感叹、祈使、虚拟语气.doc

一、祈使语气：概念：表示请求、命令或让某人做某事的句子叫做祈使句。祈使句又分为肯定和否定两种形式。祈使句属于说话人带有一种命令或请求的口气时所使用的一种省略句。一般形式为：用动词原形开头，即省略主语（you）。动词原形 + 宾语/表语例：Study English carefully! 要认真学习英语。表达委婉、客气的语气时，要加入please。例：Please open the door. 或 Open the door, please.规则：1、除了直接使用单词或词组的特例外，祈使句必须以动词原形出现在句首。例：Watch out! 当心！2、有时为了强调，在动词原形前使用do。例：Do come to see me again.一定再来看我。 Do write to me.一定给我写信。3、祈使句的否定形式为在句首加否定词Dont（即相当于谓语只有一个核心动词的否定句省略了主语）。例：Dont cry！别喊！4、当说话人提出的建议包括对方和自己在内时，则用Lets(Let us) 开头。例：Lets go shopping.我们去购物吧。二、感叹语气 表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子叫做感叹句。感叹句句末常用感叹号（！），一般用降调。句首多用how或what，其余与陈述句相同。1、由how引导的感叹句：how在感叹句中可修饰形容词、副词、谓语动词等，即对形容词、副词、谓语动词等发出感叹。例：How beautiful it is!它多美呀！(修饰形容词beautiful)How well the clothes fit! 这衣服多合身！(修饰副词well)How wonderful! 多妙呀！（省略结构，句末省略了it is）How hard she works! 她工作多努力啊！ How I missed you! 我多么想你呀！（感叹谓语动词）典型句式：How + 形容词/副词 + 主谓结构2、what在感叹句中可修饰名词，即对名词发出感叹。名词如是可数名词的单数，其前需用what a / an。其它单数名词以及复数名词前多用what，它相当于把系表结构中的表语移到句首并在前面加感叹词。例：What an opportunity!多么好的机会呀！What a fine day!多晴朗的天呀！What beautiful pictures they are!那些图片多漂亮啊！What delicious food it is!多好吃的食物啊！What bad weather it is!多糟糕的天气！What flowers!多美的花呀！三、虚拟语气（一）概念：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观希望、愿望、假设或推测等。例如：You dont have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you went on business first.你不必这么匆忙，我希望你能先去出差。So be it then. 那就这样吧！（May you a ）Happy birthday! 生日快乐！If she had received your invitation, Im sure she would have come.如果她接到了你的邀请，我相信她会来的。（二）虚拟语气的一般形式语气的条件句可分为两类：一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。反之，如果假设的情况是过去或现在不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，在英语中则使用虚拟条件句。在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。虚拟条件从句和主句的动词的一般形式列表如下：时间 动词形式从句主句与现在事实相反动词过去式或be的过去式一般用werewould, should, could或might + 动词原形与过去事实相反had + 过去分词would, should, could或might + have + 过去分词与将来事实可能相反动词过去式/should + 动词原形；were to + 动词原形would, should, could或might + 动词原形 注：主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美式英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。（三）虚拟语气的用法1、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果例：If I were you, I would stay at home.要是我的话，我就会呆在家里。If I should help you, I certainly would.要是能帮你，我肯定帮你。If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, a lot more of us would be getting sick. 要是自来水真像某些人想的那样，那么我们当中更多的人就会不舒服了。 If it were not raining now, I would be watering the flowers in the garden. 如果现在不下雨的话，我就在院子里给花浇水了。2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果例：If I had had money, I would have bought the flat immediately.当时我要有钱的话，我就会立刻买了那套公寓的。If the whole operation had not been planned beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.如果整个操作不是提前计划的话，就会损失大量的时间和金钱。I would never have resorted to a court of law if I hadnt been so desperate.如果我不是那么绝望的话，我就不会诉诸法庭了。3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果例：If it were to/should rain tomorrow, we should put off the sports meet.如果明天下雨的话，我们就会将运动会推迟。If I were out of duty, I would give you a hand.如果我不值班的话，我就会帮你了。 4、混合虚拟语气有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式要根据实际所表示的时间加以调整（通常从句与过去相反，主句与现在相反）。例：If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldnt be smiling now. 如果你摔下的时候我当时不是站在梯子下抓住你的话，你现在就不会笑了。If you had attended the meeting, you would know what to do next. 如果当时你参加了会议，你就知道下一步该怎么办了。5、虚拟条件句可以转换的形式1）省略连词if在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were, had或should, 可以把if省略，而把这几个词放到从句句首（主语之前），从句构成主谓倒装（通常从句在主句之前）。例：Were it to rain tomorrow/should it rain tomorrow, we would put off the sports meet.如果明天下雨的话，我们就将推迟运动会。Had I been free then, I should have helped him.当时我要是有时间，我就会帮助他了。Were it not for you, I would not help him.要不是因为你，我就不会帮助他。Had it not been for you, I would not have turned to them for help.要不是因为你，我当时不会向他们求助的。2）隐含虚拟语气（1）用without, with, but for 介词短语代替条件状语从句（即有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示）。