工商管理英语,雷涯邻,U1A-U6A,重点句子翻译,考试汇总版,北信科工商.pdf

翻译句子（翻译句子（原文原文部分）部分） A business must anticipate when it will need cash and make sure it has access to cash at critical times. 74 A trademark is a distinctive mark, motto, device, or emblem that its creator stamps, prints, or otherwise affixes to the goods it produces so that they may be identified on the market and their origin vouched for. 26 According to the marketing company era view of business, the entire organization is structured to discover and respond to what customers want in the products and services the company creates and offers for sale. 67 Advertising differs from personal selling in that the seller cannot gauge the reaction of the buyer to the advertising message. 72 After the screening process is done and hiring decisions are made, it is necessary to place the employees. 53 An appreciation of the organizations strategy helps all of its members relate their work assignments more closely to the direction of the organization and influence that direction in a positive manner. 31 But the logistics of delivering those appliances, maintaining the fleet of vehicles to make the deliveries (either as part of the companys support staff or outsourced to third-party vendors), and tracking inventories to manage supply and demand are also part of the “place” decisions that fall under the 4Ps of marketing. 69 By knowing what is supposed to be done within a particular job, an organization is able to better look for employees who possess the necessary knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics required for a job that it is seeking to fill. 48 By the 1930s enough manufacturers had successfully increased production to the point that most industries in Western countries had greater capacity to produce than was supported by demand among their potential customers. 58 By way of example, the government has declared that employment discrimination based on race, sex and national origins is illegal under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, subjecting companies to damage claims and other penalties for discriminatory employment conditions they aloe to exist. 23 Care must be taken to use all of these sources of funding carefully so that future opportunities are not overly compromised by poor decisions made in the past. 14 Commoditization refer to the increasing difficulty firms have distinguishing their products and services from those of their rivals. 44 Contract law seeks to assure that promises under private agreements are enforceable and that parties under a contract honor their respective obligations. 27 Debates over the nature of the organizations competitive advantage, its mission, and whether or not a strategic plan is really needed can be widespread. 32 During the sales era, most companies taught sales people aggressive selling techniques that focused on overcoming potential resistance on the part of buyers. 59 Each of the stakeholders have slightly different value interests in the business, but only when all of the stakeholders are satisfied is the business likely to be successful. 10 Each of the sub-systems (sub-processes) can impact each other and the overall system at one and the same time. 5 Firms can become proactive by choosing to operate in environments where opportunities and threats match the firms strengths and weaknesses. 40 Following a discussion of this evolution, it will be possible to offer a modern definition of marketing as it is operationalized in American business practice. 57 For example, an employee in a companys research and development department may attend a trade show where a new product or production process idea that seems relevant to the company is discussed. 42 For example, many companies have switched from product containers that are not biodegradable to ones that are made from recyclable paper that are biodegradable. 