药理学名词解释(含英文).doc

_1. 药物（drug）是指能够影响机体（包括病原体）功能和（或）细胞代谢活动，用于疾病的治疗、预防和诊断，以及计划生育等方面的化学物质。1. Drugs are chemicals that alter the function of living systems by interactions at the molecular level and can be used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease.2. 不良反应（adverse drug reaction ADR）是指上市的合格药品在常规用法、用量情况下出现的，与用药目的无关，并给患者带来痛苦或危害的反应。3. 副作用（side effect）是由于药物作用选择性低，作用范围广，在治疗剂量引起的，与用药目的无关的作用。4. 毒性反应（toxic effect）是由于用量过大或用药时间过长引起的严重不良反应。5. 后遗效应（residual effect）是指在停药后，血浆药物浓度下降至阈浓度以下时残存的药理效应。6. 变态反应（allergic reaction）是药物引起的免疫反应，反应性质与药物原有效应无关，其临床表现包括免疫反应的各种类型。致敏原可以是药物本身或药物代谢产物，亦可能是制剂中的杂质或辅剂。7. 继发反应（secondary reaction）是继发于药物治疗作用之后的不良反应。8. 停药反应（withdrawal reaction）是指患者长期应用某种药物，突然停药后发生病情恶化的现象。9. 特异质反应（idiosyncrasy reaction）是指少数患者由于遗传因素对某些药物的反应性发生了变化。特异质反应表现为对药物的反应特别敏感，或出现与在常人不同性质的反应。10. 依赖性（dependence）是药物与机体相互作用所造成的一种状态，表现出强迫要求连续或定期使用该药的行为或其他反应，其目的是感受药物的精神效应，或避免由于停药造成身体不适应。11. 量效关系(does-effect relationship)药理效应的强弱与其剂量大小或浓度高低呈一定关系，称剂量-效应关系，简称量效关系。12. 最小有效量（minimal effective does）或最小有效浓度是指引起效应的最小药量或最低药物浓度，亦称阈剂量或阈浓度。13. 最大效应（maximal effect Emax）在一定范围内增加药物剂量或浓度，效应强度随之增加。但当效应增强打最大时，继续增加剂量或浓度，效应不再增强。这一药理效应的极限称为最大效应，又称效能（efficacy）。14. 效价强度（potency）用于作用性质相同的药物之间的等效剂量的比较，达到等效时所用药量较小者效价强度大，所用药量较大者效价强度小。15. 构效关系（structure-activity relationship ,SAR）药物的结构与药理活性或毒性之间的关系称为SAR。16. 受体（receptor）是细胞在长期进化过程中形成的，对生物活性物质具有识别和结合的能力，并具有介导细胞信号转导功能的蛋白质。与受体特异性结合的生物活性物质称为配体（ligand）。17. 激动药（agonist）是指既有亲和力又有内在活性的药物，它能与受体结合并激动受体而产生效应。分为完全激动药和部分激动药。18. 拮抗药（antagonist）是指具有较强的亲和力，而无内在活性，拮抗药与受体结合但不能激动受体。竞争性拮抗药（competitive antagonist）能与激动药竞争相同受体，但其结合是可逆的，竞争性拮抗药能使激动药的量效曲线平行右移，但最大效应不变。非竞争性拮抗药指拮抗药与受体的结合是相对不可逆的，或能引起受体构象的改变，从而干扰激动药与受体的正常结合，使激动药不能竞争性对抗这种干扰。增大激动药的剂量也不能使量效曲线的最大作用强度达到原来的水平。19. PA2：竞争性拮抗药对相应激动药的拮抗作用强度，pA2=-logA2, A2是指在拮抗药这一浓度下，可使激动药在2倍浓度使所产生的效应恰好等于未加入拮抗药时激动药引起的效应。20. PA2:非竞争性拮抗药的亲和力参数，又称减活指数，是指使激动药的最大效应降低一半时，非竞争性拮抗药摩尔浓度的负对数。21. pD2：药物-受体复合物解离常数KD的负对数（-logKD）为pD2，其值与A和R的亲和力成正比。意义是引起最大效应的一半时（即50%受体被占领时）所需的药物浓度。22. 吸收（absorption）是指药物从给药部位进入血液循环的过程。23. 首关效应（first-pass effect）是指某些药物首次通过肠壁或经门静脉进入肝脏时被其中的酶所代谢致使进入体循环药量减少的一种现象。24. 分布（distribution）是指吸收入血的药物随血液转运至组织器官的过程。25. 血脑屏障（blood-brain barrier，BBB）指由脑毛细血管形成的血浆与脑细胞外液间的屏障以及由脉络膜形成的血浆与脑脊液间的屏障。26. 肝肠循环（hepatoenteral circulation）由胆汁排入十二指肠的药物有的直接随粪便排出，但较多的药物可由小肠上皮吸收，并经肝脏重新进入全身循环，这种肝脏、胆汁间、小肠的循环称为肝肠循环。27. 生物利用度（bioavailability ,F）是指药物从某制剂吸收进入血液循环的相对数量和速度。是评价药物制剂质量的一个重要指标。分为绝对生物利用度（absolute bioavailability）和相对生物利用度（relative bioavailability）。一般认为，静脉注射的生物利用度是100%，如果把静脉注射与血管外途径给药时的AUC值进行比较，并计算后者的生物利用度，即为绝对生物利用度。也可在同一给药途径下对不同制剂进行比较，这就是相对生物利用度。28. 半衰期（half-life,t1/2）指血浆消除半衰期，是药物在体内分布达到平衡状态后血浆药物浓度降低一半所需的时间，是表述药物在体内消除快慢的重要参数。29. 一级消除动力学（first order elimination kinetics）是指血中药物消除速率与血中药物浓度的一次方成正比，即血药浓度高，单位时间内消除的药量多；血药浓度低，单位时间内消除的药量少。30. 零级消除动力学（zero order elimination kinetics）是指血中药物消除速率与浓度的零次方成正比，即血药浓度按恒定消除速度进行消除，与血药浓度无关。31. 