新概念英语第三册语法精粹(终稿).doc

新概念三册语法精粹 第一章 定语从句1. 定语从句：由关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which; 关系副词 when, where, why 引导。（下面十个句子请读 5遍并脱口译出！）1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week. 2. The man (whom) you spoke to just now is my friend. 3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful. 4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in. 5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg. 6. He still remembers the day when he went to school. 7. It is no need telling us the reason why you didnt finish it in time. 8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war. 9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English. 10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, which children enjoy. 2. 只能用that和who引导的定语从句Aall, nothing, anything, a few, one做先行词指物时 B先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，后面常跟that而不是which. C先行词前有 the only, the first, the last, the next, the very等词修饰时，引导词只能用that。D当先行词是 anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody时，后面要用who或whom； All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的并非都是金子。 3. as 引导定语从句as 引导的定语从句有两种形式：A引导限制性语从句。在此类定语从句中，as常与主语中作为其先行词的such, the same或as联用构成，“such. as”，“the same. as”和“as .as”句型，可代替先行词。例如：We hope to get such a tool as he is using. 我们希望得到他正在用的那种工具。Bas 引导非限制性定语从句时，作用与which相同，as作为关系代词代替整个主句。 （这是语法考试的一个考点。）注意区别：as 引导的从句用于句首、句中或句后，而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首。例如：As is reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city.据报道，一个外国代表团将访问这个城市。 (二):状语从句超级作文联接词及词组，全部拿下！ 原因：because, since, now that（既然）as, for, this reason. 结果：so that, so, therefore, consequently, so as to, as a result . 时间：after, before, when, while, as, until, as soon as, since, by the time, once, lately, presently, shortly after, currently, at present, nowadays . 条件：if, only if., once, unless, in the event (that), in case (that), provided that, on the condition that, etc. 让步：though, although, even though(if), no matter what / how / when whatever / however / whenever . 目的：in order that, in order to, to, 比较：than, as . as, by comparison（相比较），by contrast（相对照）. (三):名词性从句王牌要点：通常由 that或疑问词导出。1. How some mammals came to live in the sea is not know.（主语从句）2. The attorney told his client that they had little chance of winning the case.（宾语从句）3. The problem is what well do next.（表语从句）4. We have no idea that he has come back.（同位语从句）同位语（Appositive）: 同位语是英语语法的重点内容，也是各类考试中的一个考点，同时，在写作中正确运用同位语可以使你的句型更加简洁得体。新概念英语 第三册第一课有这样一个句子： When reports came into London zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. （当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。） 在这里，a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London就是同位语从句，它本来应该放在 “reports”后面，这里却被放在了谓语成分 came into London zoo的后面，目的是让句型显得更为稳重。I简单记忆：同位语从句，就是对某些名词做进一步的解释的句子。 I was greatly shocked when I heard the news that his father died yesterday. （that 引导的句子解释了news的内容，注意：that不做任何成分）We have to face the fact that the weather is unexpectedly bad. （that 引导的句子解释了fact的内容）II联想记忆：能接同位词从句的名词有：belief（信仰），fact，idea，doubt，rumor（谣言），evidence（证据），conclusion（结论），suggestion（建议），problem，order，answer，discovery（发 现）explanation（解释），principle（原则），possibility（可能性），truth，promise（承诺），report（报告），statement（声明），knowledge（知识），opinion（观点），likelihood（可能性）大声朗读三遍，背下即可。III王牌要点： 同位语一般由that引导，但也可以用关系代词which, who, what和关系副词when, where, why, how或 whether 引导。 There arouse the question whether we could win the game. I have no idea howto explain it. 一些介词词组后面也能引导同位语从句。（非常经典之功能句式，可用于四六级和托福作文，不妨一试！）： on the assumption（在前提下）， on the ground（由于原因）， on the condition that（在条件下）， with the exception（有例外） owing to the fact（由于事实）； on the understanding（基于理解）； The young lady promised to marry the old man on the condition that he bought her a villa. 那位年轻的女士答应嫁给那位老头，条件是他给她买一幢别墅。