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Unit 1 大学为保护资金利益而大肆游说 1Unit 2 Economics P31 Global Motors 世界汽车公司6Two-Faced Capitalism 虚伪的资本主义15Older Women, Too, Struggle with a Dangerous Secret年长的妇女也在用危险的秘密拼搏21Unit 1 Politics政治The higher Education of Washington华盛顿高等教育Universities step up lobbying to protect funding interests大学为保护资金利益而大肆游说By Dan Morgan丹. 摩根When the University of California at Los Angeles put Rep. Jerry Lewis (R-Calif.) on the cover of this winters alumni bulletin, it was a tribute to a distinguished graduate who is so close to his alma mater that he named his dog Bruin, after UCLAs revered symbol.新词：lobbying游说拉票step up增加，促进，加速University of California at Los Angeles美国加州大学洛杉矶分校Rep.Representative众议员alumni毕业生男校友bulletin期刊，公告, 公报，tribute贡品, 礼物, 颂词, 殷勤alma mater母校Bruin吉祥物熊（布轮熊）revere尊敬，敬畏参考译文：美国加州大学洛杉矶分校在今年冬季毕业生期刊封面刊登美国国会议员杰尔. 刘易斯（加州共和党人），对与其母校的关系密切得能用美国加州大学洛杉矶分校吉祥物将其宠狗取名为布轮熊的杰出毕业生大肆颂扬。But the cover story, which was engineered in part by the University of Californias government relation office in Washington, was also a shrewd ploy to cement relations with a key member of the House Appropriations Committee. 新词：in part部分地，在某种程度上shrewd ploy机敏的，精明的，奸诈的计策，手段cement水泥，粘结House Appropriations Committee（HAC）美国国会众院拨款委员会参考译文：但是在某种程度上由加州大学华盛顿政府关系办公室策划的这一封面故事也是密切与美国国会众院拨款委员会某一关键委员的精明手段。As Congress takes up President Bushs fiscal 2005 budget proposal, which cuts some basic research programs vital to universities, the higher education community is using every lobbying tool at its disposal to protect its interests.新词：Congress美国国会参考译文：在美国国会受理布什总统提交的砍掉了对大学至关重要的一些基本研究计划的2005财政年度预算案之际，高等教育团体无不竭尽游说之能来保护自己的利益。On the line are billions of dollars in federal support for medical, defense, space and physics research, as well as special “earmarks” for agricultural research stations, buildings and other local projects.新词：earmarks指拨（款项），标志参考译文：列入年度预算的是联邦支持医疗，国防，空间和物理研究的数十亿美元以及农业研究站，建筑和其它地方项目的指拨款项。As recently as the 1980s, lobbying by higher education was a two-horse operation, involving a few large universities and a handful of K Street firms. 新词：two-horse operation小规模经营参考译文：近在20世纪80年代，高等教育团体的游说就以小规模进行，涉及一些规模大的大学和少量华盛顿K街的企业。Colleges and universities still shy away from organized political fundraising and campaign advertising-the stock in trade of modern lobbying. Nonprofit status or state laws prohibit many of them from engaging in it.新词： shy away from躲避，离开，羞于stock in trade存货,惯用手段参考译文：学院和大学仍然回避有组织的政治性募捐活动和广告活动现代游说的惯用手段。非盈利状态或国家法律使他们中的多数望而止步。But that has not precluded the higher education industry from greatly increasing its presence in Washington.新词： preclude（与from连用）避免；排除；阻止；妨碍参考译文：但是这并没有阻止高等教育业越来越多地出现在华盛顿。 “At the end of the day, having campaign dollars in your back pocket isnt the only way to get attention and help in Congress,” said A. Scott Sudduth, the University of Californias vice president for government relations.新词： back pocket后袋参考译文： “在这一天结束时，把活动用的美元放在你的后袋里不是在国会里获取注意和帮助的唯一办法”，加州大学主管政府关系的副校长A. 斯科特.沙都斯说道。Last year, more than 150 colleges and universities shelled out tens of millions of dollars to lobby on spending issues, as well as on legislation affecting student visas, stem cell research, student aid and homeland security.新词： shell out支付,缴清,支付stem cell干细胞homeland security国土安全参考译文：去年，150多所大学和学院用了数百万美元为经费问题，影响学生办签证，干细胞研究，助学金和国土安全等的法规进行了游说。Van Scoyoc Associates Inc., for instance, has 55 university clients. 新词： Van Scoyoc Associates Inc.（VSA）范.斯科约克合伙公司（美国游说公司参考译文：例如，范.斯科约克合伙公司（美国游说公司，建于1990年）拥有客户55所大学。Lawmakers and congressional staffers troop to breakfasts several times a week at the firms Constitution Avenue offices, at the foot of Capitol Hill.新词：staffer编辑, 职员 troop成群而行，群, 组, 多数, 军队Capitol Hill美国国会山参考译文：立法者和国会职员每周几次成群结队地前往位于美国国会山脚下立宪大街的公司办事处用早餐。 