儿科绪论.ppt

PEDIATRICS,绪论,儿科学,儿童及儿童年龄分期儿科学的范围和任务儿童的特点儿科学的特点各期儿童保健特点,儿童和青少年是一很大人群,Children&adolescentsrepresentabiggroupofwholepopulation.,对疾病的损伤恢复能力较强,个体差异,是一弱势人群,儿童的特点,儿科医生最关心的是什么WhatisPediatriciansconcernedwith,?,KeepKidsHealthy,儿童身体健康,!,Astateofcompletephysical,mental,andsocialwell-beingandnotmerelytheabsenceofdiseaseorinfirmity.,HEALTH,WHO1948,什么是儿科医生与其他医生的区别WhatisthedifferenceofPediatricsfrommostothermedicalspecialties,?,什么是儿科医生在收集病史、体格检查的关键Whatisthekeypointsinpediatrichistorytakingandexamination,?,儿童的年龄Thechildsage,儿童年龄决定疾病的特征、临床表现、生长发育、行为问题。Becausetheagedeterminesthenatureandpresentationofillnesses,developmentalandbehaviorproblemsofchild.,Whatisthedevelopmentalperiodsacrossthechildhood,?,胎儿中期:1328wmiddlefetus,胎儿晚期:2940wlatefetus,胚胎期:012wembryo,胎儿期Fetus,婴儿期Infantperiod(0y),围产期（Perinatalstage）:胎儿28w新生儿1w,新生儿期:028ds,Newborn,112月,幼儿期Toddlerperiod(12y),Preschoolperiodyoungchild,(35y),学龄前期,学龄期(611y)Schoolageperiodoldchild,Prepubescence:(23ys),Postpubescence:(34ys),Pubescence:(24ys),青春期Pubertyteenager,adolescent,儿科学的范围,儿科学是研究从胎儿到青少年儿童健康的一门学科,儿科学：二级学科,三级学科,预防儿科学,临床儿科学,发育儿科学,II级SecondaryPrevention,PreventivePediatrics,I级PrimaryPrevention,III级Tertiaryprevention,Nutrition营养Immunizations预防接种Handwashing洗手Parentingeducation健康教育Improvementoftheenvironment环保,I级（PrimaryPrevention）疾病发生前的干预,Physicalexamination定期体检Growthmeasurements体格测量Diseasescreeningtests疾病筛查Fornewborns新生儿Vision视、Hearing听Development发育,II级（SecondaryPrevention）,未出现疾病症状前的干预,III级（Tertiaryprevention）,Preventionoffurtherdisabilities,duetochronicdisorders,Preventionacuteproblemsinchronicdisorders,Regularmonitoringofpatientstatus,彻底治疗疾病防止或减少后遗症,Developmentpediatrics研究儿童的体格生长与心理发育规律的一门学科,按疾病发生的系统分亚专业,Clinicalpediatrics,或按年龄特点分类,什么亚专业是儿科最有特色的专业?WhichfieldisthecharacteristicofPediatrics?,新生儿专业Neonatology,儿童保健专业PrimaryChildCare,THEFIELDOFPEDIATRICS,儿科学的任务,研究儿童生长发育的规律与影响因素,研究儿童疾病的发生、发展规律、临床诊断、治疗的理论和技术；防治疾病、减少疾病的发生；降低死亡率,研究儿童疾病的预防,研究儿童疾病的康复；提高儿童生命质量,儿科学的特点,Thechildisnotalittleman,生理Physiology:R,P,BP,病理Pathology,临床表现Clinicalmanifestation,死亡率Mortality,发病率Morbidity,病因Etiology,药理Pharmacology,预后Prognosis,生理Physiology,Therearedifferencesforvariousagelevel,Agebeats/min12ys60100,正常脉搏inchildren,呼吸率inchildrenAgeNormalTachypneaNeonate305060Infants203050Youngchildren203040Olderchildren152030,Year,InEngland,病因Etiologyorpathogens,infectedbyorganismsfromthemothersgenitaltract.,肺炎Pneumonia,-haemolyticStreptococcusE.ColiGram-negativebacilli,新生儿Newborn,Themostfrequentcauses:RespiratoryvirusesStrep.H.influenzae,婴儿Ininfancy,Bacterialinfection,年长儿Inoldchildren,黄疸Jaundice:starting2weeksofage:母乳Breastmilkjaundice感染Infection先天性甲减Congenitalhypothyroidism肝炎Hepatitis胆管阻塞Biliaryatresia,Jaundice:at2day-2weeksofage生理性Physiologicaljaundice母乳Breastmilkjaundice感染Infection,肺炎可无体征withpneumoniamaynothaveanyabnormalsignsonauscultation,婴儿Infant,发育问题suspecteddelayindevelopment:slowtowalk,talkoracquireskills,过去史Pastmedicalhistory家族史Familyhistory社会史Socialhistory,病史History-taking,*发育史Development,病史采集须符合年龄特点Thehistorymustbeadaptedtothechildsage.,我是James。这个医生是个真笨！,医生，Jammy头疼的原因是什么?,Jammy什么时候开始走路的?,Pediatricsisspeciallygovernedbyage.,各期儿童保健特点,年龄,生长特点,影