小学语法名词.doc

第2章 名 词一、名词概述1、名词的定义：名词是指表示人、事、物、地点或抽象概念的词。2、名词的种类： (1)普通名词：表示一类人、事物或抽象概念的名称。普通名词又可进一步分为四类：个体名词：表示单个的人和事物。如car(汽车)、room(房间)、 fan(风扇)、photo(照片)。集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的名称。如 people(人们)、family(家庭)、army(军队)、government(政府)、group(集团)。物质名词：表示物质或不具备确定形状或大小的个体的物质。如fire（火）、steal（钢）、air（空气）、water（水）、milk（牛奶）。抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念。如 labor( 劳动)、health(健康)、life (生活)、friendship(友情)、patience(耐力)。(2)专有名词: 表示特定的人、地方、称谓、机构、语言、国民、星期、月份、节日名称等，专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。 二、名词考点纵览知识点考点考点对应典型例题剖析考点一：名词的可数性问题考点1：不可数名词的量的表示法。不可数名词没有复数形式，前面不能直接a/an表示不可数名词的量，表示不可数名词的量有两种方法：1、 用some, any, a little, little, much, a lot of等表示量的多少，如some milk, a lot of water等。作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。2、用“a/an+量词+of+名词”的形式来表达。如果要表达两个或两个以上的概念时，量词部分用复数形式，不可数名词不变，如a cup of tea, two glasses of juice等。典型例题 1Im hungry. Id like to have . A. two bowl of rice B. two bowls of rices C. two bowls of rice D. two bowls rice答案：C典型例题 2Give me chalk, please. A. a B. piece of C. a piece D. a piece of答案：D典型例题 3一些面包在桌上。Some on the table.答案：bread is考点2：可数名词的复数形式1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。A.可数名词复数的变化规则如下：（1）一般情况词尾加s，如 bookbooks, deskdesks等。其读音规则是在清辅音后读s，在元音和浊辅音后读z。（2）以 s, x, sh, ch 等结尾的名词，通常在词尾加es：busbuses, box boxes, dishdishes等。其读音为iz。（3）以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，变y为i再加es：familyfamilies, butterflybutterflies。其读音为z。（4）以f、fe结尾的词，把f或fe变为v再加es：leafleaves，lifelives等，其读音为vz。（5）以“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接加s： toytoys, 其读音为 z 。B.可数名词复数的不规则变化如下：（1） 改变单数名词中的元音字母，读音改变。manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, toothteeth, mousemice（2）单复数形式相同，读音不变。sheepsheep, deerdeer, ChineseChinese, JapaneseJapanese（3）其他形式： childchildren（4）某国人变复数的规则如下：中国人 ChineseChinese 日本人 JapaneseJapanese英国人 EnglishmanEnglishmen 法国人 FrenchmanFrenchmen美国人 AmericanAmericans 阿拉伯人 ArabArabs埃及人 EgyptianEgyptians 德国人 GermanGermans澳大利亚 AustralianAustralians可借用口诀记忆，即中日不变英法变，其余s加后面。2. 以o结尾的名词变复数时，有生命的名词在词尾加es，无生命的名词在词尾加s。（kangaroo和bamboo 除外）加es: potato, tomato, hero, Negro, mango加s：zoo, radio, photo, piano, kangaroo, bamboo3. 如果复合名词前面的名词是man或woman，变复数时，构成复合名词的两个名词全部都要变成复数形式；如果是其他词，变复数时，只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。man teacher men teachers, woman driver women drivers, boy student boy students, apple tree apple trees典型例题 1How many (sheep) are there on the hill?答案：sheep典型例题 2I like taking (photo).答案：photos典型例题 3A. Thirty (family) live in this building.答案：families典型例题 4Most of the tourists on the coach are (German), and only two of them are (Japanese).答案：Germans Japanese典型例题 5How many (woman doctor) are there in the hospital?答案：women doctors考点二：名词的所有格考点1：名词所有格的表达 1. 有生命的名词所有格在词尾加s。若是复数并以s 或es 结尾的名词只加“”。表示时间、空间、距离、价格重量的名词所有格和表示世界、国家和城镇的所有格及某些习惯表达法也使用s所有格。2. 无生命的名词用of构成所有格。典型例题 1他是我父亲的朋友。（两种）He is my .He is the my .答案：fathers friend; friend of father典型例题 2Peter is .A. a friend of mine B. a my friendC. a friend of my mother D. mine friend答案：A典型例题 3-Whose boxes are these?-They are the .A. childrens B. childrens C. children D. childs答案：A考点2：几个人共同拥有一样东西的所有格表达法：只需在最后一个人的名字后加s。典型例题 1Its bedroom. Its clean and bright.A. Lily and Lucy B. Lily and LucysC. Lilys and Lucy D. Lilys and Lucys答案：B典型例题 2Mr. Black is father. He loves them very much.A. Liz and Lilys B. Lizs C. Lizs and Lilys D. Lilys答案：A典型例题 3Mr. Green is father.A. Jims and Kate B. Jims and KatesC. Jim and Kate D. Jim and Kates答案：D考点3：双重所有格的表达 of +名词所有格 of+名词性物主代词典型例题 1他是我哥哥的一个朋友。