IV分隔式同位语从句为了使句型平衡不至于头重脚轻，有时同位语从句可以放到句子的末尾，（读两遍此定义，然后看倒句：）An idea came to him that he might write to her to ask more information about the matter. I got information from my friend that there will be a marvelous American movie Titanic. V. 同位语从句与定语从句之区别简单记忆：定语从句的引导词 that 或 which在句子中用作主语或宾语，而同位语从句的引导词that只起连接主句和从句之作用，不用作任何成分。示例：Ive got an answer that A is right. (同位语从句，that 不做成分) Ive got an answer that surprised me a lot.（定语从句，that做定语从句的主语） VI王牌重点：可以充当同位语的词组或短语。 1）名词短语。（使句型更为简洁）Bill Clinton, the president of America, came to China to pay an official visit in 1998. Lu Xun, one of the greatest essayists in China, played an overwhelmingly important role in Chinese literature history. 2）动名词词组亦可用作同位语：别忘了加逗号。（使句型更为流畅）Im crazy about the game, playing baseball. Going to concert, that sounds a great idea. 3）不定式短语。（陌生只是掌握的开始）The problem what to do next remains unsolved. Her claim to have finished his work is nothing but a white lie. 4）形容词词组。（有逗号隔开）All the workers, young or old, should be treated equally. Young man, short or tall, should have the right to take the opportunity. VII. 同位语的引导词。（重要！这是中高级写作中不可缺少的引导成分）引导词用来表示同位语与它所说明的同位成分之间的关系：1namely, that it is, that is to say（也就是说）, in other words（换句话说）, or, for short 表示等同关系。2such as, say, so to speak（譬如说）, including（包括）, for instance（或 for example (e.g. / eg），表示举例和列举关系。3especially, mostly, chiefly, or better, in particular, particularly表示突出重点，（在高难度阅读中表示后面的部分为更重要或更突出的部分，是出题的关键点。） (四):虚拟语气 (四):虚拟语气虚拟语气用来表达不可能或难以实现的愿望，与事实相反的假设，通常分为基本的三种形式。 1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟：If + did / were + ., . would shouldcould + do （动词原形）might If I were you, I would go abroad at once. (I am not you.) If he knew it now, he could help me. (He doesnt know it now.) 2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟：If + had done + ., . would (might) have done . If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have phoned you.(I didnt know your telephone number.) If you had come here a littleearlier just now, you might have met her.(You didnt come here earlier.)3. 与将来事实相反的虚拟：(1) If + should + v., . would + v. （可能性很小）（译作“万一”）If it should rain tomorrow, you could stay at home. If I should fail, what should Ido? (2) If + did / were to + v ., would + v.（完全不可能）If the sun were to rise in the west, I would lend you the money. If you finished it in 3 minutes, I would give you my car.4. 金牌特殊重点：！简单联想记忆： 下列动词后的“宾语从句”中需要用虚拟形式，即should + 动词原形，shoud在美国英语中要省略（TOEFL语法考点）。此类常见的动词有： order, ask, decide, demand, require, recommend, suggest（建议）insist（坚决要求），advise, etc. 例句：He suggested that we (should) help them with English. The teacher ordered that the homework (should) be finished within half an hour. 下列名词后的同位语从句中要用“should + 动词原形”（should可省去）的虚拟。 suggestion, order, request, demand, importance, proposal. He made a suggestion that we (should) have a fancy dress party. I think it is a thing of importance that it (should) be done soon. It is / was important / necessary / natural / essential / advisable / strange / surprising, ect. + that +主语+ should + v. It is strange that you should say such a thing. It was important that you should tell me all the information. wish后的宾语从句中，as if 后的状语从句中，须用下列的虚拟形式： 主 + wish+ (that) + 主 + did / were（指现在） had done（指过去） would+ v.（指将来） Iwishthat I met my uncle now. IwishI had met my uncle yesterday. IwishI could meet my uncle tomorrow. It is (high) time that . + did / were . It is time that you went to bed. would rather that . + did / were . I would rather that you were not here now. would sooner that . + did / were . I would sooner that you got up earlier. I would sooner that you were not my brother. (五):代替与省略英语中，为了避免不必要的重复，经常用so, not, to, do, does 代替前面出现的动词或相关内容。如：He translated the article better than I did. (did代替wrote it) Doyou think she isclever? I think so. (so代替 she is clever) (1) 从上两例中看出，do / does / did 代替动词。(2) so 与 not 代替某个词、短语、句子等，通常用于hope, think, believe, expect, suppose, be afraid, fear, imagine, etc后作宾语。 