建筑系统及高层住宅楼的前厅控制中英文翻译、外文文献翻译、外文翻译

建筑系统及高层住宅楼的前厅控制 作者：迈克尔 .波斯纳和鲍勃 .卡彭特 摘要：“电梯从住宅的 10 层抵达 25 层。浓烟和火焰在 22 层。我们的人被困在第 23 和第 24 层的阳台上。这支部队准备就绪。 ” 我们都听到说： “ 灭火要去第一线。 ” 还有另一个方面 ,这将有助于确保一个积极的和安全的这种类型的事件中有一个全面的工作知识建立系统，了解控制类型，并且知道如何建立它。让我们开始用各种建筑系统的讨论。 火灾报警系统的面板 (FAS） 上面给出的初步报告包含了许多明显的信息相对于真正的抵达显示。你如何抵达被报告的火场的 时间是不是 没有可见的证据？ 当今 的现代高层建筑，能源节约经常 将 测量 装置布置 那么 紧密以至于 消耗一个或更多房间 的能源 和街道的显示 无关，但消防系统却显示不出什么内容 。在这种情况下，消防报警系统（ FAS）的面板是最重要的。 下面是一个例子：最近一 次 在迈阿密 -戴德 的 报警，公司 接到 一个在现代住宅 高楼第 十楼 抽 烟 的 911 来电者的报告 。一个 电梯管理员和一个物管公司人员前去 调查，现场指挥官（ IC） 也 派出 消防队员去找火灾报警装置 ，以确定是否 有其他情况。 也有人 指出电梯已经失控 。 最早 到达 的物管公司人员向现场指挥官 转达了这一结论 并 建议 对 电梯进行检查 ， 如果可能的话。而阶梯公司开始上升。 物管 公司的 第三个 高级人员抵达 火灾报警 面板，能够 通过命令获得情况，在 第九层电表房，这 里显示面板上的烟雾探测器 已 激活。这与从通过在楼梯间 的 大厦居住者得到的信息相符了。虽然这结果是一个小警报，更加 明确 的情况可能 发生 在第九楼，因为 队员 是无保护推进 并 未察觉地板 上的火 。 大厦维修人员，如果有的话，可以直接 说出火灾报警 面板的位置。他们也应该能够帮助找 得到 建筑系统其余的楼梯和电梯。他们可能 是 锁定 火灾 位置的关键。请记住， 由于 该建筑物 维修人员 是不会明白的消防部门的优先次序，因此， 决策时要小心 ，在了解居民 的资料基础 上 决定战术。该人员或消防队员 可以在消防报警 面板毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 2 中可以继如位置信息的报警指挥，报警类型的铃声，和烟雾感应器或水流量指示器启动。官员或消防人员能 更 远地传递信息，火灾报警已经确定。这将使它更容易沟通，随后将覆盖更多的警报沉默命令。从获得的信息表明， 消防队的警报 被激活。消防队员 可以告诉烟雾 探测器 已被激活，甚至可能给你确切的公寓传感器 通知你 。由于没有从地面展示，这至少给你地方开始你的调查，即使是虚假的恶作剧电话或因设备或系统故障意外引爆。 水流量警报也可显示。根据该系统的年龄和方法，它用来表示水流量（对老 牌水马达 功率 ），这将是重要的，让你知道有可能已被火或喷头举行消防检查。该 消防队 还可能告诉你如果消防泵运行。无线电消防队员找到消防泵，并确认是否工作正常。我们将讨论更彻底的消防泵在本文后面。 （ 1）典型的火灾报警系统面板（ FAS）。（照片由埃尔文冈萨雷斯。） （ 2）（ FAS） 火灾报警系统的 手机插孔。 无线电失效的主要问题是高层建筑施工材料，因为会导致即使是最先进的无线电系统的干扰。有些 报警装置的 紧急电话系统（照片 1）内部 进行 通讯，它可能 是在通信建设的唯一手段。紧急电话系统 的 手机 插孔 面板 空间有 电气室 、 消防泵室或在较新的高层建筑群 的 “ 指挥中心 ” 。检查加州消防规范，应该至少 有 6 个 手机 插孔面板 。该插孔应该被 布置 （照片 2）在各楼层都接近或在楼梯间和电梯。 火灾报警系统 还可能包括语音通信系统，使您能够在整个 建筑物发布 公告。例如，您可以使用这个系统，以直接 通知 他们留在 自己 的寓所（ 自救 ）或 进入 疏散楼梯，或者在某些情况下你可以 报告 紧急状况 ， 你可以公布具体的公寓 、 具体的楼层。毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 3 监测设备可能 将 出现 的 连续变化或新的激活事件 显示在火灾报警装置 面板 上 。显然，如果使用得 当，可以接收和传递 消防队更 多的信息。这不是为 调查 工作。 指挥官指示正 命令该小组 前往该 高层建筑中。 消防栓 在建设 你的 消防栓系统时（ FDC） ,明确 指出 消防栓 的位置 。 如果你不做 ,很可能它将隐匿 在 整个建筑物美丽树篱中 。判断 如果 它们 是 否是 分开 ,竖管和喷洒器 是否和FDC 关联。分 系统 应该做永久标记 (照片 3、 4)。 (FDC)可以在墙壁或 岗亭 。一些的司法当局 要求 在 岗亭 登上 这些准则 。在迈阿密 -戴德区 , FDC 离 大厦至少 50 英尺，除非建造者 能证明 大厦的 底座使得这部分不能这样设计 。如果那样的话 ,建造者必须寻找一 分站， 同时建立关系 ,这是为安全 起见以 让消防人员避开 落下的残片 .检查你的社区中 这邪恶设施是否符合本地的设备设计标准。 FDC 分开的储水塔和洒水装置的连接（ 3， 4）。 FDC 应避免铁器等垃圾的混淆 ，所以一定要检查 装置 前的障碍物。另外还要检查拍手阀和旋转 螺母 ，以确保它们运作正常。通常 ,你会发现 消防队飞快的拧消防栓 。金属塞曾司空见惯 ,但这些沉重的铜插头有一定的价值作为废铁金属。因此 ,覆盖或塑料覆盖与螺母是不常见的。如果你要找的地方 ,是在金属 管头与管座连接 之前 。但这样做 是可以的， 不可能消除第二 管座 ,或是在有压力的情况下会脱落爆炸性的阀瓣不能正常运作。如果你找到可以冷冻或损坏时 ,警报建设前 物管部门把它 修复。如果你发现这个在事件发生时 ,你就能解决这个问题很容易以 双管 /双 座 适配器 使用 。 用两 根管线连接 FDC,但不要等待两线 同时接通 。 在 第一 根管线 指控 接通后 ,再连接第二 根 。连接两条线保证连续的水供应的情况 不 发生变化。传统的 经验 提出一毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 4 个发动机排放压力开始 150 到 200 磅 /平方英寸 (psi),根据建筑物的高度和摩擦损失可进行第三根 软管连接。请咨询当地标准操作规程和指导方针。我们将讨论最佳的压力。 消防泵 如前所述，消防泵运行是非常重要的。此外，你必须确保它是抽水，而摄入量和供应阀门没有通过破坏或疏忽行为关闭。 让我们回顾消防泵的基础知识。消防泵供给的压力， 储水塔 和喷水灭火系统的建设。消防泵控制器和一个单独的 赛马泵 控制器监测系统中的（照片 5）的压力。如果消防泵控制器检测到压力下降，例如当一个或多个喷头是因为发生火灾或 储水塔 放电激活，打开，泵应自动启动并保持预设的压力。 消防 泵控制器监视器的 提示称压力轻微泄漏，不慎使用的水在系统内引起波动 消防 泵，等等，并防止不需要的一个主要的消防泵间歇运行。 （ 5）（左）赛马泵控制器 ；（右）消防泵控制器 工程师确定必要的压力 保证 大厦的所有区域 给水 。由于海拔造成的压力损失，非常高 的 压力是保证在顶层上的充分压力 所 需要的。例如，如果一个系统需要达到275 psi 到顶层，保持足够的排气压力，这将导致对潜在危险的低层高的压力 ， 该泵不知道哪里有火。在这个例子中，它被设置为保持在 275 psi 的泵流量，克服海拔，实现在系统中的最高流量 100 psi。 为了防止低层超标准排 水 的压力，压力调节装置（ PRDs）或压力减压阀（ PRVs）安装在 最低楼 。 PRDs 或 PRVs 是有必要的静态 压力大于 175 psi 的在系统中。此外，如果流量超过 100 psi 的压力，您必须安装认可的设备。 PRD 控制相当数量压力可毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 5 利用在储水塔水管出口。 其中一些设备被设备安置 ； 其他是可调整的领域。在1991 年 2 月 23 日的费城， 这次 广场火 灾 的关键问题是不适当地设置了 PRDs 并且没有 允许得到 足够的压力。 PRDs 是可调整的领域，但是，当操作他们的技术员到达的时候， 已经 几小时 后的 事 情了。 关于 PRDs 的各种各样的类型的讨论是超出这篇文章的范围之外。 我们刚才提到一个无线电设备消防队员必须找到消防泵，并确保它正在运行。如果 消防泵被发现是不起作用，你必须纠正这种情况。咨询泵规格板，以确定对泵的最高工作压力。这一信息传递给发动机的驱动程序 ， 以便 它 能调整 它 的放电压力对储水塔 放水 的充分。在抽 水时可能 导致在较低楼层上的不充分和可能危险地低流量。此外 ， 使用在储水塔的一个轴向压力表放电将证实适当的压力，必须设置，当水流动时，去除 扰动 并且提供直接控制。您将发现并且许多这些问题在计划期间 内 ，重要性的不 再 被过分强调。 储水塔 南 佛罗里达所有新的大厦储水塔 都达到了 30 英尺高。早先代码阐明，将要求它 们 比 楼 高 50 英尺或更高。 