稳态血药浓度（steady-state concentration，Css）在一级消除动力学药物中，若按固定间隔时间给予固定药物剂量，在每次给药时体内总有前次给药的残存量，多次给药形成不断蓄积，随着给药次数的增加，体内总药量的蓄积逐渐减慢，直至在剂量间隔内药物的消除量等于给药剂量，从而达到平衡，这时的血药浓度称为稳态浓度或坪浓度。32. 调节痉挛（regulative spasm）：毛果芸香碱激动睫状肌环形纤维上M受体，使睫状肌向虹膜中心方向收缩，悬韧带松弛，晶状体变凸，屈光度增加，使远物不能聚焦成像于视网膜上，因此模糊不清，此时，只适合于视特定近距离的物体，这种作用称为调节痉挛。33. 调节麻痹（regulative paralysis）阿托品阻断睫状肌上的M受体，使睫状肌松弛而退向外缘，悬韧带拉紧，晶状体变为扁平，其屈光度降低，故不能将近物清晰地成像于视网膜上，造成视近物模糊不清，只适于看远物，这一作用成为调节麻痹。34. 胆碱能危象（cholinergic risk）抗胆碱酯酶药如新斯的明治疗重症肌无力，因应用过量可使骨骼肌运动终板处有过多乙酰胆碱堆积，导致持久去极化，加重神经肌肉传递功能障碍，使肌无力症状加重，称为胆碱能危象。35. 肾上腺素升压作用的翻转（adrenaline reversal）a受体阻断药酚妥拉明等可取消去氧肾上腺素的升压作用，可以部分阻断去氧肾上腺素所致升高血压作用，使肾上腺素的升压作用翻转为降压作用，称为肾上腺素升压作用的翻转。36. 最小肺泡药物浓度（minimum alveolar concentration, MAC）是指在一个大气压下，使50%患者或动物对伤害性刺激不再产生体动反应（逃避反射）时呼气末潮气（相当于肺泡气）内麻醉药浓度，单位是Vol %，MAC越小，麻醉药的效价越高。37. 镇静药（sedatives）能缓和激动，消除躁动，恢复安静情绪的药物。38. 催眠药（hypnotics）是一类能引起睡意，促进和维持近似生理性睡眠的药物。39. “开-关”现象（on-off phenomenon）患者服用左旋多巴后突然发生的少动（肌强直性运动不能，即所谓的“关”），此现象持续数分钟或数小时后，又突然自动恢复为良好状态，但常伴有运动障碍（即所谓“开”）。40. 阿司匹林哮喘（aspirin asthma）有些哮喘患者服用阿司匹林或某些解热镇痛药后可诱发支气管哮喘，称为“阿司匹林哮喘”。41. 瑞氏综合征（Reyes syndrome）患病毒性感染伴有发热的儿童和青年，服用阿司匹林后出现一系列反应，表现为严重肝功能不良合并脑病，称为瑞氏综合征。42. 早后去极（early afterdepolarization , EAD）发生在完全复极之前的后去极，常见于2、3相复极中，因膜电位不稳定而产生的振荡。43. 迟后去极（delayed afterdepolarization，DAD）在细胞内钙超载情况下，发生在动作电位完全或接近完全复极时的一种短暂的振荡性去极。44. 折返激动（reentrant excitation）是指一次冲动下传后，又可顺着另一环形通路折回再次兴奋原已兴奋过的心肌，是引起快速型心律失常的重要机制之一。45. 金鸡纳反应（chichonic reaction）病人使用奎尼丁后，表现为头痛、头晕、耳鸣、腹泻、恶心、视物模糊等症状，称为金鸡纳反应。46. 首剂现象：病人首次应用哌唑嗪等a1受体阻断药时表现为严重的直立性低血压，一般在第一次给药后30-60分钟出现。47. 隔日疗法：在长程疗法中对某些慢性病例可采用隔日一次给药法，即将两天的总药量在隔日早晨一次给予，每天下午和第二天早晨则不用药，这是一种能减轻对肾上腺皮质功能抑制的有效方法。48. 库欣综合征：过量使用糖皮质激素所致物质代谢与水盐代谢紊乱的后果，表现为肌无力与肌萎缩（多发于四肢的大肌群，也可在骨盆与肩胛骨肌群）、皮肤变薄、满月脸、水牛背、痤疮、多毛、水肿、高血压、动脉硬化、低钾血症、糖尿等。49. 反跳现象：糖皮质激素长期用药因减量太快或突然停药所致原病复发或加重的现象称为反跳现象。50. 允许作用：糖皮质激素对有些组织细胞无直接效应，但可给其他激素发挥作用创造有利条件，称允许作用。51. 索莫吉效应（Somogyi effect）为凌晨3时低血糖、早餐前高血糖的现象，是胰岛素使用过量致夜间低血糖反应后，升糖激素反馈性地分泌增加，出现的血糖反跳性升高现象，呈“低后高”的特征。52. 黎明现象（dawn phenomenon）糖尿病患者凌晨3-9时血糖明显升高的现象，是因胰岛素分泌不足或用量不足，午夜后升糖激素分泌增加，使血糖升高的现象，呈“高后高”的特征。53. 抗菌药（bacteriostatic drugs）是指某种或某一类抗菌药物仅具有抑制病原菌生长繁殖的能力而无杀灭作用。54. 杀菌药（bactericidal drugs）该类抗菌药物不但具有抑制病原菌生长繁殖的能力，而且具有杀灭的作用。55. 抗菌谱（antibacterual spectrum）指抗菌药物的抗菌作用范围。56. 抗菌活性（antibacterual activity）是指抗菌药物抑制或杀灭病原菌的能力，这是由于各种病原菌或者同一菌种的不同菌株对同一种抗菌药的敏感性不同的关系。57. 最低抑菌浓度（minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC）在体外实验中，能抑制培养基内病原菌生长的最低药物浓度，称为最低抑菌浓度。58. 最低杀菌浓度（minimal bactericidal concentration, MBC）在体外实验中，能够杀灭培养基内细菌或使细菌数减少99.9%的最低药物浓度，称为最低杀菌浓度。59. 细菌耐药性（bacterial resistance）是指病原菌对抗菌药物敏感性下降甚至消失的现象，这种病原菌称为耐药菌，造成抗菌药物对耐药菌感染的临床疗效降低或者无效。60. 二重感染：正常人的口腔、鼻咽、肠道等处有微生物寄生，菌群间维持平衡的共生状态，广谱抗生素的长期使用，使敏感菌群受到抑制，而不敏感菌乘机在机体内繁殖，造成二重感染。61. 化疗指数（chemotherapeutic index, CI）是评价包括化学治疗药物在内的所有化学治疗药物有效性与安全性的重要指标，常以LD50/ED50或LD5/ED95，这一比列关系来衡量，这一比例关系称为化疗指数。化疗指数愈大，表明该化疗药物的治疗效果越好；而对机体的毒性越小，则临床应用价值越高。62. 抗生素后效应（post antibiotic effect, PAE）指抗生素或抗菌药物作用于细菌一定时间撤药后，血药浓度已低于MIC时，细菌生长繁殖受抑制的作用仍可持续一段时间，此现象称为抗生素后效应。