专业英语第一篇文章翻译.pdf

Historical Development of Matertials and Technology The common engineering materials include metals, cementing materials, concrete building stones, clay products, insulating materials, timber. Some of them are described here from the stand-point of occurrence, manufacture, properties, methods of testing, and use. The development of materials with improved properties is a vital phase of engineering. Progress in engineering construction has been dependent on the availability of materials of suitable physical properties in large quantities; for example, the development of the modern automobile was critically dependent on availability of high quality alloy steels, and the all-metal airplane was made possible by the development of light weight high-strength alloys. Phase: 相；阶段。 a distinct period or stage in a process of change or forming part of somethings development Example： phase two of the development is in progress. 第二阶段开发正在进行中。 Vital: 必要的，必不可少的。 it is vital that the system is regularly maintained.这个系统有必要 经常维修。 翻译： 常用工程材料包括金属、胶合材料、混凝土建筑石料、粘土产品、绝缘材料、 木料。对其中的一些在这儿从出现、制造、性质、检验方法和用途等方面加以描 述。 具有改进性能材料的发展是工程上一个至关重要的发展过程。工程建筑上的 进步一直以来依赖于具有合适物理特性材料的大量供应，例如，现代汽车工业严 重依赖于高品质的合金钢的可用性， 而轻质高强度合金的发展使全金属飞机的成 为可能。 It can be said that The history of materials is the history of man. Of course, the reverse can be stated:The history of man is the history of materials. It is said that New materials are a prerequisite for new technologies. Again the reverse is true. Furthermore, it is true that technology influences man and vice versa. From this viewpoint the question of pre-eminence among the three partners, man, materials and technology is an intellectual game: a controversy of the chicken and the egg type. reverse 相反，相对。文中作名词用 “the reverse can be stated.” Example: This material didnt resist to the heat, quite the reverse. 恰恰相反，这种材料根本就不耐热。 除做名词外，还可以做动词和形容词用。 做动词做动词：the ships engines reversed and cut out altogether. 船上的发动机出现反转，然后就全停了。 做形容词做形容词：the trend appears to be going in the reverse direction. 趋势似乎正在向反方向发展。 prerequisite 首要的，必备的，先决条件 prerequisite for (to) 的前提 或 的先决条件: Training is a prerequisite for competence. 接受训练是掌握技能 的前提。 Recognition is a prerequisite to understanding. 认识是理解的前提。 pre-eminence 超群，优秀、卓越 文中，”question of pre-eminence”译为：优先性命题。 Furthermore, it is true that technology influences man and vice versa. 另外，技术的确影响着人类，反之亦然。 vice versa:相反，反之亦然 adv. 解释： with the main items in the preceding statement the other way round 反过来也一样，反之亦然 e.g. science must be at the service of man, and not vice versa. 科学必须为人类服务，反之并非这样。 From this view point the question of pre-eminence among the three partners, man, materials, and technology, is an intellectual game: a controversy of the chicken and the egg type. 从这一观点可见，人类、材料和技术三者之间谁先谁后的问题 是一个智力游戏， 是个象鸡和蛋之类的引起争论的问题。 （即到 底是先有鸡然后有蛋， 还是先有蛋然后有鸡这一类问题， 人类、 材料和技术三者谁为先，谁为后，就像鸡和蛋何者为先一样， 所以说这一问题是一个智力游戏。 ） The earths population has been continuously multiplying since early man first appeared about two million years B.C. The population grew by a factor of 100 about 500,000 years, from 100,000 to 10 million, and this was reached about 4000 B.C. Despite natural catastrophes, plagures, and decimating wars, by 1820 the population had grown again by a factor of 100 to 1 billion people, this time in less than 6000 years. Today there are about 5 billion people and the doubling rate is only about 33 years. Accordingly, it is possible that in not quite 200 years time there will already be 100 billion (109) people on Earth. 翻译： 自从人类在大约公元前两百万年前出现在地球上以来，地球上 的人类一直在不停地成倍增长。 在大约 50 万年内， 人类人口的 数量增加了 100 倍， 从 10 万到 1 千万， 这一千万的人口大约是 在公元前 4000 年达到的。 