseriousconversationinmostnightclubs.大多数夜总会里音乐声很响，没法进行严肃的谈话。,mountvi./vt.(1),vi.increasegraduallyesp.inawaythatmakesasituationworse增加，上升,Fourdaysaftertheaccident,thedeathtollcontinuedtomount.,事故发生的四天之后，死亡人数在继续上升。,IreallyfeelsorryfortheoldladywhenIfindshecanmountthestairsonlywithdifficulty.当我发现这位老妇人上楼梯十分艰难时感到十分难过。,vt.1.gouporonto登上,mountvi./vt.(2),vt.2.prepareandproduce,organize准备并进行，组织,Theunitedopponentpartiesaregettingreadytomountapowerfulattackonthegovernment.联合起来的反对党正准备向政府发动有力的攻势。,resemblevt.,lookorbelike;besimilar,esp.inappearanceto(sb./sth.)像，类似Sheresembleshermotherinthewayshemovesherhandswhenshetalks.她说话时打手势的动作像她妈妈。Wehaveproducedaclothmadeofpineapplefiber,closelyresemblingcottonbutstronger.我们生产出了一块由菠萝纤维制成的衣料，很像棉布但质地更结实。,minora./n.,a.smallerorlesserindegree,size,numbersorimportancewhencomparedwithothers较小的，较少的；低级的，次要的Theimportantthingistofinishitquickly;costisonlyarelativelyminorconsideration.重要的是尽快完成，相对而言，费用是次要考虑的事。n.apersonwhoisbelowtheageatwhichheorshebecomesanadultlegally未成年人InBritainyouareaminoruntilyouareeighteen.在英国，你不满十八岁就是未成年人。,fatala.,a.veryseriousandhavinganimportantbadeffectinthefutureor(ofillness,accidents,etc.)causingdeath决定命运的，致命的Globalwarmingisfataltotheworldandthereforescientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.全球变暖对于世界的影响是灾难性的，因此科学家们不断呼吁我们要警惕日益严重的全球变暖的危险。Itisfataltodriveafterdrinkingalcoholandexceedthespeedlimit.Suchdrivinghabitscanleadtofatalaccidents.酒后驾车和超速驾驶会带来严重后果。这些驾驶恶习会导致致命的车祸。,deliberatea./vi./vt.(1),a.1.planned故意的，蓄意的Heistheverywitnesswhotestifiesunderoaththatthefirewhichhadbrokenoutinthecompanywasdeliberate.他就是那个证人，他发誓证明公司发生的火灾是有人蓄意放的。2.moving,acting,orthinkingslowlyandusu.carefully谨慎的，慎重的Whenconfrontedwithsuchadelicatesituation,youaresupposedtotakedeliberateactions.面临如此微妙的局面，你应该采取谨慎的行动。,deliberatea./vi./vt.(2),vt./vi.thinkortalkseriouslyandcarefullyabout认真考虑，研讨,Thesenatehasbeendeliberatingthequestionforthreedays.三天来参议院一直在仔细斟酌这个问题。Theymettodeliberateonpossiblesolutionstotheproblem.他们开会仔细研讨解决问题的办法。,classifyvt.,dividethingsintogroupsaccordingtotype分类，归类Thebooksinthelibraryareclassifiedby/accordingtosubject.图书馆里的书籍是按题材分类的。Wouldyouclassifyhernovelsasseriousliteratureorasmereentertainment?你认为她的小说属于“严肃文学”类，还是“纯娱乐”类？,wordthat/of关于的消息,关于食品价格即将大幅上涨的消息在街上传得很快。,Wordthattherewouldbegreatincreaseinfoodpriceshasbeenspreadfastonthestreets.,succeedindoingsth.成功地做了某事,如果他们成功地达成了停火协议，联合国将派驻维和部队。,Iftheysucceedinestablishingacease-fire,theUNwillsendinpeace-keepingforces.,draftguidelinesfor为起草指导方针,她正忙着为下月的演讲比赛起草演讲稿。Shewasbusydraftingherspeechfornextmonthsspeechcontest.,fallinto可分成；属于,物以类聚，人以群分。Thingsofakindcometogether;peopleofamindfallintoagroup.,intheory在理论上,你的计划理论上听起来不错，但我不知道实际上是否行得通。,Yourplansoundsfineintheory,butIdontknowifitwillworkinpractice.,beidenticalto/with与一模一样；就等于,他的意见似乎和我的一样，这真的是我没有料想到的。,Itseemsthathisopinionisidenticaltomine,whichisreallyoutofmyexpectation.,intermsof从方面（来说）；根据；按照,令我大为吃惊的是，现在他考虑任何事情都从金钱的角度出发。