答案：He is a friend of my brothers.典型例题 2她是你的其中一个女儿吗？答案：Is she a daughter of yours?考点4：s所有格与of所有格用法比较of 所有格既可用于有生命的人或物，也可用于无生命的东西。当用于有生命的人或物时，of 所有格有时可以与s 所有格互换。如：Mr. Smiths son = the son of Mr. Smith 史密斯先生的儿子Jims patience = the patience of Jim 吉姆的耐心 the Queens arrival = the arrival of the Queen 女王的到达考点5：s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三者之间的细微区别。比较下面三句话： 1.She is Marys brothers friend. 2. She is a friend of Marys brother. 3. She is a friend of Marys brothers. 例句1用的是s所有格，侧重说明她和Mary的哥哥是朋友关系，突出friend一词。 例句2用的是of所有格，侧重说明她和Mary的哥哥是朋友关系，强调突出了Marys brother。 例句3用的是双重所有格，侧重说明Mary哥哥的朋友不止是一个，她只是其中的一个。考点三：名词在句中的作用1. 作主语English is very useful. 英语很有用。The children are playing games happily. 孩子们在高兴地做游戏。2. 作定语（一般用单数形式，但sports除外）paper tigers 纸老虎work places 工作的地方sports shoes 运动鞋3. 作及物动词和介词的宾语She works hard at Chinese every day. 她每天努力地学中文。I like English. 我喜欢英语。4. 作表语Tom is my good friend. 汤姆是我的好朋友。We are all students. 我们都是学生。5. 作宾语补足语They chose the boy monitor. 他们选那个男孩当班长。I find her a kind teacher. 我觉得她是个善良的老师。6. 作状语My father will come back next Monday. 我父亲将于下周一回来。Please wait a moment. 请等一等。7. 作同位语This is Miss Smith, our English teacher. 这位是史密斯小姐，我们的英语老师。He, an ordinary worker, did a lot of uncommon things. 他，一个平凡的工人，做了很多不寻常的事。三、综合练习1.单项选择题（ ）1. They got much _ from those new books. A. ideasB. photos C. news D. stories（ ）2. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here. A. orange, orangeB. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orangeD. orange, oranges（ ）3. Every evening Mr. King takes a _ tohis home . A. 25 minutes walkB. 25 minutes walk C. 25 minute walkD. 25 minutes walk（ ）4. An old _ wants to see you. A. peopleB. person C. the people D. the person（ ）5. Help yourself to _. A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples（ ）6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _. A. rooms numberB. rooms number C. room numbers D. rooms numbers（ ）7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _. A. family B. house C. home D. room（ ）8. _ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peters B. Mary and Peter C. Marys and Peter D. Marys and Peters（ ）9. Li Lei has been to _ many times this month. A. her uncle B. her uncles C. her uncles D. aunts（ ）10. He is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching. A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D. a lot experience（ ）11_ are going to see a film A. Greens B. The Greens C. The Greens D. The Green（ ）12. Mrs. Green is _motherA. Lucys and Lilys B. Lucy and Lilys C. Lucy and Lily D. Lilys and Lucy（ ）13. Ben saw forty_in a caveA. thiefes B. thieves C. thief D. thiefs（ ）14. Dongdong is one of the Chinese in our school.A. boy B. boys C. boies D. boyes（ ）15.This is the room. A. childrens B. childrens C. children D. childrens（ ）16. -Is that ? -Yes, it is.A. a pair of glass B. two pair of glasses C. a pair of glasses D. glasses（ ）17. Hong Wei is making a card. She wants a of scissors. A. packet B. bottle C. pair D. pairs（ ）18. These bottles of are fresh. A. milk B. milks C. jams D. milkes（ ）19. A friend of will come this evening. A. Dennys B. Denny C. Dennys D. Dennys（ ）20. This is a big room. Its the . A. twins room B. twins room C. twins room D. twin rooms（ ）21. There are three and seven in the picture. A. deers; sheeps B. deers; sheep C. deer;sheep