特殊定语从句.doc

英语：定语从句拾零一、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限定性定语从句限制修饰词的意义，如果把它拿掉，句子意思不清楚，所以不能拿掉。翻译时要放到所修饰词的前面。Thats the machine (that/which) he designed.这就是他设计的机器。非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不太紧密，对所修饰词的意思没有限制作用，把它拿掉对句子基本上没有影响，句子依然完整。通常用逗号把它和句子的其他部分分开，翻译时译成并列句。Peter，who had been driving all day，suggested stopping at the next town.Peter开了一天的车，提议在下一座城市停下来。注意：1、前四讲提到的关系代词和关系副词都可以引导限定性定语从句，但是关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限定性定语从句，也不能省略任何关系词，即：即使当who，whom，which在定语从句中做宾语时也不能省略。David，whom/who I played tennis with on Sundays，was a coleague of mine.These books，which you can get at any bookshop，will give you all the information you need.2、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句含义的区别The boys who wanted to play footbalw ered isappointed when it rained.这句话的含义为“当天下雨的时候，想踢足球的孩子们感到很失望”。也就是说，孩子们中只有想踢足球的孩子在天下雨的时候感到失望。The boys，who wanted to play footbal，were disappointed when it rained.这句话的含义为“孩子们想踢足球，当天下雨的时候他们感到很失望”。也就是说，提到的这些孩子都想去踢足球。二、固定结构It is the 序数词 time that结构中，that引导的定语从句要用现在完成时态。例如：It is the third time that I have been here.It is (high) time that结构中，that引导的定语从句中要用一般过去时态，或者使用should do，should不可以省略。例如：It is time that you should go to bed.It is time that you went to bed.三、关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语当介词位于定语从句的句尾时，当先行词指物时，定语从句的关系代词可以使用that或which，或者省略，当介词提前时，只能使用which(见第一组);当先行词指人时，定语从句的关系代词可以使用whom、who或that，或者省略，当介词提前时，只能使用whom(见第二组)。由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句多用于正式的文体，能做这种用法的关系代词主要考点是关系代词which.第一组The ladder (which/that) I was standing on began to slip.The situation in which he found himself was very difficult.第二组The girl (whom/who/that) I spoke to was a student.The man with whom I was traveling didnt speak English.注意：1、当从句中的谓语动词是非常固定的含有介词的词组，而且如果提前介词会是动词词组的词义不清时，一般介词不提前。例如：This machine，which I have looked after for 20 years，is stilw orkingp erfectly.(look after为固定词组，因而不提前after)2、介词的使用介词的选择受到一定的限制，或与先行词的搭配有关，或与从句中的谓语动词的搭配有关，有时需要同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配。Mr.Brown is the man with whom I went to London.(with the man)The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs for which they are being trained.(are being trained for)The clever boy made a hole in the wall，through which he could see what was happening inside the house.(through a hole，see through)与关系代词搭配的介词是复杂介词。He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree.四、定语从句中的主谓一致的问题在定语从句中，当关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，谓语的数由先行词决定；当先行词为one of+复数名词，定语从句中的谓语复数；当先行词为the(only，very，last)one of+复数名词，谓语用单数.This is the last thing that interests me.That is one of the rooms that are free now.He is the only one of the students who is interested in sports.五、当way做先行词时，后面跟的定语从句缺少状语时，关系词可以使用that，in which或者不加关系词I didnt like the way that he eyed me.I didnt like the way in which he eyed me.I didnt like the way he eyed me.六、在非正式文体中，在place，time，day，reason等词的后面的定语从句，即使定语从句缺少宾语，关系副词可以省略或者使用关系代词that.This is the place (where/that) we met yesterday.I shall never forget the day (when/that) we first met.The reason (why/that) he came so early is his own affair.Do you know the right time (when/that) the meeting begins？七、which、whose引导定语从句在从句中做定语时，也能做介词宾语It rained all night and all day，during which time the ship broke in pieces.I called him by the wrong name，for which mistake I should apologize.The prince was the person in whose honor the ball was given.八、一般情况下，定语从句紧接先行词，但是有时为了保持句子的平衡，定语从句可以后置。例如：The day will come when the people all over the world will win liberation.when引导的定语从句修饰the day，但是主句the day will come太短，如果把后面的定语从句放在the day后面，主语太长，给人头重脚轻的感觉。九、all，both，few，most，several，some，one，two+of+whom/which等结构引导的定语从句为非限制性定语从句。Her sons，both of whom work abroad，ring her up every week.An angry crowd surrounded the buses，most of which were already full.I bought a dozen eggs，six of which broke down when I dropped the box.That building，which cost $5 million to build，has been empty for years.十、有一些动词词组由“动词+名词”或“动词+名词+介词”构成，这种情况可以把名词提前，做定语从句的先行词。例如：The great trouble he took to show us how to run the machine made him completely tired out.take great trouble to do something是一个固定词组，先行词the great trouble后面的定语从句为he took to show us how to run the machine，made为主句的谓语动词。十一、当定语从句中缺少表语时，使用关系代词that，既能指人也能指物，但往往省略Dr. Smith still talks like the man (that) he was ten years ago.My typewriter is not the machine (that) it was.十二、there be结构用做定语从句时，使用关系代词that，既能指人也能指物，但往往省略The 9：15 is the fastest train (that) there is to Oxford.Kent is supposed to be a gifted footballer (that) there has ever been.十三、在定语从句中也有出现倒装语序的情况Along the path stood some signs，on which were writen “Keep off the grass”.定语从句为on which were written “Keep of the grass”，主语为“keep of the grass”，谓语动词为were written，on which做地点状语，所以出现了倒装语序。再如：Yesterday I went to a town，where stands a huge monument.十四、注意下面两句话的特殊性1)Just now we stood on the top of the hill，from where we could see the