E.g. Is it correct? Im afraid not. (not correct) (3) to 用作不定式，常跟随下列动词：want, mean, hope, expect, refuse, seem, intend, be, afraid, etc. E.g. I asked him to go to the party, but he refused to. (go to the party) (4) do so, do that, do it 用来代替动态动词，而不能代静态动词。 Eg. He gave up studying English. Why did he do so? (= give up studying English) The dish tastes nice. Yes, so it does. (tastes nice) (此句不能用it does it 或 it does so, 因taste属静态动词。(5) 为使语言精炼，避免不必要的重复，对话中常用省略形式。 E.g. He is thinking of buying a car? Is he?（这里，“thinking of buying a car”被省略了。） Will he come back in time? Perhaps.（省略了he will come back in time.) (六):倒 装根据语法要求，把谓语动词置于主语前，称为完全倒装，把助动词或情态动词置于主语前，称为部分倒装。1副词如：in, out, down, there, here, off, over, away, etc. 句子倒装。（完全倒装，但主语不能是代词） Down jumped the murderer from the tenth floor. In came Miss Green. （特别注意：当主语是人称代词时不倒装。） Away she went!（她走了！） Here you are!（你在这儿！）2only + 副词（介词短语）位于句首，句子要倒装。 Only then did he realize that he was mistaken. Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything. 3well, so, often, such, few, little 放于句首，句子形成倒装。 So fine was the weather that we all went out lying in the sun. Well did I know him and well did he know me. 4否定词或具有否定意义的词及词组用在句首时，句子须倒装。此类词有： neither，nor，hardly，scarcely， rarely，seldom，not，never，not only，barely，at no time，nowhere等。 e.g. Jack could not swim. Neither could Tom. Never have I seen such a good movie. 5as引导让步状语从句，须倒装。（准确地说，是将需要强调的词提到as的前面。） Rich as he is, he spends a cent on charity. Try as he does, he never seems able to do the work beautifully. 6在表示祝愿的句子中。 May you make greater progress! （愿你取得更大进步！）7在虚拟条件句中，连词if省略时，句型要倒装，即将were, had, should等词提到句首。 Were I you, I would go abroad to take advanced study. 我要是你，就出国进修了。 Should he come tomorrow, he would help us to settle the problem. 他要是明天来的话，他会帮我们解决这个问题的。 Were they here now, they could help us.= If they were here now, they could help us. Had you come earlier, you would have met him = If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.注意： 在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was， 即在从句中be用were代替。 If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。 If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。典型例题_ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I 答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Werent I to do.8百分特例重点： Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want. （NCE Book III Lesson 26） 尽管我们为自己的绝好鉴赏力感到自豪，但我们已经无法自由地选择我们所需要的东西了。 (七):形容词定义：形容词是用来修饰名词的词，描述名词的性质、外观、特点等。功能：形容词可以做定语、表语或补助语。分类：主要分为两类：描绘性形容词和限定性形容词。 描绘性形容词主要用来描绘大、小、新旧、颜色、质量等。 限定性形容词主要用来限定所修饰词的数量、距离及范围所属等。1当形容词修饰单数可数名词时，必须与冠词连用：a lovely girl, the naughty boy 2形容词可与系动词连用，做表语，说明主语的性状。常用系动词有：be，become，seem，appear，feel，look，taste，smell，sound，remain，go，turn，keep，stay, etc.The dish tastes delicious. The music sounds sweet. The milk went bad. 小心陷阱 feel，smell，taste，look，keep有时可以用作实义动词，并可以用副词修饰。He looked me up and down carefully. I tasted the soup slowly to see whether it was salty. 3形容词用作后置定语。（简单理解：一般的形容词修饰名词时放在名词前面，但有些形容词修饰名词时放在名词的后面）a river navigable（一条可通航的河）sight visible可见的景象person responsible（负责人）注意：responsible person（有责任心的人）the best way possible（尽可能好的办法） the number necessary（必要的数量）the people present（在场的人） 4只能作表语的形容词1某些表示健康状况的形容词。well（身体好的），ill（病的），faint（虚弱的），poorly（身体不好的）示例：His mother has been ill for a long time. 特别注意：sick是个特例。它既可做表语，又可做定语。He is sick for a couple of days.（他病两三天了）He is a sick person.（他是个病人。）2某些以 a-开头的形容词。如：afraid（害怕的），alone（独自的），alive（活着的），asleep（睡着的），awake（醒 着的），aware（意识到的）The old man is alone in the house.（老人一个人在家。）The teacher is alive with enthusiasm.（这位老师热情洋溢。）He is asleep in his mothers arms.（他在母亲的怀抱中睡着了。）I have been aware of the difficulty.（我已经意识到了困难。） (八):副词定义：副词用来修饰动词（系动词除外），形容词，其它副词或整个句子。功能：表示时间、方式、程度、范围等。分类： 时间及频度副词：before，frequently，always，usually 等 地点副词：here，northward，anywhere，above，below等 方式副词：rapidly，quickly，clearly，hard，well等 程度副词：quite，much，nearly，just，enough，perfectly，only 等 疑问副词：how，why，when，where 等例：He walked out of the room slowly. She looks very beautiful. We study English very carefully. Even a child can do it better. Perhaps she will telephone you tomorrow. 