学术综合英语Unit8.ppt

main,Unit8PEIEnergyFramework,2012,PartASectionAPre-listening-BackgroundInformation1.1,Pre-listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,Listening,ThreeMileIslandAccident,TheThreeMileIslandaccidentwasthemostsignificantaccidentinthehistoryoftheAmericancommercialnuclearpowergeneratingindustry.IthappenedonMarch28,1979,asaresultof,technicalmalfunctionsandhumanerror.Radiationwasreleased,apartofthenuclearcorewasdamaged,andthousandsofresidentswereevacuatedfromthearea.,LISTENING,SectionAPre-listening-BackgroundInformation1.2,Pre-listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,Listening,LISTENING,SectionAPre-listening-BackgroundInformation1.3,Pre-listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,Listening,Thoughitcausednoknowndeathsordiseasestoplantworkersormembersofthenearbycommunity,itbroughtaboutsweepingchangesinnuclearpowerindustry.Thedisasterinflamedpublicoppositiontonuclearpower.Afterthat,dozensofplannedreactorswerecanceled.,LISTENING,SectionA.NewWordsandExpressions,Pre-listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,Listening,nuclearpower核电bringonline使运行；把投入使用beopposedto反对wastedisposal废物废料处理,address应对，解决notinmybackyard事不关己reinvigorate给以新的活力studio演播室,LISTENING,SectionAListenTask1.1,Listentotheprogramandtrytogetitsmainideasbytakingnotes.Fillintheblanksaccordingtoyournotes.,Pre-listening,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,PartA,PartB,Listening,Intheradioprogram,theanchormanis.,LISTENING,3.Peoplesattitudestowardsnuclearpowerarenow.PresidentBush:.Otherpoliticians:.Environmentalistsinthepast:;now:.,SectionAListenTask1.2,Pre-listening,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,PartA,PartB,Listening,2.Intermsofthecurrentutilizationofnuclearenergy,FrancegetsandtheUSgets.,70%ofitselectricityfromnuclearpower,_,lessthanathirdofthatofFrance,_,changing,_,notmentioned,_,LISTENING,4.TheparticipantsinthedebateareDaveModeenfromandArjunMakhijanifrom.,5.Theanchormanmentionedsometelephonenumbersandhispurposeis.,SectionAListenTask1.3,Pre-listening,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,PartA,PartB,Listening,LISTENING,Task2.1,Listentotheprogramagainandtrytoanswerthefollowingquestions.,HowmanynuclearpowerplantswereputtouseinFranceinthepast30years?,58inthepast30years.,2.HowmanynuclearpowerplantswerebuiltintheUSduringthesameperiod?Why?,None.BecauseoftheThreeMileIslandAccident,peopleworryaboutthesafety.,Pre-listening,Listening,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,PartA,PartB,LISTENING,Task2.2,3.Technologically,whatarepeopleworriedabout?,Theymainlyworryaboutissuessuchassafetyandwastedisposal.,4.Whyaresomeenvironmentalistslessstronglyopposedtotheconstructionofnuclearpowerplants?,Becausenuclearpowerplantsposemuchlessthreatcomparedtoglobalwarming.,Pre-listening,Listening,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,PartA,PartB,LISTENING,Task2.3,5.WereDaveModeenandArjunMakhijaniinthesamestudio?,No,theywereonairfromtwodifferentstudios,oneinNorthCarolinaandtheotherinMaryland.,Pre-listening,Listening,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,PartA,PartB,LISTENING,Script1.1,PartA,PartB,NuclearPowerPlants,ImClareFlado.WelcometothisspecialbroadcastonScienceFridayfromScienceF.YourelisteningtoTalkoftheNationonScienceFriday.ImClareFlado.Francegetsabout70%ofitselectricityfromnuclearpower.HereintheUS,thatnumberislessthanathirdofthat.Francehasbrought58nuclearplantsonlineinthelast30years.TheUShasntorderedanynewplantsheresincethe,Anchorman:,LISTENING,Script1.2,PartA,PartB,the1970s,followingtheThreeMileIslandAccident.Butthatmayallbechanging.PresidentBushhassaidhewantstoseeanincreasedemphasisonnuclearpowerhereintheUS,includingstartingconstructiononnewplantsbytheendofthedecade.Butisthecountryreadyfornuclearpower?Hasthetechnologyimprovedtothepointwhereconcernsoverissuessuchassafetyandwastedisposalcanbeaddressed?Willthephrase“Not,LISTENING,Script1.3,PartA,PartB,“Notinmybackyard”strikefearintheheartofpoliticians?Isthereapoliticalwilltobuildnewplants?Ontheotherhand,ironically,wereseeingenvironmentalistswhooncewererigidlyopposedtonuclearpower.Someofthemarenowsaying“Ascomparedtoglobalwarming,nuclearenergyposesmuchlessthreat.Itsreallythelesseroftwoevils,althoughthiswouldbeenoughtoreinvigoratethecalltogonuclear.”Whatdo,LISTENING,Script1.4,PartA,PartB,doyouthink?Wellbetellingyoudebatingonthenuclearenergyproposalthishour.DoyouthinkweshouldconsiderrevisingnuclearenergypoliciesintheUnitedStates?Whatdoyouthinkaboutit?Ournumber1-800-989-8255,1-800-989TALK.Letmeintroducemyguests.DaveModeenisthevicepresidentofthenucleardivisionfortheElectricPowerResearchInstitute(EPRI).,LISTENING,Script1.8,PartA,PartB,ItsbasedinCharlotte,NorthCarolina.HesjoiningusfromourWashingtonstudio.WelcometoScienceFriday.ThankyouClare.AndArjunMakhijaniisthepresidentoftheInstituteforEnergyandEnvironmentalResearch(IEER)fromTakomaPark,Maryland.Welcometoourprogram.ThankyouClare.,Dave:Anchorman:,Arjun:,LISTENING,Script1.9,PartA,PartB,EnvironmentalResearch(IEER)fromTakomaPark,Maryland.Welcometoourprogram.ThankyouClare.,Arjun:,LISTENING,Script2.1,PartA,PartB,NuclearPowerPlants,ImClareFlado.WelcometothisspecialbroadcastonScienceFridayfromScienceF.YourelisteningtoTalkoftheNationonScienceFriday.ImClareFlado.Francegetsabout70%ofitselectricityfromnuclearpower.HereintheUS,thatnumberislessthanathirdofthat.Francehasbrought58nuclearplantsonlineinthelast30years.TheUShasntorderedanynewplantsheresincethe,Anchorman:,LISTENING,Script2.2,PartA,PartB,the1970s,followingtheThreeMileIslandAccident.Butthatmayallbechanging.PresidentBushhassaidhewantstoseeanincreasedemphasisonnuclearpowerhereintheUS,includingstartingconstructiononnewplantsbytheendofthedecade.Butisthecountryreadyfornuclearpower?Hasthetechnologyimprovedtothepointwhereconcernsoverissuessuchassafetyandwastedisposalcanbeaddressed?Willthephrase,LISTENING,Script2.3,PartA,PartB,“Notinmybackyard”strikefearintheheartofpoliticians?Isthereapoliticalwilltobuildnewplants?Ontheotherhand,ironically,wereseeingenvironmentalistswhooncewererigidlyopposedtonuclearpower.Someofthemarenowsaying“Ascomparedtoglobalwarming,nuclearenergyposesmuchlessthreat.Itsreallythelesseroftwoevils,althoughthiswouldbeenoughtoreinvigoratethecalltogonuclear.”What,LISTENING,Script2.4,PartA,PartB,doyouthink?Wellbetellingyoudebatingonthenuclearenergyproposalthishour.DoyouthinkweshouldconsiderrevisingnuclearenergypoliciesintheUnitedStates?Whatdoyouthinkaboutit?Ournumber1-800-989-8255,1-800-989TALK.Letmeintroducemyguests.DaveModeenisthevicepresidentofthenucleardivisionfortheElectricPowerResearchInstitute(EPRI).ItsbasedinCharlotte,NorthCarolina.HesjoiningusfromourWashingtonstudio.WelcometoScienceFriday.,LISTENING,Script2.8,PartA,PartB,ThankyouClare.AndArjunMakhijaniisthepresidentoftheInstituteforEnergyandEnvironmentalResearch(IEER)fromTakomaPark,Maryland.Welcometoourprogram.ThankyouClare.,Dave:Anchorman:Arjun:,LISTENING,SectionBBackgroundInformation,Pre-listening,Listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,TheComingNuclearRenaissance,Thirtyyearsago,theThreeMileIslandaccidentbroughttheexpansionofthenuclearindustrytoahalt:dozensofplannedreactorswerecanceled;notasinglenuclearplanthasbeenorderedandbuiltintheUnitedStatessince1979.But30yearsafterThreeMileIsland,thenuclearfuturelooksbrighterthanithasinalongtime.,LISTENING,L-B-P.2,Pre-listening,Listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,The“nuclearrenaissance”startedunderPresidentGeorgeW.Bush.Withinmonthsafterhetookofficein2001,Bushseta2012goalofGreenhouseGasReductionInitiative.ThenuclearenergyindustryplayedasignificantroleinhelpingtoachievePresidentBushscleanairgoals.From2002to2007,nuclearprogramsgot$6.2billionforresearchanddevelopment,twiceasmuchasfossilfuelprogramsreceived,accordingtotheGovernmentAccountabilityOffice.,LISTENING,L-B-P.3,Pre-listening,Listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,OnFebruary16,2010attheIBEWLocalHeadquartersinLanham,Maryland,PresidentObamasaidthatsafe,newnuclearpowerplantsarea“necessity”asheannouncedmorethan$8billionfederalloanguaranteestobuildthefirstnuclearpowerplantinthreedecades.Andthatisonlythebeginning.TheObamaadministrationwilltriplethebudgettofinancesafe,cleannuclearfacilities.,LISTENING,L-B-P.4,Pre-listening,Listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,BarackObamaiscommittedtoensuringAmericasenergyindependenceandenvironmentalprotection.“Whetheritsnuclearenergyorsolarorwindenergy”,saidthepresident,“ifwefailtoinvestinthetechnologiesoftomorrow,thenweregoingtobeimportingthosetechnologiesinsteadofexportingthem.”;“Thefactis,eventhoughwevenotbrokengroundonanewpowerplantin30years,nuclearenergyremainsourlargestsourceoffuelthatproduces,LISTENING,L-B-P.5,Pre-listening,Listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,producesnocarbonemissions.Tomeetourgrowingenergyneedsandpreventtheworstconsequencesofclimatechange,wellneedtoincreaseoursupplyofnuclearpower.Itsthatsimple.”,LISTENING,SectionBBackgroundInformation_GreenhouseGas1,GreenhouseGasReductionInitiative:analternativetotheinternationalKyotoTreaty,includingaseriesoftaxcreditsandotherincentivestoencouragebusinessandfarmerstoreduceharmfulemissions.Themajordifferencesarelistedbelow:,PartA,PartB,LISTENING,SectionBBackgroundInformation_GreenhouseGas2,PartA,PartB,LISTENING,SectionBBackgroundInformation_GreenhouseGas2,PartA,PartB,LISTENING,L-B-P.NewWordsandExpressions,inevitable不可避免的premature未成熟的；早熟的taxcredit税收减免liabilityprotection负债准备；负债保护机制insure保险metrics度量衡，标准achievable做得成的，可完成的，可有成就的commission委员会,Pre-listening,Listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,LISTENING,L-B-P.NewWordsandExpressions,certify证明，证实forthcoming即将来临的，将出现的congressional国会的loandefault贷款违约；贷款拖欠Westinghousereactor威斯丁豪斯反应堆fantasyland梦境，幻境perspective视角；观点,Pre-listening,Listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,LISTENING,AccordingtoDaveandArjun,theUSgovernmentisinsupportofnuclearpowerwiththehopeof1);2).,Task1.1,Pre-listening,Listening,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,PartA,PartB,Listentothetalkandtrytogetitsmainideasbytakingnotes.Fillintheblanksaccordingtoyournotes.,solvingtheproblemofgreenhousegasemission/globalwarming,_,solvingtheproblemofpowershortage,_,LISTENING,4.Withimprovementintechnology,thenuclearpowerplantsareclaimedtohavebecomeincreasingly.,2.AccordingtoArjunthepossibilitythatmorenuclearpowerplantswillbebuiltintheUSis,3.Ifmorenuclearpowerplantsaretobebuilt,theytosolvetheelectricityshortageintheUS.,Task1.2,Pre-listening,Listening,PartA,PartB,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,small/slim/slight,_.,arestillunable,_,safer,_,LISTENING,Task1.3,Pre-listening,Listening,PartA,PartB,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,5.IntermsoftheviewthatnuclearpowerplantscanhelpaddressAmericasenvironmentalproblems,DaveandArjunwitheachother.,disagree,_,LISTENING,Task2.1,Listentothetalkagainandtrytoanswerthefollowingquestions.,Pre-listening,Listening,PartA,PartB,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,Accordingtotheanchorman,howmuchwasthetaxcreditforenergy?Whatfor?,$3.1billionforliabilityprotection.,2.AccordingtoDave,isthereaninsurancesystemforthenuclearpowerindustry?,Yes,thereisaself-insuringsysteminplaceeversincetheybegantooperateascommercialprograms.,LISTENING,Task2.2,Pre-listening,Listening,PartA,PartB,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,3.AccordingtoArjun,howmanynuclearpowerplantswillhavetobebuiltiftheUSistoachievethelevelofFrance?Andatwhatrate?,Sevenoreighthundrednuclearpowerplantsinthenext50years,i.e.,twoorthreeeverytwomonthsforthenext40years.,4.AccordingtoArjun,iftheUSisgoingtobuildsixnuclearpowerplantsin10years,cantheyhelptosolveAmericaspowershortageandmeetthedemand?,No.Itsjustlikeafewdrops(ofwater)intheboxesandwouldntaccountformuch.,LISTENING,Task2.3,Pre-listening,Listening,PartA,PartB,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,5.AccordingtoArjun,cantheconstructionofmorenuclearpowerplantshelptoaddresstheissueofglobalwarming?,No.Itissofaratleastafantasyland,whichmeansitisstillunabletohelpaddresstheissue.,LISTENING,Letstalkwiththetwogentlemenaboutthis.Itappearsinevitable,doesitnotthatthegovernmentisgoingahead,Dave,withtheprematurenuclearpower?Yes,Ithinkverymuchso.AndtherereanumberofreasonsthatIcantthinkof.Itstryingtoaddressthegreenhousegasemissions,onlyoneofthemanyfactorsthatreallygettheBushAdministrationtocomeoutsostronglyinfavorofnuclearenergy.,L-B-L.1Script1.1,PartA,PartB,ShouldThereBeMoreNuclearPowerPlantsintheUS?,Anchorman:Dave:,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script1.2,Infact,Imreadingfromaphysicsarticle,andphysiciststodayweretalkingabouttheUScommerces2005energybillhastaxcreditswith$3.1billioninit.Anditgivessomethingimportant,whichisliabilityprotection,whichthenuclearindustrylostfollowingtheThreeMile.Oneofthethingstheycouldntgetwasinsurancefollowingthatcrash?No,Idontbelievethatscorrect.Theresbeena(actor)infacttheindustrysself-insuring,Anchorman:Dave:,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script1.3,andastructurethatthegovernmentputsinplace,thatreallyhasamodelsystem,whichessentiallyhasnofault.Theinsurancehastohandlecostfromsuchaccidents.Thatsbeeninplaceforthehistoryofacommercialprogram.Sowhyhaventtherebeennuclearpowerplants?Ithink,quitefrankly,untilthebeginningofthe90swedidnotoperatetheplantsaswellaswedotoday.Wevehadasteady,Anchorman:Dave:,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script1.4,steadyincreaseintheefficiencyandtheeffectivenesstodaywherethefleet-wideaverageis90%efficiency.Itsthelowestcostbasedongenerationandbyallmetricsboththeindustryandthegovernmentsayitssaferandsafertodaythanithaseverbeen.Arjun,yourreaction?Yeah,well,firstofall,Imverygladinthissuddensoftcornerweshoulddosomethingaboutglobalwarming.Because,Anchorman:Arjun:,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script1.5,Iagreethatitsagiganticandperhapsthemostimportantenvironmentalproblemhumanityhaseverfaced.InordertoaddresstothelevelofFranceweneedaboutsevenoreighthundrednuclearpowerplantshereinthenext50years,ifyouwant70%inthiscountry,whichmightbebiggerthanFrancewithamuchbiggerelectricitysector.Thatsaboutmaybetwomonths,twoorthreeeverytwomonthsforthenext40years.,LISTENING,years.Notinanachievablelevel.Inregardtotheenergybill,itsveryinterestingthatthenuclearpowerindustry,afterhalfacenturyofgovernmentssupport,stillwantssubsidies.WallStreethasnoconfidenceinnuclearpowerandalthoughalotofpeoplearetalkingaboutit,nobodysreallyorderedthereactoryet.Accordingtothephysicsarticle,theNuclearChoice(