主谓宾定状补表.doc

.主谓宾定状补表句子的组成部分，包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、表语七种。每一个句子都有主语、谓语和宾语。主语（subject）是句子叙述的主体，一般置于句首，可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。（1）The plane has just taken off at the airport.飞机刚从机场起飞。（2）I respect his privacy.我尊重他的隐私权。谓语说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征或状态，一般由动词来承担。宾语：动宾、介宾是指一个动作（动词）的对象或接受者，常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语（间接宾语也称宾语补足语）两大类，其中直接宾语指动作的直接对象，间接宾语说明动作的非直接，但受动作影响。一般而言，及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语，而该宾语通常为直接宾语，有些及物动词要求两个宾语，则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语，另一个为间接宾语。名词、代词、数词、动名词、To do不定式、一个句子都可以做宾语名词作宾语Show yourpassport, please. 请出示护照。代词作宾语She didnt sayanything. 她什么也没说。(此处为不定代词)数词作宾语How many do you want? I wanttwo. 你要几个？ 我要两个。How much milk do you want? Abottle. 你要多少牛奶？ 一瓶。名词化的形容词作宾语They sent theinjured to the hospital.他们把伤员送到医院。不定式或ing形式作宾语（常见短语）They askedto seemy passport. 他们要求看我的护照。I enjoyworkingwithyou. 我和你们一道工作很愉快。从句作宾语Did you write down what he said? 你把他的话写下了没有？双宾语：间接+直接 动词同时支配两个宾语直接宾语(物)是谓语动词的承受者，间接宾语(人)表示谓语动作的方向（对谁做）或动作的目标（为谁做），间接宾语紧接在谓语动词后，但它在句子中不能单独存在，并且能和直接宾语组成双宾语。He gave me a book.他给我一本书(me作间接宾语，a book作直接宾语)常用的能接双宾语的及物动词有：give, teach, buy, lend, find, hand, leave, sell, show, read, pay, make, offer, build, pass, bring, cook,refuse等。Ill fetch you a chair.我给你拿一只椅子。（a chair是直接宾语，you是间接宾语）双宾语的特殊情况下面几种情况，通常要用介词to或for引起的短语：1. 当直接宾语是人称代词（it/them），间接宾语是名词时：或两个宾语都是人称代词时。如：The watch is Li Leis. Please give it to him. 这块手表是李雷的。请把它给他。2. 当强调间接宾语时。如：Mother cooks breakfast for us every day. 母亲每天都为我们做早饭。3. 当间接宾语比直接宾语长时。如：On the bus, he often gives his seat to an old person. 在公共汽车上，他经常把座位让给老人。注：由to连接间接宾语的动词有：pass, give, show, tell, lend, take等；由for连接间接宾语的动词有：buy, cook, get, sing, make等。复合宾语：宾语加宾语补足语有些动词接了一个宾语后句子意思仍不完整，还需要再加上一个词或短语放在宾语之后来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所做的动作，这种“宾语+宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语.1.接名词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有call, name, think, make等。如：We call them mooncakes. 我们把它们叫作月饼。2.接形容词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有make, keep, think, find等。如：At first I found Chinese hard. 开始的时候，我发现汉语很难。3.动词不定式作宾语补足语时通常分为下面三种情况：1.接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的有tell, want, ask, wish, teach等。如：Tell him to come here the day after tomorrow. 告诉他后天到这里来。2.接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的有hear, see, watch, let, make等。如：He made us laugh. 他使我们大笑。3.接带to或不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的是help。如：(星标)She often helps her mother（to） do some housework. 她经常帮母亲做家务活。4 .接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有watch, see, hear, find, keep等。如：In the country, he can hear birds singing. 在农村，他能听到鸟儿歌唱。5.接介词短语作宾语补足语的动词常见的有find, keep, take等。如：The boy found his pen on the floor. 这个男孩在地板上找到了他的钢笔。当感官动词和使役动词，如：see，hear，notice，watch，feel，observe（感官动词）make，have，let，（使役动词）接宾语补足语时，不定式的符号to必须省略。不定式作get的宾语补足语时不省略to在help后，不定式可以带to，也可不带。体会一下：区分双宾语和复合宾语They gave him a watch.him 是间接宾语， a watch 是直接宾语We call him Jack .him 是宾语， Jack 是宾语补足语区分要点：1.双宾语的固定词组2.在双宾语中，能充当间接宾语或是直接宾语的一般是名词或代词。而在复合宾语中，能充当宾语补足语成分的则较多，如名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）和分词（短语）。3. 双宾语一般表示“为谁（forsb）或给谁（to sb）”，即“及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”的结构可以改写为“及物动词+直接宾语+for sb或to sb”的结构。例如：Please show me your new bookPlease show your new book to me请给我看看你的新书。She bought me some tomatoesShe bought some tomatoes for me她给我买了一些西红柿。而且当名词、形容词、副词、介词短语作宾语补足语时，和宾语之间具有“主系表关系”；当不定式（短语）或分词（短语）作宾语补足语时，和宾语之间具有“主谓关系”。例如：We made Tom monitor（Tom is monitor）We will make our country more beautiful（Our country will be more beautiful）You should keep your dog in（Your dog should be in）I found him in Room 201（He was in Room 201）He makes us work ten hours a day（We work ten hours a day）We heard her singing in the room（She was singing in the room）练习：They gave him a watch. 