尽管受到了自然灾害、 瘟疫和大规模 杀戮战争，到 1820 年，人口总数又增加了 100 倍，达到了 10 亿， 这次是在不到 6000 年的时间内完成的。 现在地球上的人口 约有 50 亿，而翻倍的速度大约仅需要 33 年。因此，可能在不 到 200 年的时间内，地球上的人口会达到 1 千亿（109） 。 catastrophe 大灾害，灾祸。 an environmental catastrophe.环境大灾难。 Plague 瘟疫，祸患（文中做名词用） 做动词用：折磨，烦扰，打扰。 he has been plagued by ill. 他一直被病魔折磨着 decimating 杀死大部分的，毁灭大部分的。 The condition for the flourishing of the species Homo Sapiens have improved over time such that man has made the Earth his subject. Through his materials and their uses in technical devices and processes, man has made favorable living conditions which he modifies continually and to which he in turn continuously adapts. Materials are on of our oldest cultural assets. Historical eras are named after the materials that dominated at that time: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age possibly the end of which we are living through at this time. New materials such as polymers, semiconductors and superconductors, advanced alloys and ceramics, the amorphous metals, and increasingly the composite materials, are appearing on the scene and providing an impetus for technological developments, often with far-reaching consequences. One can expect the discovery of more materials in the future. Every chemical compound and every alloy is a material that could potentially revolutionize our lives to the extent that the first stone tools revolutionized the life the early man. Thus the name for the new era should be chosen carefully and perhaps is best left to the future; a position too close could distort the perspective. 翻译： 近代人类繁衍兴旺的条件随着时间的推移改善了很多，以至 于人类使地球受其支配。通过他的材料和在技术装置和工艺上的 应用，人类创造了有利的生活条件，并对它不断改善，反过来， 人类也在不断地适应改善了的生活条件。 材料是我们最古老的文化财富之一。历史上的时代都以那个 时代占重要地位的材料来命名，如石器时代，青铜时代，铁器时 代，我们目前可能正在经历的是铁器时代晚期。新材料如聚合物、 半导体和超导体，先进合金和陶瓷，非晶态金属，和越来越多的 复合材料正在在不断涌现，并为常常具有深远影响的技术发展提 供动力。 预计将来会有更多的新材料被发现。每一个化合物和每一种 合金都对我们的生活有潜在的革命性的影响，在某种程度上就相 当于第一件石器工具对早期人类的革命性影响一样。因此新时代 的命名必须谨慎选择，可能最好是留到将在再命名，太靠近的位 置会歪曲新材料的发展前景。 “made the Earth his subject” 使地球受其支配。 ”providing an impetus for technological developments” 为技术发展提供了动力（刺激） e.g. provide the new evidence for the proposed mechanism. 为所提出的机理提供了新的证据 to the extent that that 引导同位语从句。 to an extent 在种程度上。 e.g. To an extent, perhaps the fast remark was true. To the extent that 还有“随着”之意 Its importance cant but grow to the extent that knowledge improves. 随着知识增长，知识的重要性也随之增长。 Materials are turned into tools, devices, machines, houses and streets. Revolutionary technological developments have, as in the case of materials, followed in quick succession in modern times. Thus important developments, such as printing, radar, radio, telephone, satellites, rockets etc., greatly enhance mans favorable living conditions. Obviously, it is not only materials and technology that have contributed to todays high standard of living, but also discoveries in medicine, agriculture, chemistry and pharmacy. All these areas have contributed to, as well as profited from, technological progress and thus play a significant role in the interactions of the disciplines. In succession: 接二连三地 In the case of: 至于，就来说 Play an important role:起到重要作用 contribute to: 贡献于，促进，推动的进展 Materials are turned into tools, devices, machines, houses and streets. Revolutionary technological developments have, as in the case of materials, followed in quick succession in morden times. 材料转化成工具、装置、机器、房屋和街道。在现代，就材料来说， 革命性的技术发展接二连三地迅速出现。 In the case of e.g. 1) In the case of light similar effects are present though we shall see some essential differences. 对于光也有类似的效应，虽然我们会看到一些本质的差别。 2）In the case of non-magnetic substances there is only one integral equation. 在非磁性物质的情况下，只有一个积分方程。 