Regulatory)Commissioncertifiesthedesignofanewreactor,aWestinghouse,L-B-L.1Script1.6,Anchorman:,LISTENING,WestinghousereactorlastDecemberandIthinkthatordersmaybeforthcomingwithinthenexttwoyears.Yeah,Ithinkthatordersmaybeforthcominginthefirst6.Theextentofgovernmentsubsidiesperreactormaybeonetotwobillionayearacoupleofyearsago,thecongressionalbudgetofficehadestimatedtherewouldbeahighlikelihoodofloandefaults.Soyouknow,ifthegovernmentguaranteesloansandputsupmaybefive,10,12billionsdollarsforthefirstsixplants.,L-B-L.1Script1.7,Dave:,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script1.8,Wellhavesixplants,buthowfaristhatgoingtotakeus?Ourgrowthinelectricityrequires2030plantseveryyearandifwehave6plantsin10years,itsreallyafewdropsintheboxes.Soyouareagreeingthattherearenotenoughplantsbeingordered?No,Imnotagreeing,butImsayingthatnobodyislininguptoreallybuildalotofnuclearpowerplants.Andtosaythat,Anchorman:Arjun:Anchorman:Arjun:,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script1.9,nuclearpowerplantsaregoingtobetheanswertotheelectricitysectorsrolesandtoglobalwarmingissofaratleastafantasyland.Dave,yes.Icouldofferacoupleofperspectives,Anchorman:Dave:,LISTENING,Letstalkwiththetwogentlemenaboutthis.Itappearsinevitable,doesitnotthatthegovernmentisgoingahead,Dave,withtheprematurenuclearpower?Yes,Ithinkverymuchso.AndtherereanumberofreasonsthatIcantthinkof.Itstryingtoaddressthegreenhousegasemissions,onlyoneofthemanyfactorsthatreallygettheBushAdministrationtocomeoutsostronglyinfavorofnuclearenergy.,L-B-L.1Script2.1,PartA,PartB,ShouldThereBeMoreNuclearPowerPlantsintheUS?,Anchorman:Dave:,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script2.2,Infact,Imreadingfromaphysicsarticle,andphysiciststodayweretalkingabouttheUScommerces2005energybillhastaxcreditswith$3.1billioninit.Anditgivessomethingimportant,whichisliabilityprotection,whichthenuclearindustrylostfollowingtheThreeMile.Oneofthethingstheycouldntgetwasinsurancefollowingthatcrash?No,Idontbelievethatscorrect.Theresbeena(actor)infacttheindustrysself-insuring,Anchorman:Dave:,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script2.3,andastructurethatthegovernmentputsinplace,thatreallyhasamodelsystem,whichessentiallyhasnofault.Theinsurancehastohandlecostfromsuchaccidents.Thatsbeeninplaceforthehistoryofacommercialprogram.Sowhyhaventtherebeennuclearpowerplants?Ithink,quitefrankly,untilthebeginningofthe90swedidnotoperatetheplantsaswellaswedotoday.Wevehadasteady,Anchorman:Dave:,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script2.4,steadyincreaseintheefficiencyandtheeffectivenesstodaywherethefleet-wideaverageis90%efficiency.Itsthelowestcostbasedongenerationandbyallmetricsboththeindustryandthegovernmentsayitssaferandsafertodaythanithaseverbeen.Arjun,yourreaction?Yeah,well,firstofall,Imverygladinthissuddensoftcornerweshoulddosomethingaboutglobalwarming.Because,Anchorman:Arjun:,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script2.5,Iagreethatitsagiganticandperhapsthemostimportantenvironmentalproblemhumanityhaseverfaced.InordertoaddresstothelevelofFranceweneedaboutsevenoreighthundrednuclearpowerplantshereinthenext50years,ifyouwant70%inthiscountry,whichmightbebiggerthanFrancewithamuchbiggerelectricitysector.Thatsaboutmaybetwomonths,twoorthreeeverytwomonthsforthenext40years.,LISTENING,years.Notinanachievablelevel.Inregardtotheenergybill,itsveryinterestingthatthenuclearpowerindustry,afterhalfacenturyofgovernmentssupport,stillwantssubsidies.WallStreethasnoconfidenceinnuclearpowerandalthoughalotofpeoplearetalkingaboutit,nobodysreallyorderedthereactoryet.Accordingtothephysicsarticle,theNuclearChoice(Regu