专题6-1+Laughter+is+good+for+you(基础知识清单)-2018届江苏高考英语一轮复习精品资料.doc

2018届江苏高考英语一轮复习精品资料模块六 Unit 1基础知识梳理(知识清单)一、词汇1.背诵词汇单词academy n研究院，学会，专科院校academic adj.学术的affection n.喜爱，钟爱affect v. 影响，打动，感染，喜欢amuse v.逗笑，逗乐，提供(消遣)，(使)娱乐amusement n 可笑，娱乐anger n 怒，怒火angry adj.生气的angrily adv.生气地，发火地behave v. & vi.表现behaviour n.行为，规矩，品行comedy n.喜剧comedian n.喜剧演员，滑稽演员crowded adj.拥挤的crowd n.人群foolishness n.愚蠢foolish adj.愚蠢的foreigner n.外国人foreign adj.外国的initial adj.最初的，初始的initially adv.最初地instruct v.教授，传授，指示，命令，告知instruction n指令，指示，用法说明instructive adj.教育性的，有启发的，有益的invitation n. 邀请invite vt.邀请little-known adj.鲜为人知的(反义词) well-known adj.performance n 表演，演出，表现，业绩perform vt. & vi.表演，做，履行，工作，运转performer n表演者positive adj.积极的，正面的，肯定的(反义词)negative adj.负面的，消极的，否定的，坏的，有害的strengthen v.增强，巩固strong adj.强壮的technical adj.技术的，技能的technique n技巧，手法technology n.技术，技能variety n.(同一事物)不同种类，多种样式various adj.不同的，各种各样的vary v.变化，不同weekly n.周刊，周报 adj.每周的week n.周attain v.获得(通常经过努力) bow v.鞠躬，低头，(使)弯曲 n. 鞠躬，船头burst(burst, burst) v.猛冲，突然出现，爆裂 dash v.急奔，急驰，猛冲 n. 急奔，猛冲，匆忙，仓促glare v.怒目而视，发出炫目的光 guarantee v.& n.保证，担保汇聚名校名师，奉献精品资源，打造不一样的教育！ 2hammer n.锤子，榔头 v.敲，捶打 howl v.大叫，嚎叫 n. 嚎叫，喊叫声mourn v.哀悼，忧伤 participate v.参加，参与polish v.提高，修改，润色 tear(tore, torn) v.撕，扯tease v.取笑，揶揄，戏弄 trip v.绊，(使)绊倒visual adj.视觉的 yell v.& n.叫喊，大喊，吼叫alongside prep. & adv.在旁边，与一起 cosy adj.暖和舒适的，惬意的deep-breathing adj.深呼吸的 empty-handed adj.空手，一无所获official-looking adj.貌似官方的 fitness n.健壮，健康，适合pile n.摞，垛，堆 previous adj.先前的，以往的setting n.情节背景，场景，环境 stage n.舞台，阶段，时期saying n.格言，谚语，警句 style n.风格，方式，样式短语be divided into划分为 be good for 对有好处be popular with 受欢迎 come up with 想出，拿出drive away 赶走，驱赶 fall down 倒下来，跌倒，摔下follow in the footsteps of(follow in sbs footsteps)走的道路，步的后尘，效仿某人，继承的事业glare at 对怒目而视 burst in 闯进，突然闯入have affection for 喜爱，钟爱 have an effect on 对有影响hold out 递/拿/伸手，维持坚持 lose weight 减肥make fun of 拿开玩笑/取笑，嘲弄 make jokes about 拿说笑话/开玩笑make room for 为腾出地方 make up 组成，编造，化妆，弥补pass away 去世，亡故 point to 指向queue up 排队 react to对作出反应rely on/depend upon 依靠，依赖 stand up for 支持，维护take on 接纳，承当，呈现，雇佣 trip over 绊倒in charge 负责，主管2.识记词汇单词armchair n.扶手椅 bathtub n.浴缸，浴盆bench n.长凳，长椅 castle n.城堡，堡垒汇聚名校名师，奉献精品资源，打造不一样的教育！ 3cigar n.雪茄烟 lip n.嘴唇stand-up n.单口喜剧 adj.单人表演的 textbook n.教科书，课本短语a variety of(varieties of)各种各样的 silent film 无声电影broadcast sth. live on TV 电视实况转播二、句型1.混合疑问句【教材原句】Which of the events above do you think will be the funniest?(P1)你认为上面哪件事是最有趣的？2.because 引导表语从句【教材原句】They say this is because when you laugh, your brain sends chemicals around your body that aregood for you.(P3)他们说这是因为当你笑时，你的大脑就会向全身传递一种对身体有益的化学物质。3.动词it从句【教材原句】I like it when the comedian talks to people in the audience.(P5)我喜欢喜剧演员与现场观众交流。三、语法复习本单元的 Grammar and usage：非谓语动词复习 I非谓语动词复习I一、基础知识复习1.谓语动词与非谓语动词在解非谓语习题时同学们遇到最大的困难之一是如何判别是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。非谓语动词是汉语中没有的语言现象。汉语中几个谓语动词连用而动词不用作任何形式的变化。如：他明天来拜访你。翻译成英语不是 He will come visit you，而是 He will come to visit you.这里就用了动词不定式 to visit。因此同学们要特别注意分析句子的结构。分 类 不同点 例 句谓语动词 只能作谓语_ blood if you can and many lives will be saved.A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give【解析】如果不注意分析句子结构，有可能会误选 A 或 C 项。这是祈使句+and+陈述句的句型。答案 B。非谓语动词作除谓语之外的任何成分The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and _less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat.汇聚名校名师，奉献精品资源，打造不一样的教育！ 4(见下表) A. being weighed B. weighs C. weighed D. weighing【解析】 容易误选 B 或 C 项， 将其当成谓语看待。 “under the age of fourand _ less than 40 pounds”用作“children”的定语。动词“weigh”与名词“children”是主动关系，所以选择答案 D 项。2.非谓语动词的语法功能非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式，V-ing 分词(又分为现在分词和动名词)和过去分词。所能充当的成分 主语 表语 宾语 宾语(主语)补足语 定语 插入语(独立成分)V-ing 形式现在分词 动名词 不定式(to do) 过去分词(done) 注：常见作独立成分的非谓语动词to tell you the truth(实话说)，needless to say(不用说)，to be honest/frank(老实说，坦白说)，to be moreexact(更确切地说)， to make things worse (更糟的是)， not to mention(更不用说)， Generally / Frankly/ Roughly speaking (一般说来 / 坦白说 / 粗略地说)3.非谓语动词的变化形式非谓语形式构成时态语态复合结构 否定式主动 被动不定式一般式 to do to be donefor sb. to do sth.或of sb. to do sth.在“to”前加 not或 never进行式 to have done to have been done完成式 to be doing /完成进行式to have been doing /动名词一般式 doing being donesb.或 sbs doing作主语要用sbs doing在前加 not特别注意复合结构的否定式：sbs not doingsbs not having done完成式 having done having been done现在分词与动名词变化形式相同 在前加 not二、重点知识提炼(一)非谓语作主语、宾语的重点1.it 充当动词不定式的形式主语或形式宾语对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。It is important for us to learn English very well.汇聚名校名师，奉献精品资源，打造不一样的教育！ 5我认为对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。I think it important for us to learn English very well.it 作形式主语使用动名词的句型It is no use/no good/useless+doing sth.哭没有用。It is no use crying.It is fun(a great pleasure, a waste of time)设法解释是浪费时间。It is a waste of time trying to explain.2.用不定式还是用动名词作宾语有特殊规定I dont want _ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair.A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded【解析】 want 后要跟动词不定式作宾语， sound 是连系动词不用被动式， 与谓语动词没有时间的先后，故不可用它的完成式。答案 A。类似的知识点要记牢。 如： help, hope, ask, refuse, decide, promise, wish, pretend, expect, arrange,learn, plan, demand, dare, manage, agree, prepare, fail, determine, offer,choose, desire, elect, long 等动词后要用动词不定式作宾语。It is difficult to imagine his _the decision without any consideration.A. accept B. accepting C. to accept D. accepted【解析】imagine 要求用动名词作宾语。答案 B。类似的知识点要记牢。下列常见的这些动词(组)后要用动词动名词作宾语suggest, risk, devote oneself to(建议冒险去献身)finish, imagine, bear/stand, look forward to(完成想象忍盼望)give up, delay/put off, regret, miss(放弃延期悔失去)insist on/stick to, enjoy/appreciate, feel like, practice(坚持欣赏要实践)pay attention to, excuse, escape/avoid, object to(注意原谅逃/避反对)keep, be/get used to/be accustomed to, mind(保持习惯勿介意)be worth, set about/burst out/get down to, be busy(值得开始将忙乎)3.用不定式还是用动名词作宾语意义不同In some parts of London, missing a bus means _for another hour.A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting【解析】此题意为“在英国的一些地方，如果错过了公交车就意味着再等一个小时。”mean doing sth汇聚名校名师，奉献精品资源，打造不一样的教育！ 6意为“意味着什么”，mean to do sth 意为“试图、打算做什么”。答案 A。类似的知识点要记牢。动词本身意义不变，跟不定式和动名词意义不同remember to do sth. 记住要做remember doing sth.记得过去做过forget to do sth. 忘了已做过的事forget doing sth. 忘记要做某事动词本身意义改变，跟不定式和动名词意义不同regret to do sth.对马上要或不做的事表示遗憾regret doing sth.对已发生的事表示遗憾或后悔mean to do sth.打算，想要mean doing 意味着，意思是try to do sth. 努力做某事try doing sth. 尝试做某事cant help doing sth.情不自禁，忍不住cant help (to) do sth.不能帮忙做某事be considered to have done 被认为已经做了considerto be 认为是consider doing 考虑做某事动词本身意义不变，跟不定式被动式和动名词意义相同want，need，require 接动名词表示被动意义，接不定式就要用被动式，这时主语与动名词之间为动宾关系These young trees require looking after(=to be looked after).The matter needs thinking over(=to be thought over).下列动词跟动词不定式做目的状语，跟动名词作宾语stop to do 停下来，要做另一件事(不定式作目的状语)stop doing 停止做(动名词作宾语)go on to do 接着做另一件事(不定式作目的状语)go on doing 继续做同一件事(动名词作宾语)汇聚名校名师，奉献精品资源，打造不一样的教育！ 74.