金牌要点：几个重要副词的使用：1. enough：修饰形容词或副词，须置于被修饰词后；而修饰名词时放在修饰词的前面。 He is old enough to go to school. I have enough money to buy this type of bicycle. 2. too：位于形容词或副词前。 She is too eager to see me. 3. very：置于所修饰的形容词、副词前。 He is very handsome and many girls like to speak with him. 4. much：修饰动词，形容词及副词比较级。 The subject has beentalked too much. Her dress is much more beautiful than mine. 5. still:“依旧，仍然”用于肯定句、否定句中。 He still remembers the days they spent together. I still can not catch his words. 6. yet: 位于疑问句末尾时意思是“已经”；用于否定句时意思是“还”。 Have you emptied the dustbin yet? I havent done that yet. 7. only: 根据句意灵活运用。（请翻译下面三个句子！） Only he can tell you how to do it. He can only tell you how to do it. He can tell you how to do it only today. 8. hardly, scarcely, seldom, never本身为否定意义副词，注意使用。 Hardly had we left the station when it began to rain. 你知道吗？几个易混淆的副词：1. easy: stand easy (= comfortably) easily: It cant be solved easily. 2. clear: The bullet went clear through the window. (= directly) clearly: Clearly, he doesnt know anything about it. (= obviously) 3. high: He can jump very high.（高地） highly: We think highly of the good teacher.（高度地）4. just: We have just know the news.（刚刚） justly: He was justly punished.（公正地） 5. hard: You must think hard.（努力地） hardly: He hardly knows about it.（几乎不）6. pretty: He is not pretty sure about it.（非常） prettily: The girl is prettily dressed.（漂亮地）7. near: He lives near the school.（附近） nearly: I nearly missed the bus.（几乎）8. late: Dont come late next time.（迟到） lately: I havent read novels lately.（最近）9. formally: You should be dressed formally at the meeting.（正式地） formerly: Formerly, he was the manager of the company.（以前）10. free（免费地）freely（自由地）11. most（最） mostly（大部分）12. sharp（准时地） sharply（严厉地） (九):冠词不定冠词“a”用来表示可数名词的单数形式，用于辅音音素前，an用于元音音素前。如：a person, a day; an hour, anold man. I定冠词用法如下：（英语刚启蒙时你就知道冠词了，可你真正掌握了吗？再背一遍又何妨？！）1用于双方都知道的名词前：Please cleanthe classroom2用于单数名词前，表示一类人或物：The horseis a useful animal.（马是有用的动物）This is a very hardjob for theteacher.（对于老师这是一项很难的工作。）3用于世界上独一无二的东西前：the sun, the spring. 4用于方位名词前：People in the west like coffee very much. 5用于乐器名词前：play the violin. 6用于计量单位前：Gasoline is soldby the gallon. 7形容词最高级和序数词前：This is the easiest way to work out the problem. He came to see me for first time. 8用于江河湖海山脉名称前：the Pacific，the Thames，the Rocky Mountains 9杂志、报刊名称前：the Times，the Overseas Digest 10用于建筑物、和组织前：the White House, theMinistry of Education 11用于姓氏复数前，表“某某夫妇，某某一家人”the Smiths，the Greens 12用于形容词前，表一类人 / 物：the rich, theblind 13用于 English，Chinese，French等名词前，表“全体国民”the English，the Chinese II以下情况不用冠词：1三餐前 breakfast，lunch，supper， . Have you had lunch？2体育运动项目前 playchess，. I have nointerest intennis. 3在由 by引出的交通工具前by air（乘飞机），by car 4在称呼或职位前 He has been elected president of the committee. 5习惯用语前 at school，day by day，at table（在吃饭），go to church（做礼拜）. (十):反意疑问句1一般用法： He is a student, isnt he? He isnt a student, is he? (1) “have to, had better, used to”要用下列方式反问： He has to finish the work, doesnt he? They used to smoke, didnt / usednt they? Youd better get up immediately, hadnt you? (2) “has, have”作为助动词和实意动词，反问形式不同。 We have done all the work, havent we? You have some time, dont you? 金牌要点如下:2.“seldom, barely, hardly, scarcely, few, little” 语意本身是否定，因此反意问句应为肯定形式。 She seldom comes to visit us, does she? He hardly knew it, did he? 3当主句为祈使句，反意问句提出要求，命令应用 “will you” Do it at once, will you? 但如表示邀请，劝告，反意问句用 “wont you” Have a cup of tea, wont you? 4否定祈使句应用 “will you” 来反问。 Dont open the window, will you? 5 “Lets” 短语 当其为肯定形式，“shall we” 提出反问 Lets play basketball, shall we? 当其为否定形式，“all right, ok” 提出反问 Lets not go to the party, all right? 如为 “let us .” 其反问形式应为 “will you” 提出请求 Let us go home, will you? 6当 “think, suppose, consider