双宾语At first I found Chinese hard.宾补Tell him to come here the day after tomorrow.宾补I showed Ben the map.双宾语=I showed the map to BenIll fetch you a chair.双宾语The boy found his pen on the floor.宾补She passed him the salt. =She passed the salt to him.双宾语定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。主要有形容词，此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句. 汉语中常用的表示。形容词作定语A beautiful girl名词定语Apple tree苹果树pencil box.铅笔盒不定式定语The boy to write this letter needs a pen.（ to write this letter 为定语，修饰名词boy）/写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。There is nothing to do today.（to do为定语， 修饰名词nothing）/今天没有事要做。分词（短语）定语The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.（ smiling为定语， 修饰名词boy；bought by his mother为定语，修饰名词pen）/那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。The pen bought by her is made in China.（bought by her 为定语，修饰名词pen）/她买的笔是中国产的。There are five boys left.（five为定语，修饰名词boy；left为定语，修饰名词boy）/有五个留下的男孩。介词短语定语The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.（in the classroom 为定语，修饰名词boy；of yours为定语，修饰名词pen）/教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。The boy in blue is Tom.（in blue为定语，修饰名词boy）/穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.（two,three,of 9和of10为定语，修饰名词boy）/有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。(6)特殊词代词或名词所有格作定语：His son needs Toms pen.（his为定语，修饰名词son；Toms为定语，修饰名词pen）/他的儿子需要Tom的钢笔。His name is Tom.（his为定语，修饰名词name）/他的名字是汤姆。定语后置(1）短语作定语一般后置It was a conference fruitful of results. 那是一个硕果累累的会议。He gave me a basket full of eggs. 他给我一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英语是一门容易学但是难精通的语言。（2）修饰some，any，no，every等词构成的不定代词的定语都后置Lets go somewhere quiet. 咱们去找个安静一点的地方吧。There is nothing important in todays newspaper. 今天报纸上没有什么重要的东西。Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。状语是谓语里的另一个附加成分,它附加在谓语中心语的前面,从情状,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制.状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、名词、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。1.副词一般在句子中做状语He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好。其中的“very”是程度副词，用来修饰“well”。“very well”是修饰“speak”的程度状语。2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语I come specially to see you. 我专门来看你。3.介词短语Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.从十年以前开始，她开始住在了大连。The boy was praised for his bravery.这个男孩因为他的勇敢而被夸奖。4.从句作状语When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.她12岁的那一年开始居住于大连。If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.如果我明天不忙，我就会陪你踢足球。5.分词作状语Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。由于和妻子吵了一架，他愤怒的离开了家。Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.看样子密西西比河将要改变流向了，因为它的一个方向被阻碍了。6.名词作状语We must get together again some day.将来某天我们必能再相聚.we should serve people heart and soul.我们应该全心全意地服务条件状语从句要点： 表示状语从句由连词if, unless (=if not) 意思为除非引导。(让步)1.If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.如果明天不下雨, 我们就去远足.2.You will get good grades if you study hard.如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩.3.I wont/ will not go to the party unless he goes there too.我不会去参加聚会的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我也不去.)4.You will be late unless you leave immediately.如果你不马上走,你将会迟到的.(=If you dont leave immediately, you will be late.)难点提示：用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时.主将从现He will not leave if it isnt fine tomorrow.一般将来时， 一般现在时They are going to have a picnic if it doesnt rain next week.一般将来时, 一般现在时补语宾语的补语表语表语用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词的ing形式、不定式、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be,become,appear,seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词）之后。一.名词作表语Africa is a big continent.非洲是个大洲。That remains is a puzzle to me.那个废墟对我来说是谜一般的事物。二.代词作表语Whats your fax number?你的传真号是多少？Whos your best friend?你最好的朋友是谁？三.形容词作表语I feel much better today.我今天感觉好多了。He is old but he is healthy。他很老，但他很健康。四.数词作表语She was the first to lea