63. 灰婴综合征：新生儿及早产儿使用氯霉素剂量过大时，常于用药后4天（2-9天）发生循环衰竭，患儿出现呕吐、呼吸急促、发绀、代谢性酸中毒等，称为灰婴综合征。64. 耐受性：是指连续用药后机体对药物的反应强度递减，但不致消失，增加剂量可保持原有的治疗效果。67、双硫仑样反应（disulfiram reaction）指在应用某些含硫甲基四氮唑基团的头孢菌素过程期间饮酒，身体产生严重不适的现象。68、赫氏反应（Herxheimer reaction）在使用青霉素治疗梅毒螺旋体或钩端螺旋体、雅司、鼠咬热、炭疽等感染时，可出现症状加重的现象，表现为全身不适、寒战、高热、咽痛、肌痛、心跳加快等，一般发生于开始治疗的6-8小时，12-24小时内消失，这种治疗矛盾的现象称为赫氏反应。69、多药耐药性（multidrug resistance）指肿瘤细胞与某一抗肿瘤药物接触后，除对其产生耐药性外，还对其他多种结构不同且作用机制各异的抗肿瘤药物产生耐药性，即所谓的交叉耐药现象。2. Pharmacology means the study of the rule and mechanism of mutual interaction between drug and body.3. Pharmacodynamics describes the mechanism of actions of drug on body4. Pharmacokinetics describes the process and rule of drugs disposition, it means the action of body on drug.5. Passive transport is defined as a kind of transport process in which drugs transport from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.6. Simple diffusion means that drugs transported from a side of membrane to anther side obeying Concentration gradient.7. Filtration is defined as the transport process in which drugs whose particle size is less than the membrane gap in diameter move from the side of higher pressure to that of lower pressure by dint of liquid static pressure or osmotic pressure disparity.8. Active transport refers to the transmembrane movement of drugs with the aid of special carriers and the requirement of energy consumption.9. Absorption is the process in which drugs transport from the site of administration to the blood circulation after extra-vascular administration.10. First pass elimination: Some drugs are inactivated/metabolized in the GI tract and liver before entering into the systemic circulation and result in the reduction of actual drug quantity entering into systemic circulation. This process is called first pass elimination11. Distribution: drugs absorbed in the blood transport from the blood to tissues. 12. Tissue partition coefficient: when the distribution reaches homeostasis, the ratio of the drug concentration between tissues and plasma remains constant, called tissue partition coefficient of drugs13. Excretion: the process of parent drugs or their metabolites being discharged from body by secretory organs is known as excretion14. Hepato-enteral circulation: a portion of drugs those being carried to duodenum via bile can be reabsorbed via epithelia of small intestines and entry into systemic circulation by way of liver. This cycle along liver, bile, small intestine is know as hepato-enteral circulation15. Apparent volume of distribution means the ratio of in vivo drug quantity versus concentration in plasma when the drug reaches dynamic equilibrium in the body.16. Half life: means the period of time when the drug concentration in plasma reduces to one-half.17. AUC: area