例：Without your help, we couldnt have finished the task on time.没有你的帮忙，我们就不会按时完成任务了。But for your advice, I would have given it up.要不是你的建议，我就会放弃了。What would you do with the million yuan you might win?假如你赢得了一百万，那你会用它干什么？（2）假设的情况又是可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。例：I would have helped you but I was too busy.我本想帮助你，可我当时太忙了。He would have liked to attend the meeting, but he has been in poor condition. 他倒是想去参加会议，可是身体一直不好。3）省去条件从句或主句 表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。（1）省去条件句例：You could have done it better.你本可以做得更好。（省略了if you had wanted to）（2）省去主句例：If only I were there now! 要是我现在在那里就好了！If only I had been there then! 要是我当时在那里就好了！（四）虚拟语气的其他用法1、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法1）在“建议、要求、命令”（suggest, suggestion, decide, ask, recommend, demand, order, propose, insist, request, desire）等词后的宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中。例：I suggested he (should)adapt himself to his new conditions.我建议他适应新环境。It was proposed that children (should) spend little time on watching TV.有人建议孩子该少看电视。His suggestion that we (should) set out at once was accepted. 他建议我们立刻出发，这个建议被采纳了。Mikes uncle insists that he (should) not stay in this hotel.麦克的叔叔建议他不要呆在这家旅馆。2）在“It was important/ strange/ surprising/ shocking/ necessary/ imperative /natural/ unbelievable/ incrediblethat”结构中，通常用“should + 动词原形”表示重要、必要、奇怪、难以置信等概念。其中“should”也常常可以省略。例：It was important that the hotel receptionist make sure that guests are registered correctly. 旅馆接待员应确保客人登记正确，这一点很重要。 He was always here. Its strange you should have never met him. 他一直在这里，很奇怪你竟然没见到他。 It was unbelievable that he should have left without asking for a leave. 真难以相信，他竟然没请假就走了。2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或表示将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1）表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式。例：Sometimes I wish I were living in a different time and a different place.有时候我真希望自己生活在不同的地方不同的时代。Children often wish they had wings.孩子们常常希望自己能有翅膀。2）表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词常用had + 过去分词。例：I wish I had worked hard when I was young. 我要是小时候认真学习就好了。How he wished he had been given a chance! 他当时多么希望自己得到一次机会。3）表示对将来的主观愿望：从句动词形式为would + 动词原形。此时要注意，主句的主语和从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿。例：I wish Susan could have a chance in future.我希望苏珊将来能有机会。3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法1）在带有even if/even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。例：Even though you had been ill, you should have attended the meeting.尽管你病了，你也应该去参加会议。Even if he did not come, we would hold a meeting to discuss it.即使他不来，我们也要开会进行讨论。2）由as if/as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时，从句谓语形式为动词的过去式或had + 过去分词。例：He treated me so well as if I were his own younger brother.他对待我真好，就好像我是他的弟弟似的。She talked as if she had seen it with her own eyes.她谈起来就好像她亲眼看到过似的。3）在in order that 或so that引导的目的状语从句中，也常常用虚拟语气，但这种结构中谓语动词多用could/might + 动词原形。例：He spoke slowly and carefully so that we all could understand him well.他讲得又慢又仔细，以便我们都能明白他的意思。4）在in case, for fear(fear), lest等引导的从句中，谓语动词多用should + 动词原形，其中should也常常被省略。例：Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain.带把伞以防下雨。He was punished lest he should make the same mistake again.他受到了惩罚以免他再犯同样的错误。注：in case后还可以跟陈述语气；for fear(that)后也常常接“may/might/would”.4、虚拟语气在It was time that, would rather后的从句中的用法在这两个句型中，从句常常用动词的过去式。例：It was high time we had our meal.我们该吃饭了。Wouldnt you rather your child went to bed early? 你难道不想让孩子早睡吗？ The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office. 经理宁愿自己的女儿不在自己的办公室上班。5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法1）情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。例：Would you be so kind as to give me a hand? 请帮我个忙好吗？2）在一些习惯表达中。例：Id rather stay home. 我宁愿呆在家里。3）用may + 动词原形表示祝愿，此时may必须置于