所有大厦有直到符合 2012 年新的要求。因为 它 们也许变化，您应该熟悉您的关于储水塔的 设计规范 。再次，最佳的方式确定大厦是否有一座储水塔是通过 预先 计划。并且，切记建造者将做任何东西保存一 定余留 ，即使它是一英寸 规范 要求。南佛罗里达有许 多 49 英尺 、 11 英寸大厦。记住检查残骸和水，和充足排放口。召回有储水塔的三个基本的分类： 类 是仅为消防队使用。 2 个半英寸的排放 ,意在为重流操作。 类 II 是为居住者使用的急救装置。一般情况下 ,在一个软管排放是内阁中常见的地区 ,他们将有一个附加乘员使用软管和喷嘴总成。警告 :消防队员 永远不应该依赖于这些附加软管 灭火 。 类 III 是一种组合系统 ,提供为 1.5 2 系 数排 放， 适合从事火灾袭击的初期阶段的超越火灾。 毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 6 第 九 消防部门在纽约的 “ 引擎制造公司 ” 总结了公司的业务类型站管道最简洁明了。他们可分为两种方式之一 ,根据系统是否含有水分。 为湿 、燥或组合。潮湿的系统 ,它含有水的提升 , 以城市干线、重力水箱、压力柜、和 /或消防泵。 干燥系统，可配备自动供水来源，但许多 是 干管，可能 原因是物管 公司没有水需要供应。这后一类被称为 “ 人工干 ” 的制度。 组合系统包括那些与 储水塔 系统互联喷头。大多这些系统是 “ 湿 ” 并且是特殊利害关系，因为消防队消防车必须及时地增添洒水喷头和软管排列水流量要求附有储水塔系统。 喷头 正常运转的喷头是消防队员的最佳盟友。他们将控制或消灭在初期阶段的时间在绝大多数火灾，造成火灾损失大幅度下降，只要是正常工作的覆盖面积和通畅。正如所有好的东西，也有负面。对喷头 有害的 是冷却水排放的烟雾，使空气流通更加困难。也有可能增加水的损害。虽然自动洒水器是非常有效的，不要自满，当你在一洒建设到达。为了有效，系统的运作必须按设计，其中包括保持适当的经营压力，例如，如果有一个以上的 12 楼和消防泵火不运行（见 消防泵段），它是不可能有将足够的水流入国内的压力，只有控制火势。有一个建设灭火洒水系统指标。可能有一个关于水流量报警调度报告，喷洒 指标 方面指出抵达或流出的水系统排水管。然而，确定喷头的存在最好的方法是再次通过 初期 规划 确认 。 在喷水 龙 头的一 个 分开想法 ： 在火之后，关闭系统 ， 必须由您的公司证实这，不是外人。 不要关闭喷水 龙 头，因为您认为火是小的，因为您担心工作在浪花之下，或者，因为可以在别处更好使用您感到有限的供水。记住：绝大多数的时间，喷水隆头将是您的盟友。 暖通空调系统 高层住宅楼 的暖通空调系统不同于商业楼宇。在一个商业建筑，气候和空气质量控制在整个大区或区域，如整个楼或多个楼区。相反，住宅高楼，共同的地方，毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 7 如走廊，大堂，并集结地区，是由中央控制的空气处理系统，个人住宅有其气候控制包单位，共同的领域也由服务无烟搬迁或撤离系统，这是分开的。当在一个共同的区域烟雾探测器启动，它通常会影响废气的地板和地板施压，立即上面和下面。当正常，这可以防止从公寓到楼梯的烟雾侵入。 电梯 目前有关何时使用电梯的讨论 。 多数同意，如果火在第六楼之下，采取 楼梯 。如果它在第六楼之上，使用电梯。当使用的火警 启动 电 梯，最重要的是在消防队员使用的服务了。如果不这样做，可以把消防队员直接向起火层，在那里他们可以找到自己的 位置 ，门启闭机的方式打开。分配充分 的每 一位消防人员到在消防员的服务操作。 每 位消防人员需要 熟练 使用在消防员的服务电梯，并且必须有 对讲机 和 强行破拆 工具。记住，工具不是仅为强迫 进入 。如果某事出错，消防人员也许需要强迫出口工具。 必须管理用于任一种火电话的电梯在消防员的服务之下，即使它似乎象问题是 “ 未成年人 ” 。经营在非火事件期间的这个方式下将使消防人员是熟练的在一个真实的紧急状态期间，使用电梯在这个方式，并且消灭 猜测。另外 ， 当使用电梯为中间着陆服务，但是不要 是着 火地板，消防员的服务应该仍然使用保证所有交通 恒定的控制到火。 让我们简要地回顾在消防队员的服务模式，电梯运行。消防人的服务有两个阶段：一期回顾了电梯到指定的地板上喷洒水流量报警或烟雾探测器或由火灾自动激活 ， 记得大厅钥匙开关。热探测器的激活将 “ 分流 ” 的力量和电梯完全禁用。 第二阶段 ,是指从手动操作电梯在汽车消防活动。电梯门钥匙 ,可以发现 ,在一个空格键在一楼电梯降落。检索关键 ,把它变成大堂电梯关键面板 (图片 6),并把它的位置 ， 取出钥匙上。这让我想起了汽车的电梯银行第一层。当电梯到达 ,在电梯井的烟用手电筒、火或水。如果你看到他们中的任何一个 ,不使用这个电梯。 毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 8 （ 6）在电梯一期消防员的服务。 （ 7）你必须考虑到汽车的电梯钥匙，实现二期消防员的服务。 指定一个装了无线电消防员 (工具 )呆在轿厢。在达到预期的地板 ,该名消防员的车 ；如果执行失败 ,将返回的主要为额外的人员和资源 ；他的车。在进入电梯轿、插入相同的键进入消防队员的服务 (图 7)、槽、转向上的位置。你现在是在第二阶段的模式。清除内存打电话取消按钮按下了。当使用电梯时 ,不要把它 直接到火 层 地板下面一或两层楼。 报告， 它也是一个好主意 ,试着去一个较低的楼层要确保电梯工作是否正常。年长的热敏性叫按钮上电梯可以打电话给汽车直接降落到火地板如果系统运行不正常。在这点上 ,被充分的准备是无法预见的故障 ,这可能会需要你直接到火的地板上。这意味着独立的呼吸器具的地方可以在准备好了，铁杆或木材准备，以防止堵塞门开脚刹车失控，和水。 当您推挤选择时地板，记住举行门关闭，但是吨，否则它将停留开放。 同样，当您到达您的目的地时，按并且拿着门开放按钮。 它是一个好想法打开门半路看一看在什么您涉及在那个地板上。多数电梯也有比它打开关闭门以百分之 五十 更加快速的速度的安全特点。并且，观看在盘区的有启发性消防人员盔甲。 如果它开始闪动，立刻退出电梯。这表明烟传感器在电梯或机器屋子激活了。 这也许导致使这个电梯失去能力的 “ 分流器旅行 ” 。 大堂控制 因此，大厅控制，并且大厅管理员 (LCO)及早必要，但是不在最初的攻击线位置被舒展和被推进在火地板上。记住：当我们在火上时，把水放事只变得更好。 这项毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 9 任务不会是容易，并且需要合作两个或多个乘员组确定它完成迅速和高效。 这些其他作用发生，与引擎和卡车公司分享收集的信息。大厅控制需要许多作用例如责任，巩固电梯，启远地设置盘区和建立系统和搬空。 LCO 应该分配或委派这些作用和保证其中每一得到必要的支持。 LCO 是有监督当局和的知识这些作用的命令官员的一个位置。安置这些作用在命令官员的监督下提供一个适当的控制范围相关作用。 问责制。许多部门在这个功能的缺失或不一致的。它也许是其中一最重要部分从命令的方面，因为我们必须总是知道我们的人民 在 哪里。请记住，当有在战术或其他主要变化在场面上时的一个变化，举办点名。 （ 8）正式问责制板 是用来跟踪公司的位置和状态。 指派一个问责官员（ AO）的，并建立一个正式的问责制（照片 8）。这项功能需要，必须及早开始进行监测，直到所有的队员都完成了任务，已经退出了建筑，并已被释放。 指挥官 需要在程序或瓶颈 上确立 哪些成员正在进入和退出的建设。您可能需要超过如果多个接入点的使用。当一个分期或人员集团是建立楼上的问责官员方面所做的努力与协调问责官员。 避难。仔细考虑是否需要撤离。乘员流动性，建筑布局，当然，建筑物的耐火能力，在规划的所有因素，并进行疏散。大多数情况下，住户没有立即威胁的火灾是在富裕的地方剩余。 不过，居民往往不知道我们的策略或进展，并撤离自己。在这次袭击中放置在适当的间隔消防队员楼梯直接占用到一个不同的楼梯间，如果他们是在退出该建筑物的意图。使用语音通讯系统可以减少遇到的困难在这里。人们在大堂或退出方式会干扰试图进入消防队员聚集。消防当局表示，美国在 1996 年（ USFA-TR-082）的人员疏散是主要问题之一在高楼火灾。考虑指派一名船员或与警方联络，监察疏散居民，并防止他们聚集在大厅里。建立一个安全区，以畜栏内的毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 10 住户。这是包括在你的训练演习，警方将支付巨额 付款 。在迈阿密 -戴德，我们已尽可能在演练， 这对于一个比较顺利的运作，使一个真正的警察部门打电话。每个人都知道其他的期望，以及积极的关系是在控制的条件下成立的，而不是在紧急情况。 我们刚刚触及到的回应住宅高层表面的许多方面。选址建设的 FAS 小组或消防指挥中心，以搜集资料之前，公司将更迅速和协调的反应，结果相当于一个邻居。指挥员可以直接 调度 成员，以确保工程按设计系统的工作和消防部门的青睐。