under the curve, indicates the area under the concentration-time curve 18. Bioavailability: indicates the rate and extent of absorption into the systemic circulation following extravascular administration of drugs19. Clearance: mans the volume of body fluid containing a drug that can be eliminated by the body in unit time.20. Maintenance dose: in most clinical situations, drugs are administered in such a way as to maintain a steady state of drug in the body, i.e, just enough drug is given in each dose to replace the drug eliminated since the preceding dose.21. Loading dose: when the time to reach steady state is appreciable, as it is for drugs with long half-lives, it may be desirable to administer a loading dose that promptly raises the concentration of drug in plasma to the target concentration.22. Pharmacodynamics23. Drug action referred to the initial interaction between drug and body.24. Pharmacological effects is the physiological effects induced by drug action25. Stimulation: enhancement of the body function is Stimulation26. Inhibition: restraint or diminution of the body function is Inhibition27. Etiological therapy: Elimination of the etiological factors to cure diseases 28. Symptomatic therapy: Improvement of disease symptom without eliminating the cause of the disease29. Side reaction: In the range of therapeutic dosage, the drug effects, which are not related to the current therapeutic purpose, are described as side effects.30. Toxic reaction can happened when the dose of the drug is high enough or drugs are long term used.31. Allergic reaction is a kind of response of the patients immuno-system to the antigen. It is not dose related and only occur in a fraction of the population.32. Idiosyncratic reaction is the result of abnormal reactivity to a drug caused by genetic differences33. Secondary reaction results from long-term using of drug. Normal flora has been inhibited and the insensitive flora becomes prominent34. Drug tolerance means the response to the same dose of a drug decreases with repeated uses.35. Physical dependence is an adaptive physiological state produced by repeated use of a drug. Once drug administration is stopped, abstinence syndromes will occur.36. Psychological dependence is the feeling of satisfaction and psychic drive that require periodic or continuous administration of the drug to produce a desired effect or to avoid discomfort .37. Graded response: In a certain range of doses, the pharmacological response increases with the increasing of doses, such as blood pressure, muscle contraction, urinary excretion of sodium.38. Threshold dose indicates the least amount of drug needed to exert therapeutic, also as know as minimal effective dose39. Efficacy describes the maximal biological response produced by a