模块二-亚太财经与发展中心.ppt

Chapter2:IntroductiontoDevelopmentEvaluation模块2:发展评价导言,What?概念,OECDDACCriteriaOECDDAC准则,DevelopmentEvaluationContext评价的发展背景,Origin&History起源和历史,PrinciplesandStandards原则和标准,ProfessionalAssociations专业协会,2,Introduction导言,Evaluation,WhatIsIt?什么是评价？OriginandHistoryoftheEvaluationDiscipline评价学科的起源和发展历程EvaluationDevelopmentContext评价的发展背景PrinciplesandStandardsforDevelopmentEvaluation发展评价的原则和标准,3,OECDDefinition经济合作与发展组织（OECD）对评价的定义,Evaluation评价Theprocessofdeterminingtheworthorsignificanceofanactivity,policy,orprogram确定一项活动、政策或计划的价值或者重要性的过程anassessment,assystematicandobjectiveaspossible,ofaplanned,on-going,orcompletedintervention对一项计划中的、实施中的或者已经完成的干预措施开展的尽可能系统客观的评估,Evaluation:WhatIsIt?什么是评价？,5,KindsofEvaluations评价的种类,Formative形成性评价focusonimprovedperformancebeforeandduringimplementation(project,programorpolicy)注重（项目、计划或政策）执行前和执行中绩效的提高Summative总结性评价focusonoutcomes(consequences)注重结果（成果）Prospective前瞻性评价assesthelikelyoutcomesofproposedinterventions对建议的干预活动后所产生的可能结果进行评估Isthisprogram/project/policyworthevaluating?该计划/项目/政策值得进行评价吗？Willthegainsbeworththeeffort/resourcesexpended?相对于付出的努力和资源，评价获得的收益值得吗？,6,PurposeofEvaluation评价的目的,Ethical道德Managerial管理Decisional决策EducativeandMotivational教育和激励,7,BenefitsofEvaluation评价的益处,Helpsanswerquestionsaboutinterventions有助于回答有关干预的问题Benefitsforpeople对人的益处directvs.indirect直接或间接intendedvs.unintended有意或无意short-termvs.long-term短期或长期,8,WhattoEvaluate?评价的对象,Projects项目Programs计划Policies政策Organizations组织Sectors部门Themes主题Countryassistance国家援助,9,UsesofEvaluations评价的运用,Givefeedbackontheperformanceofpolicies,programs,andprojects对政策、计划和项目的绩效做出反馈Makepolicies,programs,andprojectsaccountableforhowtheyusepublicfunds使政策、计划和项目能对公共资金的使用做出合理解释Helpstakeholderslearnmoreaboutpolicies,programs,andprojects帮助利益相关者了解更多有关政策、计划和项目的信息Carriedoutaroundtheneedsoftheprimaryintendeduser围绕主要预期使用者的需求开展评价Clarifytheoryofchangeforprojects,programs,andpolicy明确项目、计划和政策的变革理论,10,EvaluationProvidesInformationon:评价提供以下几方面的信息：,Strategy策略层面-Aretherightthingsbeingdone?是否在做正确的事？Operations操作层面-Arethingsbeingdoneright?做事的方式是否正确？Learning学习层面-Aretherebetterways?有无其它更好的方法？,11,MonitoringandEvaluation监测和评价,Monitoring监测routine,ongoing,andinternalactivityoftrackingkeyindicators常规性持续性地跟踪关键指标internalactivity属于内部活动usedtocollectinformationonaprogramsactivities,outputsandoutcomestomeasureperformanceoftheprogram用于收集某个计划的活动、产出和成果的相关资料以衡量其绩效Evaluation评价periodandtimebound具有一定的时限性canbeinternal,externalorparticipatory可以是内部、外部或者参与式的periodicfeedbacktokeystakeholders定期向关键的利益相关者进行反馈,12,WhoConductstheEvaluation评价的主体,Internalevaluators:内部评价人员usuallyknowmore通常更加了解：history,organization,culture,problems,successes被评价对象的历史、组织、文化、存在的问题及取得的成就maybetooclose可能与被评价对象的关系过于密切Externalevaluators:外部评价人员havemorecredibilityandspecializedskills具有更高的可信度和专业技能independentfromadministrationandfinancialdecisions不受管理和财务决策的影响,13,WhoConducts(cont.)评价的主体（续）,ParticipatoryEvaluation参与式评价representativesofagenciesandstakeholders(includingbeneficiaries)worktogetherindesigning,carryingoutandinterpretinganevaluation机构和利益相关者（包括受益人）的代表共同设计、实施和解读一项评价participatorymethodsmaybeusedininternalandexternalevaluations参与式方法可用于内部和外部评价,14,ParticipatoryEvaluation(vs.InternalorExternal)参与式评价(与内部或外部评价相比),Distinctionbetweenexpertsandlayperson,researcherandresearched,isde-emphasizedandredefined专家与外行、研究人员与研究对象之间的区别被淡化处理和重新定义Evaluatorsactasfacilitatorsandinstructors评价人员充当推动者和指导者Othersmaketheassessment由其他人进行评价Amoreradicalstepawayfromthemodelofindependentevaluation与独立评价模式存在根本性不同,15,EvaluatorActivities评价人员的活动,Consultwithmainclientandallkeystakeholders与主要客户以及所有的关键利益相关者进行磋商Reconstructorconstructtheoryofchange重建或建立变革理论Designtheevaluation设计评价活动Manageevaluationbudgets管理