D. deer; sheeps（ ）22. Yesterday, Mrs. Smith gave us on how to deal with stress. A. an advice B. many advices C. some advice D. a pair of advice（ ）23. -Would you like something to drink, girls? -Yes, , please. A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolate C. two boxes of coke D. two coke（ ）24. What it is to go surfing in weather! A. a great fun; such fine B. a great fun; such a fine C. great fun; such fine D. great funs; such a fine（ ）25. The theme park is about ride from the museum. You should start out right now. A. two hour B. two hours C. two hours D. two hours（ ）26. Look at the map. Its . A. a map of American B. a map of America C. an American map D. a map to America（ ）27. -What are those? - . A. They are knife. B. They are knives. C. They are Peters knife. D. They are knifes.（ ）28. We are in model group. A. ships B. cars C. plane D. shipes（ ）29. -Whose crayon is that? -Its . A. Mike B. Mikes C. for Mikes D. Mikes（ ）30. We have on Saturday. A. not lesson B. no lessons C. school D. lesson（ ）31. Last night, there was a food accident. The _ were ill, but no _ were lost. A. child, lives B. children, life C. children, lives D. child, life（ ）32. This is a photo of _ when they were young. A. my father and mother B. my mother and fathers C. my mothers and fathers D. my fathers and my mother（ ）33. The new student is in _ , Grade Two.A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D. Three class（ ）34. Today is September 10th. Its _ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers. A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Teachers（ ）35. The market isnt far from here. Its only _ bicycle ride. A. half an hours B. half an hours C. half an hour D. an hour and a half（ ）36. - What would you like to drink, girls? - _, please. A. Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffe C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees（ ）37. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _. A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks（ ）38. Some _ are flying kites near the river. A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs（ ）39. After the exam, well have a _ holiday. A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks D. two weeks（ ）40. They are those _ bags. Please put them on the bus. A. visitor B. visitors C. visitors D. visitors（ ）41.- How many workers are there in your factory? - There are two _. A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of（ ）42. -What do you think of the _ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven? - It sounds really wonderful. A. subject B. music C. book D. animal（ ）43. There is not enough _ in the corner for the fridge. A. place B. room C. field D. ground（ ）44. _ comes from sheep and some people like eating it A. Wool B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk（ ）45. If you dont take more _, youll get fat. A. medicine B. lessons C. photos D. exercise（ ）46. My school is about twenty _ walk from here. A. minute B. minutes C. minutess D. minutes（ ）47. Mum, I have _ to tell you! A. a good news B. some good news C. some news good D. many good news（ ）48. Which is the _ to the post office? A. street B. way C. road D. address（ ）49. I stayed at _ last Sunday. A. my uncles B. my uncles C. my uncles D. my uncle（ ）50. Maths _ not easy to learn. A. are B. is C. am D. were2用所给名词的适当形式填空1The _(child) are talking to their teacher.2September l