73 For example, the success of Japanese car manufacturers, particularly Toyota and Honda, in capturing large shares of the US automobile market is due in large part to the constant effort of these companies to build cars with the features American consumers want. 62 For instance asking a potential employee if they enjoy working with others might be a useful question to ask someone seeking a job as a customer service representative but not as useful for a programmer who might be expected to work for hours at a time with little human interaction-it might actually be a negative indicator for the computer programmer. 54 For instance, if a party to enter in to the contract, that would form the basis of undue influence and would make the contract voidable at the option of the threatened part. 29 Future cash inflows are discounted at an appropriate rate which for an average risk project is the firms cost of capital. 79 Hindu law is prominent primarily in India where it exists alongside secular law derived from the British Common Law. 22 However, the comprehensive, systematic model proposed herein is presented as a starting point for understanding the strategic management process. 36 However, the type of formal, systematic strategic planning proposed in this text is not without its critics. 35 Human resource planning is where the human resource management strategy and the organization mission come together in determining the numbers and skill sets needed for employees based upon the future plans of the organization. 51 If one firm deviates from the industry norm and implemented a new, successful strategy, other firms would rapidly mimic the higher-performing firm by purchasing the resources, competencies, or management talent that have made the leading firm so profitable. 39 If the value of assets exceeds the value of liabilities and equity, the firm requires external financing to that extent. 75 In fact, increasing the retention ratio from 50% to 80% eliminates the need for external funds ad AFN equals 0. 76 In the marketing company era, overall business strategy is developed with extensive participation by the marketing department and the use of marketing research to help the company decide how to better serve customers. 61 IO assumes that an organizations performance and ultimate survival depend on its ability to adapt to industry forces over which it has little or no control. 38 It emphasizes the principle of stare decisis, that is, the authority of prior decisions in resolving current cases. 19 It is in the context of this more complicated view of how businesses operate in an increasingly competitive and global environment, that we can now offer a definition of marketing. 68 It is rather that profit is defined differently and the resources to produce that profit are acquired somewhat differently. 16 It occurs, for example, when Amazon. Com suggests top-selling books for customers at its web site based on previous product searches or purchases. 45 It often requires modification as environmental or organizational conditions change, or as top managements ability to interpret these changes improves. 34 Many businesses find that the detail of the pro forma statements is worth the time it takes to construct them. 77 Modern human resources management practice has a dual heritage developing out of Scientific Management and the notion of personnel work as improving the welfare of employees. 47 Most companies have them all at some time in the company life cycle. 8 Most of accounting is done by accountants who are employees of the business. 13 Not all companies have every one of these stakeholders at any given time. 7 NPV is simply the present value of expected future cash inflows minus the initial investment. 78 Objective evidence must be shown to demonstrate the existence of a contract in order for an aggrieved party to succeed in a claim for breach of contract. 28 Of the types of organizational capital upon which an organization depends its focus is on the human capital as opposed to the financial capital or the physical capital. 