电梯的控制是至关重要的。在大堂的控制是至关重要的 以避免 挤塞情况，确保访问和响应公司出口畅通。 如同所有的技能 ,他们就会减少 ,如果他们只用就更难。有些地区或反应区只 包含高层。为部门或公司的混合法系 ,高耸入云的发生率较低的 ， 也许是最好的。熟悉、前期策划、培训是最好的办法来保证最高水准的服务 ,这些结构的公民 ,占据让彼此的安全。 麦波斯纳是迈阿密戴德（佛罗里达州）消防救援，他是队长和中央操作训练军官。他协助发展并提出了人员发展计划（ ODP） ， 他提出 并 协助开发官员发展方案(ODP)， 是 ODP 的主角辅导员。此前，他曾与玛格消防救援。 鲍勃是一个消防 30 年的老兵，并且是一个伊斯兰会议组织 23 年的老将的迈阿密 -戴德（佛罗里达州）消防救援，在那里他是北地区培训业务人员新兵训练局的 ，他协助制定和提出的人员发展计划值（ ODP），作为志愿者消防员担任。 毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 11 英文原文： Building Systems and Lobby Control in Residential High-Rises By Michael Posner and Bob Carpenter “ Engine 10 arrival on a 25-story residential high-rise. Heavy smoke and flames on the 22nd floor. We have people trapped on balconies on the 23rd and 24th floors. This unit will be Command.” We have all heard the saying, “as goes the first line, so goes the fire.” There is another aspect that will help ensure a positive and safer outcome of this type of incidenthaving a thorough working knowledge of building systems, understanding lobby control, and knowing how to establish it. Lets begin with a discussion of the various building systems. FIRE ALARM SYSTEM PANEL (FAS) The initial report given above contains a lot of obvious information relative to what is showing on arrival. What about the times when you arrive on the scene of a reported fire and there is no visible evidence? In todays modern high-rises, energy conservation measures often button the build ing up so tightly that you can have a well-advanced fire that is consuming one or more rooms and their contents with absolutely nothing showing from the street. In this case, the fire alarm system (FAS) panel is paramount in importance. Here is a case in point: On a recent alarm in Miami-Dade, companies arrived at a modern residential high-rise based on a 911 callers report of smoke on the 10th floor. An engine and a ladder were sent to investigate, and the incident commander (IC) sent another crew to the FAS panel to determine if additional information was available. It was also determined immediately that the elevators were inoperative. The first-arriving ladder company relayed this finding to the IC and suggested that the elevators be checked and the situation be corrected, if possible. The ladder company began its ascent. The officer of the third company, on arriving at the FAS panel, was able to redirect the crew, through Command, to the ninth-floor electric meter room, which was showing smoke detector activation on the panel. This coincided with information obtained from a building occupant who passed the ascending ladder company in the stairwell. Although this turned out to be a minor alarm, more advanced conditions could 毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 12 have been developing on the ninth floor as the crew was advancing unprotected and unaware of the floor above the fire. Building maintenance personnel, if available, can direct you to the FAS panel location. They should also be able to assist you in finding the remainder of the building systems, the stairs, and the elevators. They may have keys for the locked locations. Keep in mind, however, that the building agent is not likely to understand the fire departments priorities； therefore, be careful when making tactical decisions based on civilian information. The officer or firefighter at the FAS panel can relay information to Command, such as the location of the alarm, the type of alarm ringing, and the smoke sensors or water flow indicators activated. The person at the FAS panel should silence the alarm after the fire condition has been determined. This will make it much easier to communicate in the building, and subsequent additional alarms will override the silence command. Information obtained from the FAS panel may indicate that a pull station has been activated. The panel may tell you of smoke sensors that have been activated and might even