All these areas have contributed to, as well as profited from, technological progress and thus play a significant role in the interactions of the disciplines 所有这些领域都有助于同时地得益于技术进步，因此在各学科 相互作用中起着重要作用。 翻译： 材料可转变成工具、装置、机器、房屋和街道。在现代，革命 性的技术发展就材料来说是接二连三地迅速出现。因此，像印 刷、雷达、收音机、电话、卫星、火箭等重要的发展极大地促 进了人们有利的生活水平的提高。 很明显，不仅材料和技术为今天高水平的生活作出了贡献，医 学、农学、化学和药学上的发现也为今天高水平的生活作出了 贡献。所有这些领域都对技术进步作出贡献，同时也受益于技 术进步，因此在学科间相互作用中起了重要的作用。 It has taken a long time for developments to reach their current rate. The question arises whether the steeply increasing population curve and the increasing pace of technological innovations, some of which have a great influence on society, really represent true progress. Indeed, does not a growing demand for materials imply the looting of our planet of nonrenewable resources? Will there come a day when we are no longer in control of our own technology and the human spirit no longer matches progress? These are questions of our times, the answers to which must come from the natural and engineering sciences, especially from their interdisciplinary branch materials science, as well as the social sciences. 翻译：发展达到目前的速度已经花费了很长时间。问题在于，这种人 口的迅猛增长和技术革新速度的不断加快是否代表了真正的进步？ 它们中的一些已对社会产生了重大的影响。确实，难道对材料不断增 长的需求不就意味着在“掠夺”我们星球上不可再生资源吗？那一天 会不会来临，即我们不再能控制我们自己的技术，人类精神不再能赶 上这种进步的脚步？这是我们这个时代存在的问题， 这些问题的答案 必须来自自然科学和工程科学， 特别是它们的交叉学科分支材料科学 和社会科学。 The relation between man and technology holds a prominent, often emotionally charged position, within the inter-relationship of man, materials and technology. Ever since the Industrial Revolution, or even centuries before that, there have been intense controversies, unfortunately all too often linked with violence. In this context materials were entirely ignored, even though they have frequently triggered off technological progress in the past and present, and will continue to do so in the future. Materials are mostly a means to an end and were thus considered inferior. In fact materials are taken for granted: they are self-evident to most people. emotionally charged: 情绪激动的，紧张的 in this context: 在这种环境下，在这种背景下 trigger off：触发，引发 take for granted：理所当然 self evident：不证自明的，不言而喻的 翻译： 在人类、材料和技术这种相互关系中，人类和技术之间的关系占据了 一个重要的，经常令人激动的地位。自从工业革命以来，或在那以前 几个世纪，一直存在激烈的争论，不幸的是这些争论通常是和暴力联 系在一起。在这种背景下，材料完全被忽视了，即使它们在过去和现 在常常引发技术进步，并且在将来还会继续引发技术进步。材料大多 是最后采用的一个方法，因此在过去被认为是不重要，实际上材料毫 无疑问对于大多数人来说，其作用是不言而喻的。 It would be appropriate to discuss the train of thought Georgius Agricola (1556) expressed in one of his book. He wrote: If mankind ceased to use metals, all the possibilities to guard and preserve health, as well as to lead a life corresponding to our cultural values would be taken away. For, if the metals would not exist, people would lead the most detestable and most miserable life among wild animals: people would return to eating acorns and berries, they would pull out roots or herbs and eat them, they would dig caves with their fingernails and lay there at night and would roam the woods and fields during the day just as it is custom with wild animals. Since such conduct is entirely unworthy to human reason, is there anyone so foolish and stubborn not to admit that metals are necessary for sustenance and clothing, and that they serve to protect the human life? the train of thought: 一系列思想 翻译： 在此讨论 Georgius Agricola 在他一本书中描述的一系列思想是 比较合适的。他写道：“假如人类停止使用金属，所有保护和保 持健康以及过上符合我们文化价值观生活的可能性都将不复存 在。因为金属不存在，人们将过在野生动物中间最可怕和可悲 的生活，人们将回到吃橡实和浆果的日子，他们将拔出根和草 来吃，他们用手指挖洞，晚上在那里睡觉，白天则将在树林和 陆地上游荡，就像野生动物具有的习惯一样。因为这样的行为 完全不值得人们去思考，谁还会愚蠢和固执到不肯承认金属对 人们的吃和穿是必不可少的，和用来保护人类的生活的呢？ Even after more than 400 years this statement is relevant. Everything said about metals can be generalized to all materials. Agricola addressed t