46 Only the major stakeholders will be introduced but not covered in detail. 9 Punishment for violations is fast and sometimes harsh by western standards. 21 Resource-based theory is applied directly to the internal analysis phase and the effort to identify an organizations resources that could lead to sustained competitive advantage. 41 Selling activities expanded to include more impersonal forms of communication and organization created marketing departments to coordinate all the selling activities of the firm.60 Some organizations only consider external applicants (people not yet employees of the organization) for entry-level positions so in such a situation if seeking more senior employees in such a case the organization need only advertise internally (for individuals already employed by the organization who may be seeking career advancement). 52 Staff functions in contrast are not traditionally directly involved in the production of products or services. 65 Strategic management is a broader term that includes top managements analysis of the environment in which the organization operates prior to formulating a strategy, as well as the plan for implementation and control of the strategy. 33 Substantive law is concerned with the laws that define, describe, regulate and create the rights and responsibilities of the parties to a lawsuit. 24 That is the very nature of business for that is the only way to sustain a livelihood. 3 The business signs an indemnity contract with an insurance company agreeing to make regular cash payments called premiums in exchange for a promise by the insurer to reimburse the company if the property is damaged or destroyed by perils such as fire or flood. 80 The central tenet of industrial organization theory is the nation that a firm must adapt to influences in its industry to survive and prosper, and thus its financial performance is primarily determined by the success of the industry in which it competes. 37 The first may be thought of as research, the second may be thought of as teaching and the third as service.56 The lack of consumer knowledge, as well as the lack of time and expertise required to pursue it, results in higher selling prices for many of the retailers. 43 The line functions are activities which create the product or service that the company sells at a profit. 64 The means of transforming input into outputs is by means of business processes. 6 The predominant characteristic of Common Law is its dependence on judicial decisions, developed over a period of time. 18 The role of court decisions, is minimized, although this is changing as these systems are influenced by court decisions in Common Law countries. 20 The sanctions against a defendant in civil cast are generally monetary whereas in criminal court the penalties include not only fines but imprisonment or even execution (in the case of a capital offense). 25 The strategic challenges it faces are usually ambiguous and unstructured, requiring its managers to understand the relationships among the organizations parts and chart a course for moving it forward. 30 There are a number of definitions of English word business. 1 These tools are referred to as a mix because how they are combined, in what order, proportion, and relative importance is usually customized by the seller with the intention of optimizing the overall effectiveness of the selling/marketing activity. 71 They also must then go through refresher courses at predetermined intervals in order to ensure that they remain combat ready and that they do not forget what they were trained to do and how they are supposed to do what they are trained to do, 55 They are circular in nature as opposed to the linear type of relationship that is assumed in the process concept. 4 This process is further complicated by the need to accomplish this while enabling the business to meet its profit. 11 Thus price-related decisions are concerned with not only supply and demand issues but also with how perceptions of price relate to how customers may distinguish a product from its competition. 