,Tomygreatsurprise,hethinksofeverythingintermsofmoneynow.,beconcernedabout/over担心，担忧,作为成年人，我们应该关注非洲儿童的健康成长问题。,Asadults,weshouldbedeeplyconcernedaboutthehealthygrowthofthechildreninAfrica.,becomparable/similarto可与相比；类似于,在一些人眼里，爱情就像是个迷宫，充满了诱惑和陷阱。,Intheeyesofsomepeople,loveiscomparabletoamaze,fullofluresandtraps.,1.Typicalpatternsforadvancingonesarguments,原句:Ifclonedanimalscouldbeusedasorgandonors,wewouldnthavetoworryaboutcloningtwinsfortransplants.(L.48)如果把克隆的动物用作器官捐赠，那我们就不必考虑为器官移植而克隆双胞胎了。,句型提炼,Ifsb./sth.couldbe/dosth.,wewouldnthavetoworryabout(doing)sth.else.假如某人/某物可能是/做某事，我们不必担心,应用：如果每个人都能够认识到自然资源并非取之尽，那我们就不必再担心人们对资源的盲目开发了。,Ifeveryonecouldrealizenaturalresourcesarenotinexhaustible,wewouldnthavetoworryaboutanyblindexploitationofthem.,2.Typicalpatternsforcomparisonandcontrast(1),原句:LiketheTheoryofRelativity,thesplittingoftheatom,andthefirstspaceflight,Dollysappearancehasgeneratedalonglistofdifficultpuzzlesforscientists,politicians,andphilosophers.(L.11),就像相对论、原子裂变和第一次太空飞行一样，多莉的出现给科学家、政治家和哲学家们提出了一长串难以解答的问题。,Likesth.else,theappearance/arrival/birth/inventionofsth.newgenerates/produces/makes像某些事/物一样，某事/物的出现/诞生/发明产生/带来了,句型提炼,应用：就像历史上的任何一场战争一样，伊拉克战争给世界带来了一长串的战后难题。Likeanyotherwarsinhistory,theIraqwarhasgeneratedalonglistofdifficultpostwarproblemsfortheworld,3.Typicalpatternsforshowingsb.sreactionstosth.,原句:InthewakeofWilmutsannouncement,governmentshurriedtodraftguidelinesfortheunknown,afuturefilledwithincrediblepossibilities.(L.6),就在威尔莫特宣告成功之后，为了一个未知世界，一个充满各种不可思议的可能性的未来，各国政府立即起草指导方针。,句型提炼,Inthewakeofsth.,sb.hurries/beginsto在某事之后，某人急着/开始,应用：那次失败以后，他急着寻找机会重新证明自己。,Inthewakeofthatfailure,hehurriedtolookforchancesofreprovinghimself.,VocabularyTest,Directions:ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ChoosetheONEanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.,1.Tounderstandthe_ofasituation,wehavetoknowsomethingaboutthekindofsituation.A.passagesB.relationsC.implicationsD.findings,C.implications,2.Thetension_astheguestofhonorwasabouttoannouncethewinner.A.climbedB.raisedC.descendedD.mounted3.Isuspectthisis_attempttodiscredittheircritics.A.anintentionalB.adeliberateC.apurposefulD.aconsidered4.Salariesfor_positionsseemtobehigherthanforpermanentones.A.legalB.optionalC.voluntaryD.temporary,D.mounted,B.adeliberate,D.temporary,5.Researchuniversitieshavetokeepupwiththelatestcomputerandscientifichardware_price.A.onaccountofB.regardlessofC.inadditiontoD.nottomention6.Theshipsgeneratorbrokedown,andthepumpshadtobeoperated_insteadofmechanically.A.manuallyB.artificiallyC.automaticallyD.synthetically7.Firstpublishedin1927,thechartsremainan_sourceforresearches.A.identicalB.indispensableC.intelligentD.inevitable,B.regardlessof,A.manually,B.indispensable,8.Harry_hispantsattheseams(接缝)whenhebentover.A.slicedB.splitC.crackedD.broke9.Theboycyclinginthestreetwasknockeddownbyaminibusandreceived