give you the exact apartment involved. With nothing showing from the ground, this at least gives you somewhere to start your investigation, even if it is a false prank call or an accidental activation because of device or system failure. A water flow alarm may be indicated. Depending on the age of the system and the method it used to indicate water flow (electric bell vs old-school water motor gong), this will be important to let you know that there may have been a fire or that sprinklers are holding a fire in check. The panel may also tell you if the fire pump is running. Send a firefighter with a radio to locate the fire pump and confirm if it is working properly. We will discuss fire pumps more thoroughly later in the article. (1) A typical fire alarm system panel (FAS). (Photos by Elvin Gonzalez.) (2) A FAS handset jack. Radio failure is a major problem in high-rise buildings because construction materials cause interference with even the most advanced radio 毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 13 systems. Some FAS panels have an emergency phone system (photo 1) for in-house 4 communications； it may be the only means of communication in the building. The emergency phone system handsets are in the FAS panel room； the electrical room； the fire pump room； or, in newer high-rise buildings, the “command center.” Check your local fire codes； there should be at least six handsets. The jacks into which they should be plugged (photo 2) are on all floors, near or in stairwells and in the elevators. The FAS panel may also include a voice communication system that will enable you to make announcements throughout the building. For example, you may use this system to direct occupants to remain in their apartments (defend in place) or proceed to a specific stairwell for evacuation, or you could update the mon the status of the emergency. You can make announcements to specific floors and, in some cases, specific apartments. Continuously monitor the FAS panel during the incident for possible changes or new device activations. Obviously, if used properly, you can receive and pass on much information from the FAS panel. This is not the job for the probie. Assign a command officer who is experienced in high-rise buildings to this panel. FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTIONS While developing your prefire plan, note the location of the fire department connection (FDC). If you do not, chances are that it will be well hidden from your view in the beautiful hedges around the building. Determine if the standpipe and sprinkler share the FDC or if they are separate. Split systems should be clearly and permanently labeled (photos 3, 4). FDCs can be mounted on the wall or on a post. Some authorities having jurisdiction have adopted codes requiring the FDC to be mounted on a post. In Miami-Dade County, the newest code requires that the FDC be a minimum of 50 feet from the building unless the builder can demonstrate that the footprint of the building would make this impossible. In that case, the builder must seek a variance. This is, in part, for safety reasons, to keep firefighters away from the falling debris while making connections. Check your local code for requirements in your community. (3, 4) FDC connections for separate standpipe and sprinkler systems. 毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 14 FDCs are magnets for garbage and debris left by passersby, so be sure to check for obstructions prior to connecting. Also check the clapper valve and the female swivel to ensure they are functioning properly. Often, you will find that the FDC is open and the clappers are exposed. Metallic plugs were once the norm, but these heavy bronze plugs have some value as scrap metal. Therefore, covers or plastic covers held in place with wing nuts are not commonly found. If you should find that metallic plugs