有些动词后要用“疑问词不定式”结构作复合宾语It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _.A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it【解析】本题考查“疑问词不定式”和动词短语 do with 的用法。答案 C。(二)非谓语作表语的重点不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。Our plan is to keep the affair secret.他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。Their job is making wheelchairs for disabled people.他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。The music they are playing sounds exciting.这个美丽的村庄仍未外界所知。This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world.现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。如：This dog is frightening.这条狗让人害怕。(说明狗的特征)This dog is frightened.这条狗有些害怕。(说明狗的心理状态)Climbing is tiring and we are completely tired after a days climbing.爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我们都全累坏了。(tiring 说明 climbing 的特征，tired 说明我们的状态)注意：在下列句中，非谓语动词具体的语法功能What he wanted to suggest is to cut down the price and increase the sales.他想建议的是降价促销。(不定式作表语，说明主语“是什么”)My American teacher is to leave China soon.我的美国老师即将离开中国。(不定式作表语，表示将来)Her work is taking care of the children.她的工作是照顾小孩。(现在分词作表语，说明主语“是什么”)She is taking care of the children.她在照料小孩。(构成进行时，说明主语正在执行的动作)The cup is broken.杯子碎了。(过去分词作表语，说明主语所处的状态)汇聚名校名师，奉献精品资源，打造不一样的教育！ 8The cup was broken by Peter.杯子是被彼得打坏的。(构成被动语态，说明主语是动作的承受者)(三)非谓语作宾语补足语的重点1.理解下表中所列的关系非谓语 与宾语的逻辑关系 与谓语动作的时间关系不定式 主动关系在谓语动词后发生不带 to 的不定式表示动作的全过程现在分词 主动关系 同时进行过去分词 被动关系 动作已经完成或表示状态When I came in, I saw her dancing happily. (主动进行)I saw him go to the cinema.(主动，全过程)We heard her singing next door.(主动进行)We heard the song sung by her next door. (被动完成)We heard the song being sung next door. (被动进行)2.下列动词和短语必须以用不定式作宾语补足语wish, want, ask, require/request, order, warn, allow/permit, forbid, expect, remind, encourage, inspire, call on,depend on注意：advise/allow/permit/forbid +宾语+不定式作宾语补足语advise/allow/permit/forbid +动名词作宾语时What did the librarian _ out of the library?A. permit to take B. forbid to be takenC. allow to take D. insist being takenI dont allow _ in my office and I dont allow my family _ at all.A. to smokesmoking B. smokingto smokeC. to smoketo smoke D. smokingsmoking答案：BB3. 在 think, consider, find 等动词后常用 to be +adj. 结构作宾语补足语，有时 to be 省略。We all discover him (to be) kind and honest.4.几个特别的结构have+宾语+do/doing/done汇聚名校名师，奉献精品资源，打造不一样的教育！ 9“ have + 宾语+ do sth ”意为“让/叫/使某人做某事”。此结构中的 have 是使役动词，宾语后的 dosth 是不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语。老板经常要他们一天工作 14 个小时。The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day.“have +宾语+ doing”意为“叫/让/使某人做某事或让某种情况发生”。宾语后面用现在分词作宾语补足语，表示宾语与现在分词表示的动作之间为主动关系，且动作正在进行。李林，别让狗狂吠不停。Dont have the dog barking much, Lilin.“ have + 宾语+done”意为“让/叫/使/请别人做某事”或者是“遭受/遭遇了，此时，主语是无意中的受害者，而不是动作的执行者”的意思。宾语后面用过去分词作宾语补足语，说明宾语与过去分词表示的动作之间是被动关系。我们刚才请人把机器修好了。We had the machine mended just now.他在踢足球时腿受了伤。He had his leg injured while playing football.get+宾语+to do/doing/done三种结构的意义请参看上述“have+宾语+do/doing/done”的意义解释。他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。He got his sister to help him with his clothes.你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？Can you really get that old clock going again?多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.catch sb. doing sth 逮住某人干某事如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。If she catches me reading her diary, shell be furious.make + oneself + doneoneself 与其后的过去分词存在着动宾关系，或者说是被动关系他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清