_injuries.A.fatalB.excessiveC.radicalD.exaggerated10.Rememberthatcustomersdont_aboutpricesinthatcity.A.debateB.consultC.disputeD.bargain,B)split,A.fatal,D.bargain,Directions:Fillintheblankswiththephrasesgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenecessary.,1.Ididntknowtheword.Ihadto_adictionary.2.Airportsecuritywasextratight_yesterdaysbombattacks.,succeedindoingworkforwithinreachregardlessofbeidenticaltofallintoprovideforinthewakeofrefertointermsofbeconcernedaboutaswell,referto,inthewakeof,3.Theastronauts_returningfromthemoontotheearthaccordingtotheplan.4.Hewentahead_allwarningsaboutthedangerofhismission.5.Hehasnever_whatotherpeoplethinkofhim.,succeedindoingworkforwithinreachregardlessofbeidenticaltofallintoprovideforinthewakeofrefertointermsofbeconcernedaboutaswell,succeededin,regardlessof,beenconcernedabout,succeedindoingworkforwithinreachregardlessofbeidenticaltofallintoprovideforinthewakeofrefertointermsofbeconcernedaboutaswell,6._customersatisfaction,thepolicycannotbecriticized.7.Hisbehavior_betrayingus.8.Therulesofsafedriving_everyone.9.Hesgrownsomuchthatnoweventhetopofshelfis_.10.Thisbook_theclassofmodernfiction.,Intermsof,isidenticalto,workfor,within(his)reach,fallsinto,Writing,感谢信LetterofThanks写作方法参考范文,appreciate感激appropriate恰当的beyondwords难以言表convey传达awesome棒极了beobligedto感激的considerate体贴的indebted感恩的generous慷慨的grateful感激的gratitude感激之情heartfelt衷心的hospitality好客，热情款待thankful感谢的kindness好意thoughtful考虑周到的understanding善解人意的unselfishassistance无私的帮助makelastingimpressions留下永久的记忆cherish/treasure珍藏，珍视extendheartfeltthanks表达衷心的感谢,Usefulwordsandphrases,UsefulSentencePatterns,1.Iamgratefultoyoufor.我非常感激你的2.Iamgreatlyindebtedtoyouforallyouhavedoneforme.我十分感激你为我所做的一切。3.Itakethisopportunitytoexpresstoyoumydeepappreciationforthekindassistanceyourenderedme.我借此机会对你所给予我的帮助表示深深的谢意。4.Manythanksforyourkindnessandhospitality.多谢你的好意和好客。5.Wordsfailtoconveymygratitudetoyou.感激之情，难以言表。,UsefulSentencePatterns,6.Thankssomuchforthegiftyousentme.ItsoneofthemostwonderfulgiftsIgotonmybirthday.非常感谢你送给我的礼物,这是我生日时收到的最好的礼物之一。7.Nothingwillbeabletoeraseourfondmemories,andwewillnurturethemforever.没有什么能抹掉我们美好的记忆，我们会永远铭记在心。,WritingProcess,Opening1.Statethepurposeofyourletter.表明写信目的。2.Expresssinceregratitudetothereceiver.向收信人表示诚挚的感谢。,WritingProcess,Body1.Recallthehappyminute/event.回忆快乐时光(事件)。2.Highlypraisethepastfavor.高度评价(赞赏)收信人的帮助。3.Listthereasonswhyyouaregratefultotherecipient.列举为何对收信人心存感激。4.Expressyourfeeling.表达你的感受(感情)。,WritingProcess,Ending1.Restateyourgreatappreciationforthefavorandhelprenderedtoyou.再次表达你对收信人的帮助的谢意。2.Expressyourwishtohavetheopportunitytoreciprocate/repaythepastfavor.希望有机会回报收信人的好意和帮助。,WritingPractice,ALetterofThanks1.向对方邀请自己到家里做客表示感谢。2.回忆在对方家庭度周末的快乐时光。3.再次表达对对方款待的谢意。,WritingPractice,1.首先，在引言部分，应表明自己的写信目的，并向对方表示诚挚的感谢。2.接着，在正文部分，回忆在对方家庭度周末的快乐时光。可以从以下两点切入：1）描写对方的热情款待2）表达自己心中的感受。3.最后，在结尾部分，应再次表达对对方款待的谢意，并表达希望有机会回报对方的好意和帮助的心情。