are in place, remove both plugs prior to charging the first line. Failing to do this can make it impossible to remove the second plug, or it will come off explosively under pressure if the clapper does not function properly. If you find the swivels frozen or damaged during preplanning, alert the building agent and ask that it be repaired. If you discover this during an incident, you can resolve the problem easily with a double male/double female adapter. Use two supply lines when connecting to the FDC, but do not wait for both lines to be connected to charge the FDC. Get the first line charged to support the interior crews, and then connect the second line. Connecting both lines ensures a continuous water supply in case something happens to one of the lines. Conventional wisdom suggests starting an engine discharge pressure of 150 to 200 pounds per square inch (psi), depending on building height and friction loss for the three-inch hose connections. Consult your local standard operating procedures or guidelines. We will discuss optimum pressures later. FIRE PUMPS As discussed earlier, it is very important to confirm that the fire pump is running. In addition, you must ensure that it is pumping water and that the intake and the supply valves have not been closed through an act of sabotage or an oversight. Let us review fire pump basics. The fire pump supplies pressure to the standpipe and sprinkler system throughout the building. The fire pump controller and a separate jockey pump controller monitor the pressure in the system (photo 5). If the fire pump controller detects a drop in pressure, such as when one or more sprinklers are activated because of a fire or a standpipe discharge is opened, the pump should start automatically and maintain the preset pressure. The jockey pump controller monitors the jockey pump for nominal pressure fluctuations caused by minor leaks, inadvertent use of water from within the system, and so on, and to prevent unneeded, intermittent operation of the main fire pump. 毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 15 (5) (Left) Jockey pump controller； (right) fire pump controller Engineers determine the pressures needed to get water to all areas of the building. Because of pressure loss caused by elevation, very high discharge pressures may be needed to ensure adequate pressure on upper floors. For example, if a system needs 275 psi to reach the top floor and maintain adequate discharge pressure, this would result in potentially dangerously high pressures on the lower floors. The pump does not know where the fire is. In this example, it is set to maintain a 275-psi pump discharge to overcome the elevation and achieve 100 psi at the highest discharge in the system. To prevent excess discharge pressures on lower floors, pressure-regulating devices (PRDs) or pressure-reducing valves (PRVs) are installed in the standpipe. PRDs or PRVs are necessary when static pressures greater than 175 psi are in the system. Also, if flow pressures exceed 100 psi, you must install an approved device. The PRD controls the amount of pressure available at the standpipe hose outlet. Some of these devices are factory set； others are field adjustable. A critical issue at the One Meridian Plaza fire in Philadelphia on February 23, 1991, was that the PRDs were set improperly and did not allow enough pressure for the attack lines. The PRDs were field adjustable, but by the time a technician who knew how to operate them arrived, it was hours into the incident. Discussion of the various types of PRDs is beyond the scope of this article. We mentioned earlier that a radio- equipped firefighter must locate the fire pump and ensure that it is operating. If the fire pump is found to be inoperative, you must correct this condition. Consult the pump specification plate to determine the highest operating pressure on the pump. Relay