评价预算Performorconducttheevaluation(orcontractstafftoperformtheevaluation)实施评价（或者雇用人员实施评价）Identifystandardsforeffectiveness确认评价效果的衡量标准Collect,analyze,interpret,andreportondataandfindings收集、分析、解读和汇报数据和评价结果,16,Professionstatus专业地位,EducationandSocialPrograms教育和社会计划,EgyptandChina埃及和中国,Timeline时间表,ReconstructionafterWWBanks世界大战后的重建银行,17,OriginsofDevelopmentEvaluation发展评价的起源,Audittradition审计传统Socialsciencetradition社会科学传统,18,ChangingDevelopmentConcepts“发展”概念的变化,ReconstructionTechnicalassistanceEngineering战后重建技术援助工程学,GrowthProjectsFinance经济增长项目金融学,BasicneedsSectorinvestmentPlanning基本需求部门投资规划,AdjustmentAdjustmentlendingNeoclassicaleconomics调整调整贷款新古典主义经济学,CapacityCountryassistanceMulti-disciplinary能力国家援助多学科,PovertyreductionPartnershipsResults-basedmanagement减贫伙伴关系面向结果的管理,19,SignificantChanges重大变化,Frompartialdevelopmenttomorecomprehensivedevelopment从局部发展到综合性发展Towardglobalapproachestodevelopment寻求通过全球途径来促进发展Fromindividualeffortstocoordinated,participatorydevelopment从个体努力到协调的参与式发展Towardusingpartnershipsforlarge-scaledevelopmentchallenges寻求利用伙伴关系应对巨大的发展挑战,20,DevelopmentEvaluation:发展评价：,Asub-disciplineofclassicalevaluation传统评价的一个分支学科Usesavarietyofmethodologiesandpractices运用各类方法与实践Mixedmethodologiesworkbest混合使用多种方法能获得最佳效果,21,GrowthofProfessionalEvaluationAssociations专业评价协会的成长,Increasingnumbersofassociationsaroundtheworld,especiallyinthelastfewyears全世界专业协会的数量不断增加，尤其是过去几年来Demonstratemorevalueisbeinggiventodevelopmentevaluationasaprofession说明发展评价这个行业受到越来越多的重视Organizationscreateasupportsystemandallowforprofessionalism这些组织成立了一个支持系统，侧重考虑专业性,22,InternationalOrganizations国际组织,InternationalOrganizationforCooperationinEvaluation(IOCE)国际评价合作组织InternationalDevelopmentEvaluationAssociation(IDEAS)国际发展评价协会,23,DACCriteriaforEvaluatingDevelopmentAssistance发展援助委员会发展援助评价准则,Relevance相关性Theextenttowhichtheobjectivesofadevelopmentinterventionareconsistentwithbeneficiariesrequirements,countryneeds,globalpriorities,andpartnersanddonorspolicies.发展干预的目标和受益人的要求、国家需求、全球重点以及合作伙伴和捐助方的政策相吻合的程度Effectiveness成效Ameasureoftheextenttowhichanaidactivityattainsitsobjectives衡量一项援助活动达成其目标的程度Efficiency效率Measurestheoutputsqualitativeandquantitativeinrelationtotheinputs.用来测度相对于投入的定性和定量的产出,24,DACCriteriaforEvaluatingDevelopmentAssistance(cont.)发展援助委员会发展援助评价准则（续）,Impact影响Positiveandnegativechangesproducedbyadevelopmentintervention,directlyorindirectly,intendedorunintended发展干预活动直接或间接地，有意或无意地产生的积极和消极变化Sustainability可持续性Thedegreetowhichthebenefitsofanactivityarelikelytocontinueafterdonorfundinghasbeenwithdrawn衡量一项活动在援助者投资收回后，其收益可能继续下去的程度,25,DACSpecificPrinciplesfortheEvaluationofDevelopmentAssistance发展援助委员会（DAC）评价发展援助的具体原则,Purpose目的Impartialityandindependence公正性与独立性Credibility可信性Usefulness实用性Participationofdonorsandrecipients援助方和受援方的参与Donorcooperation援助方合作(continuedonnextslide)(转下页),26,DACSpecificPrinciplesfortheEvaluationofDevelopmentAssistance(cont.)发展援助委员会（DAC）评价发展援助的具体原则（续）,Evaluationprogramming评价体系Designandimplementationofevaluations评价的设计和实施Reporting,dissemination,andfeedback汇报、成果散发和反馈Applicationoftheseprinciples这些原则的应用,27,WhyStandards?为什么制定这些标准？,Promoteaccountability促进问责制Facilitatecomparability提高可比性Enhancereliabilityandqualityofservicesprovided提高所提供服务的可靠性和质量,28,EvaluationStandards评价标准,DACEvaluationQualityStandards(fortestphaseapplication)发展援助委员会评价质量标准（用于测试阶段申请）/dataoecd/30/62/36596604.pdfProgramEvaluationStandards计划评价标准/EvaluationDocuments/progeval.htmlUnitedNationsNormsforEvaluationintheUNSystem联合国系统评价规范/docs/ACFFC9F.pdf(continuedonnextslide)（转下页）,29,EvaluationStandards(cont.)评价标准（续）,StandardsforEvaluationintheUNSystem联合国系统评价标准/docs/ACFFCA1/pdfAmericanEvaluationAssociation(AEA)GuidingPrinciples美国评价协会（AEA）指导原则/Publications/G