成本与管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA02.ppt

2019/12/1,1,CHAPTER2,AnIntroductiontoCostTermsandPurposes,2019/12/1,2,LEARNINGOBJECTIVES,DefineandillustrateacostobjectDistinguishbetweendirectcostsandindirectcostsExplainvariablecostsandfixedcostsInterpretunitcostscautiouslyDistinguishamongmanufacturingcompanies,merchandisingcompanies,andservice-sectorcompaniesDescribethethreecategoriesofinventoriescommonlyfoundinmanufacturingcompaniesDistinguishinventoriablecostsfromperiodcostsExplainwhyproductcostsarecomputedindifferentwaysfordifferentpurposesDescribeaframeworkforcostaccountingandcostmanagement,2019/12/1,3,Learningobjective1Defineandillustrateacostobject,2-3,2019/12/1,4,BasicCostTerminology,CostSacrificedresourcetoachieveaspecificobjectiveItisusuallymeasuredasthemonetaryamountthatmustbepaidtoacquiregoodsandservices.,2-4,2019/12/1,5,BasicCostTerminology,ActualCostAcostthathasoccurred,(ahistoricalcost)BudgetedCostApredictedcostOpportunityCostThenextbestchoiceforegone.CostObjectAnythingforwhichaseparatemeasurementofcostsisdesired,2-5,2019/12/1,6,CostObjectExamplesatBMW,2019/12/1,7,CostAndCostTerminology,2-7,CostAccumulation,CostObject,CostObject,CostObject,CostAssignment,Tracing,Allocating,via,2019/12/1,8,BASICCOSTTERMINOLOGY,CONTS.,CostAccumulationdescribestheprocessofaccumulatingcostsinsomeorganizedmannerthroughtheaccountingsystem.Followingaccumulation,costsareassignedtothechosencostobject.involvestracingandallocatingcostsTracing：accumulatedcostswithadirectrelationshiptothecostobjectAllocating：accumulatedcostswithanindirectrelationshiptothecostobject,2019/12/1,9,Learningobjective2Distinguishbetweendirectcostsandindirectcosts,2-9,2019/12/1,10,DirectCostsandIndirectCosts,Directcostsofacostobjectarethosethatarerelatedtoagivencostobject(product,department,etc.)andthatcanbetracedtoitinaneconomicallyfeasibleway.Includes:PartsAssemblylinewagesCost-Tracingdescribestheassignmentofdirectcoststotheparticularcostobject.,2019/12/1,11,IndirectCosts,IndirectCostsCannotbeconvenientlyoreconomicallytraced(tracked)toacostobject.Insteadofbeingtraced,thesecostsareallocatedtoacostobjectinarationalandsystematicmannerIndirectCostsIncludes:ElectricityRentPropertytaxes,2-11,2019/12/1,12,Typesofproduct(manufacturing)costs,DirectMaterialsCanbephysicallyanddirectlyassociatedwithmanufacturingthefinishedproduct.DirectLaborTheworkoffactoryemployeesthatcanbephysicallyanddirectlyassociatedwithconvertingrawmaterialsintofinishedgoods.IndirectManufacturingfactorycostsNottraceabletotheproduct.knownasManufacturingOverheadcostsorFactoryOverheadcostsBasicallyeverythingbutdirectmaterialsanddirectlabor.,2-12,2019/12/1,13,2-13,2019/12/1,14,severalfactorsthataffecttheclassificationofcostsasdirectorindirect.P25Materialityofthecost.Thesmallertheamountofthecost,thelesslikelythatitiseconomicallyfeasibletotracethatcosttoaparticularcostobject.,DirectandIndirectCosts,conts.,2019/12/1,15,Severalfactorsthataffecttheclassificationofcostsasdirectorindirect.P25Easeofgatheringtheinformation.bar-codetechnologyhasmadeitpossibletotracejustaboutanymaterialusedinthemanufacturingprocessDesignofoperations.Acostusedexclusivelyforaspecificcostobjectcanbereadilytraced.,DirectandIndirectCosts,conts.,2019/12/1,16,Learningobjective3Explainvariablecostsandfixedcosts,2-16,2019/12/1,17,CostbehaviorandClassifications,2-17,Costbehaviormeanshowacostwillreacttochangesinthelevelofbusinessactivity.Totalvariablecostschangewhenactivitychanges.Totalfixedcostsremainunchangedwhenactivitychanges.,2019/12/1,18,2019/12/1,19,Costbehavior,Variablecostsareconstantonaper-unitbasis.Ifaproducttakes5poundsofmaterialseach,itstaysthesameperunitregardlessofwhetherone,ten,orathousandunitsareproduced.Fixedcostschangeinverselywiththelevelofproduction.Asmoreunitsareproduced,thesamefixedcostisspreadovermoreandmoreunits,reducingthecostperunit.,2-19,2019/12/1,20,FIXEDCOSTSANDVARIABLECOSTS,CONTS.,VariableCosts,P26,2019/12/1,21,VariableCosts,y=bx,wherey=totalcost,b=variablecostperunitandx=numberofunits.Coststhatvaryproportionatelywithchangesinthecostdriver.,2019/12/1,22,TotalVariableCostExample,Yourtotallongdistancetelephonebillisbasedonhowmanyminutesyoutalk.,MinutesTalked,TotalLongDistanceTelephoneBill,MinutesTalked,PerMinuteTelephoneCharge,VariableCostPerUnitExample,Thecostperlongdistanceminutetalkedisconstant.Forexample,5centsperminute.,2019/12/1,23,FIXEDCOSTSANDVARIABLECOSTS,CONTS.,FixedCosts,P27,2019/12/1,24,FixedCosts,y=a,whereaistheyinterceptandrepresentsthecostlevelregardlessofvolume.Eg,depreciation,rates&executivesalaries.,FixedCostPerUnitExample,NumberofLocalCalls,MonthlyBasicTelephoneBillperLocalCall,Theaveragecostperlocalcalldecreasesasmorelocalcallsaremade.,2019/12/1,25,Costbehaviorsummarized,2-25,2019/12/1,26,FIXEDCOSTSANDVARIABLECOSTS,CONTS.,Acostdriveriswhatcausesacosttobeincurred.P28Statedanotherwaythereisacause-and-effectrelationshipbetweenthelevelofactivityofthecostdriverandthecostincurred.,2019/12/1,27,FIXEDCOSTSANDVARIABLECOSTS,CONTS.,Relevantrangeistherangeofactivitywithinwhichcostsbehaveaspredicted.P28Costsarefixedorvariableonlywithrespecttoaspecificactivityoragiventimeperiod.Outsidethislevelofactivity,costsbehavedifferently.Thisisnotaconceptthatcanbedeterminedfromatextbook.Observationoftheactualcostsmustbedoneinordertodeterminethisrange.,2019/12/1,28,2-28,2019/12/1,29,MultipleClassificationofCosts,Costsmaybeclassifiedas:Direct/Indirect,andVariable/FixedThesemultipleclassificationsgiverisetoimportantcostcombinations:Direct&VariableDirect&FixedIndirect&VariableIndirect&Fixed,2019/12/1,30,2-30,2019/12/1,31,Learningobjective4Interpretunitcostscautiously,2-31,2019/12/1,32,UNITCOSTSANDTOTALCOSTS,Unitcosts(alsocalledaveragecosts)arenormallyusedinmakingdecisionssuchasproductmixandpricing.P30However,managersshouldusuallythinkintermsoftotalcostsformostdecisions.Fixedcosts,whenexpressedonaunitbasiscanbemisleading.,2019/12/1,33,33,UNITCOSTSANDTOTALCOSTS,CONTS.,Avoidusingthehigherunitcostwhenproductionlevelchanges.,2019/12/1,34,Learningobjective5Distinguishamongmanufacturingcompanies,merchandisingcompanies,andservice-sectorcompanies,2-34,2019/12/1,35,DIFFERENTTYPESOFFIRMS,Manufacturing-sectorcompaniespurchasematerialsandcomponentsandconvertthemintofinishedproducts.p32Merchandising-sectorcompaniespurchaseandselltangibleproductswithoutchangingtheirbasisform.Thesecompaniesareknownasretailers.Service-sectorcompaniesprovideservices(intangibles).However,thereisfrequentlyatangibleaspecttotheservice.,2019/12/1,36,Manufacturing,2-36,Manufacturingcompaniespurchasematerialsandcomponentsandconvertthemintofinishedgoods.,Amanufacturingcompanymustalsodevelop,design,market,anddistributeitsproducts.,createandselltheirownproducts,2019/12/1,37,Merchandising,2-37,Merchandisingcompaniespurchaseandthenselltangibleproductswithoutchangingtheirbasicform.,productresellers,2019/12/1,38,Service,2-38,Servicecompaniesprovideservicesorintangibleproductstotheircustomers.,Laboristhemostsignificantcostcategory.,2019/12/1,39,Learningobjective6Describethethreecategoriesofinventoriescommonlyfoundinmanufacturingcompanies,2-39,2019/12/1,40,TypesofInventory,InventoriableCosts,andPeriodCosts,TypesofInventoryDirectmaterialsinventoryWork-in-ProcessinventoryFinishedgoodinventory,2019/12/1,41,Typesofinventories,2-41,Resourcesinstockandavailableforuse,Productsstartedbutnotyetcompleted.OftenabbreviatedasWIP,Productscompletedandreadyforsale,2019/12/1,42,Typesofinventories,Merchandisingcompaniespurchaseproductsintheircompletedformanddonotmakechangesintheirbasicform.AninventoryaccountforamerchandisingcompanyiscalledMerchandiseInventory,orsimplyInventory.,2-42,2019/12/1,43,Learningobjective7Distinguishinventoriablecostsfromperiodcosts,2-43,2019/12/1,44,INVENTORIABLECOSTSANDPERIODCOSTS,Inventoriablecostsareallcostsofaproductthatareconsideredassetsonthebalancesheet.P33Thesecostsaredirectmaterials,directlabor,andfactoryoverhead.Theybecomeapartofthecostoftheproductandareassetsuntilsold,whentheybecomecostofgoodssold.Thesearealsoknownasproductcosts.Thesecostsarecapitalizedasassets(inventory)untiltheyaresoldandtransferredtoCostofGoodsSold.,2019/12/1,45,INVENTORIABLECOSTSANDPERIODCOSTS,CONTS.,Periodcostsareallcostsontheincomestatementotherthancostofgoodssold.P33Periodcostsaretreatedasexpensesoftheperiodinwhichtheyareincurred.havenofuturevalueandareexpensedasincurred,2019/12/1,46,CostFlows,Threekindscondition,2019/12/1,47,CostFlows,Periodcostsareallcostsintheincomestatementotherthancostofgoodssold.,2019/12/1,48,48,InventoriableCostsandPeriodCosts,conts.,2019/12/1,49,Illustration1-4,BeginningWorkInProcessInventory+TotalCurrentManufacturingCosts=TotalCostOfWorkInProcess,TotalCostOfWorkInProcess-EndingWorkInProcessInventory=CostOfGoodsManufactured,FormulaOfCostFlows,2019/12/1,50,2019/12/1,51,2019/12/1,52,CostOfGoodsManufactured,2-52,CalculatesthecostofDirectMaterialsUsed,Accumulatesthethreeproductcostsforthecurrentperiod,Adjuststhecurrentperiodmanufacturingcoststoaccountforunitsactuallycompleted,2019/12/1,53,IncomeStatement,2-53,FigurecarriesforwardfromtheScheduleofCostofGoodsManufactured,PeriodCostsareexpensedasincurred,2019/12/1,54,2019/12/1,55,2019/12/1,56,PRIMECOSTSANDCONVERSIONCOSTS,Primecostsisatermusedtodescribealldirectcostsordirectmaterialsplusdirectlabor.P38Primecosts=$76000+$9000=$85000Conversioncostsisdirectlaborplusfactoryoverhead.itisthecostofconvertingthematerialsintoafinishedproduct.Conversioncosts=$20000+$9000=$29000,2019/12/1,57,Measuringcostrequiresjudgment,TwotypicalcostOvertimepremiumOvertimepremiumofdirectlaborasoverheadcostratherthandirectcostforitsrandom.Ifovertimenotrandom,regardasdirectcost.IdletimeOverheadcostsiswagespaidforlackoforders,machinebreakdowns,materialshortages,poorschedulingandsoon.,2019/12/1,58,Learningobjective8Explainwhyproductcostsarecomputedindifferentwaysfordifferentpurposes,2-58,2019/12/1,59,2-59,Mayusea“super”costapproach(comprehensive),Veryspecificdefinitionsofcostfor“costplusprofit”(mark-up)contracts,GAAP-drivenproductcostsonly,Differentdefinitionsofcostfordifferentapplications,2019/12/1,60,2-60,2019/12/1,61,Learningobjective9Describeaframeworkforcostaccountingandcostmanagement,2-61,2019/12/1,62,THREECOMMONFEATURESOFCOSTACCOUNTINGANDCOSTMANAGEMENT,Calculatingthecostofproducts,services,andothercostobjects.Managersusethisinformationinavarietyofwaystoformulatestrategyandmakevariousdecisions.,2019/12/1,63,THREECOMMONFEATURESOFCOSTACCOUNTINGANDCOSTMANAGEMENT.CONTS.,Obtaininginformationforplanningandcontrolandforperformanceevaluation.Budgetingisthemostcommonlyusedtoolforplanningandcontrolandforcesmanagersto:LookaheadTranslatestrategyintoplansCoordinateandcommunicatewithintheorganizationProvideabenchmarkforevaluatingperformance,2019/12/1,64,Analyzingtherelevantinformationformakingdecisions.Managersmustunderstandwhichrevenuestoconsiderandwhichtoignoreinthedecision-makingprocess.Managementaccountingcanassistmanagersindeterminingwhichcostsarerelevant.,THREECOMMONFEATURESOFCOSTACCOUNTINGANDCOSTMANAGEMENT.CONTS.,2019/12/1,65,Question:FinancialStatementsforManufacturingCompanies,ChairsPlusisasmallfurnitur