this information to the driver of the engine so that he may adjust his discharge pressures to get adequate flows to standpipe discharges. Under pumping will result in inadequate and possibly dangerously low flow on lower floors. Furthermore, using an inline pressure gauge at the standpipe discharge will confirm proper pressures, which must be set while flowing water, and remove the guesswork as well as provide direct control at the point of attack. You will 毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 16 discover and address many of these issues during prefer planning, the importance of which cannot be overemphasized. STANDPIPES Standpipes are required in all new buildings in South Florida greater than 30 feet in height. Previous codes stated that buildings 50 feet or taller would require them. All buildings have until 2012 to meet the new requirements. You should be familiar with your jurisdictions codes regarding standpipes, as they may vary. Again, the best way to determine if a building has a standpipe is through prefer planning. Also, remember that builders will do anything to save a dime, even if it means buildings that are one inch shy of the code requirement. South Florida has many 49-foot, 11-inch buildings. Remember to check for debris and water, and flush the discharge outlet before hooking up and charging your line. Recall that there are three basic classifications of standpipes: Class I is for fire department use only. Discharges are 2 inches and are intended for heavy stream operations. Class II is for first-aid appliances used by occupants. Typically, the discharges are in a hose cabinet in common areas, and they will have an attached occupant use hose and nozzle assembly. Warning: Fire- fighters should never rely on these attached hoses for fire attack. Class III is a combined system that provides for 1- and 2-inch discharges suitable for engaging in fire attack on fires beyond the incipient stage. Chapter 9 in the Fire Department of New Yorks “Engine Company Operations” sums up the types of standpipes most succinctly. They can be categorized in one of two ways, according to whether or not the system riser contains water. Standpipe systems can be broadly classified as wet ,dry, or combination. Wet systems, which contain water in the riser at all times, are supplied by city mains, gravity tank, pres- sure tank, and/or a fire pump. Dry systems may be equipped with an automatic source of water supply, but many dry pipes may contain no water and need supply from an engine company. This latter type is called a “manual dry” system. Combination systems consist of sprinklers that are interconnected with a standpipe system. Most of these systems are “wet” and are of special concern because fire department pumpers must promptly augment the water flow demands of both sprinkler heads and hose lines attached to the standpipe system. 毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 17 SPRINKLERS Properly functioning sprinklers are a firefighters best ally. They will control or extinguish fires in the incipient stage a vast majority of the time and result in substantially reduced fire losses, provided that they are working properly and the coverage area is unobstructed. As with all good things, there are negatives as well. One of the negatives of sprinklers is that the discharging water cools the smoke, which makes ventilation more difficult. There is also the potential for increased water damage. Although automatic sprinklers are very effective, do not get complacent when you arrive at a sprinkled building. To be effective, the system must be operating as designed, which includes maintaining adequate operating pressurefor example, if there is a fire above the 12th floor and the fire pump is not running (see Fire Pumps above), it is unlikely that there will be enough water flowing to control the fire with