,ReferenceModel,DearMr.Ng,ItisapleasuretowritethisletterbecauseitgivesmeanopportunitytotellyouhowmuchIenjoyedyourhospitalitylastweekend.ItwasmyfirstvisittoanAmericanfamilyand,atfirst,IwasveryanxiousaboutmylimitedEnglishandmyknowledgeofAmericancustoms.ThenIsawyouandyourchildrenwaitingformeatthestationwithwarmsmilesofwelcomeandyourwonderfulfamilyputmeateaserightaway.,ReferenceModel,TherearemanyhappymemoriesoftheweekendthatIwillkeepwithmeforever.Iwillrememberthatyoumademefeelathome.Thereweresomanynewanddifferentthingsformetoseeanddo.Iparticularlyenjoyeddrivingthroughthecountrysideandseeingthecharmingcolorsoftheleavesonthetrees.Ilikedplayingbaseballwithyourlovelysonanddaughter,ChainandLinda.Theywerepatientwithmeandfulloffun.TellthemIwillteachthemhowtoplaysoccernexttime.,ReferenceModel,IalsohadagoodtimeatthecommunitysquaredanceonSaturdaynight.Itwasmyfirstsquaredance,andIcannotforgethowfriendlyandkindeveryonearoundwas.IambackatschoolnowandIamveryhappybecauseIknownowarealAmericanfamilyanditisoneofthenicestfamiliesIhaveevermet.BecausemyEnglishisstillnotverygood,Icannotexpressmyfeelingsbetter.IcanonlysaythankyouandhopethatsomedayyouwillvisitmycountryandIcanreturnyourhospitality.Sincerelyyours,WendyWu,SectionB,WhowillTakeAdvantageofHumanCloning,TableofContents,ReadingComprehensionVocabularyStudyVocabularyTest,ReadingComprehension(1),1.Whydidthepublicfeelpanicatthenewsthatscientistshadclonedasheep?Becausetheywereworriedthathumancloningmaycomesoon.2.Whatistheauthorsattitudetowardshumancloning?Whilehumancloningmightnotoffergreatbenefitstohumanity,noonehasyetmadeaconvincingcasethatitwoulddoanyrealharm,either.,ReadingComprehension(2),3.Whoholdtheideathatcloningahumanconstitutesagrossattackonhumandignity?Theconservativespiritualleaders.4.Accordingtotheauthor,whydomanyofthevividwarningsofscience-fictionconcerningtheprospectofhumancloningturnouttobeimprobable?Becauseparentsofidenticaltwinsdontviewonechildasanorganfarmfortheother.,ReadingComprehension(3),5.Whatistheotherdisturbingthoughtabouthumancloningmentionedinthepassage?Itwillleadtoeffortstobreedindividualswithgeneticqualitiesperceivedasdesirable.6.Inademocracywhatdowedoaboutthingswedontknowwell?Wedontpasslawsagainstthembeforethereisactualorprobableevidenceofharm.,ReadingComprehension(4),7.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestweshoulddobeforewegoanyfurtherintotheexperimentofhumancloning?Torequireatemporarypauseonresearchintohumancloninginordertomakeasystematicenquiryintothegravequestionsitraises.8.Whatisthemoreimportantthingabouthumancloningaccordingtotheauthor?Itshouldbegovernedbythesamelawsthatnowprotecthumanrights.,VocabularyStudy,panicconstitutevoluntaryconsentartificialdisposeresume,attheprospectof/thatgrowoutofmakesenseturnout(tobe)perceiveascarryoutmakeanenquiryinto,panicn./vt.,n.(a)suddenverystrongfeelingofanxietyandfear恐慌，惊慌Whenthetheatercaugh