70 To a large extent, this view of marketing as a staff function holds true in the marketing company era. 66 Traditionally, businesses have considered line functions as those activities that directly relate to the production of the goods or services that are sold by the firm. 63 We will attempt to identify and define the components of this definition. 2 While each system provides unique information for the business, they are generally integrated to provide management with the information necessary to make reasoned decisions. 15 While there is some overlap-both require that one be able to manage time effectively-typing is likely a more highly valued skill for the administrative assistant while lecturing/teaching/speaking in front of audiences would likely be more important for the professor. 50 While these categories are, of course, an oversimplification, with much overlapping, a company doing business in a legal system different from its own must learn the perimeters of the foreign law. 17 Without the systematic study of what SHOULD be done within a job, employees involved in the hiring process are more likely to introduce personal bias, prejudices, and other non-job relevant information possibly leading to a less than optimal hiring decision. 49 Without these reports, it would not be possible to accurately inform the stakeholders on the overall health of the business. 12 翻译句子翻译句子（翻译翻译部分）部分） 1. 英语单词 business 有许多定义。P3 2. 我们将尽力确定并解释这一定义的不同要素。P3 3. 这就是工商的实质，因为这是维持生计的唯一途径。P3 4. 与人们假设的线性关系相比，它们实际上是循环的。P4 5. 每个子系统（子过程）能彼此影响并同时影响整个系统。P4 6. 将输入到输出的方式是通过业务流程的。P4 7. 并非所有的公司在任何特定的时间内都能获得每一个股东的支持。P5 8. 大多数公司仅在公司发展周期内的某段时间获得所有股东的支持。P5 9. 我们将只介绍大股东但不会详细地论及。P5 10. 每一个股东在企业里的利益有所不同，但是只有当所有的股东都满意时这个企业才可能 取得成功。 P6 11. 在保证企业实现利润的同时需要做到这点，这使得这个过程变得更加复杂。P7 12. 没有这些报表，就不可能准确地使股东了解企业的总体经营状况。P7 13. 大部分的会计工作都是由企业雇佣的会计师来做。P7 14. 必须谨慎地使用所有这些资金筹措来源，以便不会造成由于过去所做出的拙劣决策而过 度地危及未来的商机。P9 15. 尽管每个系统为企业提供的信息各有不同，人们通常为了使管理层做出理智的决策而在 提供必要的信息时将这些信息集成起来。P9 16. 事实是人们对利润有着不同的定义，获得产生利润的资源的途径也略有不同。P9 以下部分（以下部分（17-29）为为百度翻译直译，仅供参考。百度翻译直译，仅供参考。 17. 而这些类别，当然，过于简单化，多重叠，一个公司在不同于自己的法律体系做生意必 须借鉴国外法律。P21 18. 英美法系的主要特征是其对司法判决的依赖，在一段时间内发展起来。P21 19. 它强调遵循先例，这是原则，事先决定在解决当前案件的权力 P21 20. 法院判决的作用，被最小化，虽然这是变化的，因为这些系统的影响，在普通法国家的 法院判决。P21 21. 对违规行为的惩罚是很快，有时也会受到西方标准的严厉的处罚。P22 22. 印度教的法律主要是在印度，它与世俗的法律来自英国的普通法。P22 23. 通过举例的方式，政府已经宣布，就业歧视基于种族，性别和民族的起源是非法在 1964 年民权法案，对公司造成损害索赔和其他歧视性就业条件，他们的处罚存在。P22 24. 实体法涉及对当事人的权利和责任的界定、描述、规范和创造的法律。P23 25. 对被告在民事诉讼中的制裁一般都是金钱，而在刑事法庭上，这一刑罚不仅包括罚款， 但有期徒刑甚至死刑（在死刑的情况下） 。P23 26. 商标是一个独特的标记，座右铭，装置，或标志，其创造者邮票，打印，或否则词缀商 品生产，以便他们可以被确定的市场和他们的起源的担保。 P25 27. 契约法的目的是确保在私人协议下的承诺是可执行的，并且在契约各方履行各自的义务。 P28 28. 客观证据必须证明是为了证明一份合同的存在，以便为一个受损害的当事人成功地索赔 违约。P28 29. 例如，如果一个当事人进入到合同，这将形成不当影响的基础上，将使合同无效的威胁 部分的选项。 30. 它所面临的战略上的挑战经常是模棱两可、没有系统的。P39 31. 对组织战略的理解有利于全体成员把他们的工作任务同组织方向更紧密地结合起来，并 以积极主动的方式去影响组织方向。P39 32. 于是关于组织竞争优势的实质、它的使命以及战略计划是否真的需要等问题引起了普遍 的争论。P39 33. 战略管理是一个更为广泛的术语。它包括高层管理部门对环境的分析，该环境中组织的 运营先于组织战略的制定、计划的执行以及战略的控制。P39 34. 一旦实施既定的战略，随着环境或组织条件的变化，或者随着高层管理者对解释这些变 化的能力的提高，它经常需要修改。P40 35. 然而，文中提到的这种正式的、系统的战略计划并没有摆脱批评家的评论。 36. 然而，在此提到的综合的、系统的模式的展示是以理解战略管理过程为出发点的。 37. 行业组织理论的重要原则是企业必须适应影响它所在行业生存和繁荣的因素，因为它的 财务业绩主要取决于它所竞争的行业的成功。P42 38. 行业组织论（IO）假设组织的业绩和最终的生存依赖于它适应行业的能力，而它对这些 能力几乎无法或根本无法控制。P42 39. 如果某个企业背离该行业的规范，执行了一个成功的新决策，那么其它企业很快就会模 仿这个较先进的企业，通过购买，使得该领先企业获得丰厚盈利的资源、能力或管理才 能。P42 40. 企业可以通过选择在机会和威胁与企业自身的优势和不足相匹配的环境中经营，使企业 变得更加积极主动。P43 41. 资源理论直接应用于内部分析阶段，通过努力识别组织的资源，可以使组织保持竞争优 势。P43 42. 比如，公司研发部门的人员出席一个贸易展示会，会上讨论一个似乎与公司的产品或生 产加工有关的想法。P45 43. 由于消费者在汽车理论知识上的欠缺，同时又缺少时间和购买它的专业技能，往往致使 多数零售商以较高的价格卖出。P46 以下部分以下部分（44-47）为百度直译）为百度直译部分，仅供参考部分，仅供参考。 44. 商品化是指增加困难的企业有区分他们的产品和服务与竞争对手。P47 45. 它发生，例如，当亚马逊。在以前的产品搜索或购买的基础上，建议客户在其网站上销 售图书。P47 46. 组织资本的类型在其组织上取决于其关注的是人力资本，而不是金融资本或物质资本。 P61 47. 现代人力资源管理实践，从科学管理和人员工作理念两个方面发展了两方面的传统，提 高了员工的福利待遇。P61 48. 通过了解某个特定职位应该做些什么，组织能更好地寻找到恰当员工，这些人拥有必要 的知识、技术、能力和这项工作所要求的其它性格特性。P62 49. 如果在雇用员工过程中，没有对应该做什么进行系统研究，那就很可能产生偏见、伤害 和其他与工作不相关的信息，进而导致一个非最优化的雇佣决策。P62 50. 尽管有一些重叠这两项工作都要求能够有效地管理时间打字可能是行政助理 更需要的技能，而对于教授而言，做报告、教学和演讲则更重要。P63 5