only domestic pressure. There are numerous indicators that a building has a fire suppression sprinkler system. There might be a report of a water flow alarm on dispatch, sprinkler FDC connection noted on arrival, or water flowing out of a system drainpipe. However, the best method for determining sprinklers presence is, once again, through prefire planning. One parting thought on sprinklers: Shut down the system only after the fire is out； this must be confirmed by your companies, not a bystander. Do not turn the sprinklers off because you think the fire is small, because you are worried about working under the spray, or because you feel the limited water supply can be better used elsewhere. Remember: The vast majority of the time, sprinklers will be your ally. HVAC SYSTEMS The HVAC systems in residential high-rises differ from those in commercial buildings. In a commercial building, the climate and air quality are controlled throughout large areas or zones, such as for the entire floor or multiple floor zones. Conversely, in residential high-rises, the common areas, such as the corridors, lobbies, and assembly areas, are controlled by centralized air-handling systems； the individual residences have package units for their climate control, The common areas are also served by a smoke-removal or evacuation system, which is separate. When a smoke detector in a common area activates, it will typically exhaust the affected floor and pressurize the floor immediately above and below. When functioning properly, this prevents the intrusion of smoke from an apartment into the stairs. ELEVATORS 毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 18 There is much discussion about when to use the elevators. Most agree that if the fire is below the sixth floor, take the stairs. If it is above the sixth floor, use the elevator. When using the elevator for fire calls, it is imperative that you use it in Firemans Service. Failing to do so could send firefighters directly to the fire floor, where they may find themselves at the gates of hell when the hoist way door opens. Assign one firefighter in full bunker gear to each car operating in Firemans Service. This firefighter needs to be knowledgeable in the use of elevators in Firemans Service and must have a radio and forcible entry tools. Remember, the tools are not just for forcible entry. If something goes wrong, the firefighter may need forcible exit tools. Elevators used for any type of fire call must be operated under Firemans Service even if it seems like the problem is “minor.” Operating in this mode during non fire events will enable firefighters to be proficient in using elevators in this mode and will eliminate guesswork during a true emergency. In addition, when using elevator banks that service intermediate elevator landings but do not service the fire floor, Firemans Service should still be used to ensure constant control of all conveyances to the fire. Let us briefly review elevator operation in Firemans Service mode. Fire- mans Service has two phases: Phase1 recalls the elevators to a designated floor automatically on the activation of a sprinkler water flow alarm or smoke detector or by activation of the fire recall key switch in the lobby. Activation of a heat detector will “shunt” the power and disable the elevator completely. Phase 2 refers to manually operating the elevator from within the car for firefighting activities. The elevator key can be found in a key box on the main floor elevator landing. Retrieve the key, place it into the lobby elevator key panel (photo 6), and turn it to the ON position； remove the key. This recalls the cars of this elevator bank to the first floor. When the elevator arrives, look in the elevator shaft with a flashlight for smoke, fire, or water. If you see any of them, do not use this elevator. 毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 