drug40. Concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50): The concentration that give rise to 50% of maximal effect41. Potency is a term describing the comparative expression of a drug activity measured in terms of dose required to produce a particular effect of given intensity related to a given standard reference.42. Quantal response: Indicate that a given dose of a drug has or has not evoked a certain effect in the various subjects under investigation.43. LD50: A dose that gives rise to the death of 50% of subjects is called LD5044. TI: therapeutic index. TI=LD50/ED50. It is a kind of index evaluated the safety of a drug.45. Receptor: A receptor can be defined as any biologic target macromolecule in cells that interacts specifically with extracellular signal and converts it into intracellular effects46. Ligand: A ligand is a compound that binds to a receptor specially and produces the biological response. It was also called first messengers47. Down-regulation/Desensitization: Chronic stimulation of receptors can cause decreased numbers of receptors.48. Up-regulation/Hypersensitization: In contrary, chronic blocking receptors may result in receptor up-regulation49. Agonist can bind to receptors, then activate receptors and produce pharmacological effect.50. Antagonist: A pure antagonist, which can bind to receptors without intrinsic activity, antagonizes the biologic effects of the corresponding agonist.51. Tolerance is said to develop when the response to the same dose of a drug decreases with repeated uses.52. Dependence means the body produce physiological or psychological dependence and requirement to some drugs after long-term use of the drugs. 53. Withdrawal syndrome Termination of some drugs using after long-term medication results in withdrawal symptoms or withdrawal syndrome54. Cinchonism: It is described by the symptoms caused by toxicity of quinidine or quinine et al, the alkaloids extracted from cinchona, which include 3 major symptoms: gastrointestinal disturbance like vomiting, nausea, diarrhea; visual and aural disturbances as diplopia, photophobia, altered-color, hearing loss, tinnitus; and central nervous system effects like headache, confusion, psychosis.55. Mycardial remodeling: It is the most important intrinsic compensatory mechanism in CHF. It refers to the slow dilation and structural changes occurred in the stressed myocardium, including myocytes hypertrophy, proliferation of connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) and myocardial fibrosis. After an initial beneficial effect, mycardial remodeling can lead to ischemic changes, impairment of diastolic filling, and myocytes apoptosis. Angiotensin II and aldosterone can cause mycardial remodeling during CHF.56. First dose phenomenon: It refers to a precipitous drop in standing blood pressure, palpitation and syncope shortly after the first dose of some antihypertensive drugs, especially prazosin.57. Thyroid storm(thyroid crisis): is sudden acute exacerbation of all of the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, presenting as a life-threatening syndrome.58. Insulin resistance: A diabetic requiring more than 200 units/day is regarded as insulin resistant. Acute resistant may result from the increase of anti-insulin factor-corticosteroids, growth hormone thyroxine, and estrogens. Chronic resistance may be due to a decline in number and/or affinity of receptors or to defects in post-receptor mechanisms.59. Hyperadrenalism-like syndrome: This is caused by lipid metabolism, and redistribution or water-electrolyte metabolism disorders. The syndrome include moon faces, buffalo hump, central obesity, skin atrophy, acne, crinosity, edema, hypokalemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus etc.60. Rebound phenomena: Discontinuing or repid extenuation of glucocorticosteriods can lead original diseases recurring or deteriorating.61. Superinfections : There is a complete microecosystem in health adult. After long-term using broad-spectrum antibiotics, sensitive bacteria growth is inhibited, non- sensitive bacteria takes the chance of breeding, resulting in new infections.62. Chemotherapy：It is to use chemistry drugs treating or preventing the diseases caused by pathogenic microbe, helminth or cancer cell .63. Antibacterial drugs：substances to inhibit or kill bacteria and to prevent and cure the bacteroidal inflammation .64. Antibacterial spectrum： Antibacterial spectrum of a drug means the species of microorganisms that the drug can inhibit or kill.65. antibacterial activity：It means the ability of a drug that the drug can inhibit or kill microorganisms.66. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)：MIC is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agents that prevents visible growth in 18-24 hours incubation.67. Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC)：MBC is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agents that kills bacteria in culture medium.68. Chemotherapeutic index (CI)：CI is a term used to evaluate the safety of chemotherapeutic drugs.The value is LD50/ED50 or LD5/ED9569. Post - antibiotic effect , PAE：PAE shows the antimicrobial effect after the concentration decreased below MIC.70. Chemotherapy：It is to use chemistry drugs treating or preventing the diseases caused by pathogenic microbe, helminth or cancer cell .71. Chemotherapeutic index (CI)：CI is a term used to evaluate the safety of chemotherapeutic drugs.The value is LD50/ED50 or LD5/ED9572. Antibacterial drugs are substances to inhibit or kill bacteria and to prevent and cure the bactero