19 (6) An elevator in Phase 1 Firemans Service. (7) You must take the elevator keys into the car to achieve Phase 2 Firemans Service. Assign a radio-equipped firefighter (with tools) to remain with the elevator car. On reaching the desired floor, this firefighter returns the car to the main floor for additional crews and resources； he stays with the car. On entering the elevator car, insert the same key into the Firemans Service slot (photo 7), and turn to the ON position. You are now in a Phase 2 mode. Clear the memory by pressing the Call Cancel button. When using the elevator, do not take it directly to the fire floor one or two floors below the reported fire floor is recommended. It is also a good idea to try going to a lower floor just to make sure the elevator is functioning properly. Older heat-sensitive call buttons at the elevator landing can call the car directly to the fire floor if the system is not functioning properly. On that note, be fully prepared for an unforeseeable malfunction that might take you directly to the fire floor. This means self-contained breathing apparatus in place, irons or wood chocks prepared to jam the doors to prevent uncontrolled opening, and the water can at the ready. When you push the floor of choice, remember to hold the door CLOSE but- ton, or it will stay open. Likewise, when you arrive at your destination, press and hold the door OPEN button. It is a good idea to open the door halfway just to get a look at what you will be dealing with on that floor. Most elevators also have a safety feature that closes the door at a 50-percent faster rate than it opens. Also, watch the illuminated firefighter helmet on the panel. If it begins flashing, exit the elevator immediately. This indicates the smoke sensor in the elevator shaft or machine room has activated. This may lead to a “shunt trip,” which will disable this elevator. LOBBY CONTROL Lobby control and, therefore, a lobby control officer (LCO) are needed early but NOT in place of the initial attack line being stretched and advanced onto the fire floor. Remember: Things only get better when we put water on the fire. This task will not be easy and will necessitate the teaming up of two or more crews to make sure it is done quickly and efficiently. As these other functions are taking place, share the information gathered with the engine and truck companies. Lobby control entails many functions such as accountability, securing the elevators, locating the FAS panel and building systems, and evacuation. The LCO should assign or delegate these functions and ensure that each receives the necessary support. The LCO is a position for a command officer who has the authority and knowledge to oversee these functions. Placing these functions under the supervision of a command officer provides an appropriate span of control of related functions. 毕业设计 (论文 )英文翻译 20 Accountability. Many departments are lacking or inconsistent in this function. It may be one of the most important ones from Commands perspective, since we always must know where our people are. Remember, when there is a change in tactics or any other major change on-scene, conduct a roll call. (8) A formal accountability board is used to track company locations and status. Assign an accountability officer (AO), and establish a formal accountability system (photo 8).This function needs to begin early and must be monitored until all crews have completed their assignments, have exited the building, and have been released. The AO needs to be at the funnel or choke point at which members are entering and exiting the building. You may need more than one AO if multiple access points are used. The AO will direct companies to the appropriate stairs or elevator bank. When a staging or personnel group is established on upper floors, the accountability officer coordinates accountability efforts with