These can be discussion forums on educational issues, or fundraisers for supportive members.新词：forum论坛, 法庭, 讨论会 fundraiser筹资者，如宴会等资金筹集会参考译文：这些可能是关于教育问题的讨论论坛或赞助成员的资金筹集会。In the 2002 election cycle, Van Scoyoc employees made 493 donations, totaling about $250,000, to candidates or political parties.新词：donation捐赠品, 捐款, 贡献 参考译文：在2002年选举中，范.斯科约克合伙公司雇员对候选人或政党捐赠493次，共计约250，000美元。Individual professors and college administrators have also been increasing their political donations, according to the Center for Responsive Politics.新词：Center for Responsive Politics美国超党派机构“政治反馈中心”参考译文：从美国超党派机构“政治反馈中心”获悉，单个教授和学院行政管理人员也在增加他们的政治捐赠。Gifts by university employees to presidential candidates totaled more than $2.4 million in the first three quarters of 2003, according to the center.参考译文：据该中心统计，大学雇员对总统候选人的捐赠在2003年头三个季度总数超过二百四十万美元。 The leading recipient was Howard Dean, who collected $719,000, with large amounts coming from employees of the University of California, Harvard, Emory, Stanford and Dartmouth College.参考译文：主要的捐赠接受人为霍华德. 迪安，他收到719，000美元，这大部分来源于加州大学，哈佛大学，埃莫里大学，斯坦福大学和达特茅斯学院的雇员。Close behind was Bush, whose $680,000 in contributions drew heavily from the University of Texas, Vanderbilt University, University of Chicago, University of Cincinnati and Stanford.参考译文：紧接着的是布什，他收到的680，000美元捐赠款主要来源于德克萨斯大学，范德比尔特大学，芝加哥大学，辛辛那提大学和斯坦福大学。The Washington lobby shop of PodestaMatoon received $300,000 in the first six months of 2003 to represent the Science Coalition 60 top research universities that seek increased funding for basic research. 新词：PodestaMatoon 波德斯塔马土恩游说与公共关系公司参考译文：波德斯塔马土恩游说与公共关系公司华盛顿游说部在2003年头六个月收到300，000美元，为美国科学联合会60个想为基本研究谋求增加资金的高等研究性大学代言。It staged science seminars for lawmakers and periodic “breakfasts of champions” honoring members, including Lewis, who have supported the cause of science in legislation.新词：breakfasts of champions为游说人员准备的早餐参考译文：该公司为包括刘易斯在内的，在立法中支持了科学事业的立法者和定期参加“吃早餐”人员举办科学研讨会。 “Our message is our muscle,” said Michelle Tessier, a PodestaMatoon Lobbyist.参考译文：“我们的信息是我们的力量，”一个波德斯塔马土恩的说客米歇尔.泰茜尔说道。The stakes are unusually high this year. 参考译文：今年赌注异常高。As Congress prepares to reauthorize the Higher Education Act, many universities are gearing up for a fight.新词：Higher Education Act高等教育法案gear up使换快档, 促进, 为准备好参考译文：因为国会准备重新批准高等教育法案，许多大学正准备一击。Rep. Howard P. “Buck” McKeon (R-Calif.), who chairs the House Education and Workforce subcommittee overseeing post-secondary education, has proposed barring institutions from participating in certain student aid programs if they increase tuition and fees at more than twice the rate of inflation for three years in a row.新词：House Education and Workforce subcommittee 美国众议院教育和劳工委员会post-secondary education后中等教育student aid助学金in a row连续参考译文：监督后中等教育的美国众议院教育和劳工委员会主席，议员霍华德.P.“巴克”迈克翁（加州代表）建议，如果公共机构以连续三年的通货膨胀率的两倍以上的速度增加学费和杂费，就要阻止他们参加某些助学金计划。“The higher education community is up in arms over this, but the congressman feels this is a crisis and the current situation is unacceptable,” said Vartan Djihanian, McKeons spokesman.新词：up in arms起来进行武装斗争,感到愤怒参考译文：“高等教育团体对此感到愤怒，但国会议员感到这是一种危机，而且当前形势不可接受，” 迈克翁的代言人瓦尔坦.迪韩林说。In the budget released Monday, Bush put the brakes on funding for most basic research, providing only small increases for the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation.新词：National Institutes of Health 国家健康研究院National Science Foundation美国国家科学基金会参考译文：在星期一公布的预算中，布什停止了对最基本的研究的资助，只对美国国家健康研究院和美国国家科学基金会增加了少量资助。Nils Hasselmo, president of the Association of American Universities (AAU), lambasted the research funding proposal, saying it included “a double-digit cut in critical defense research programs essential to the nations long-term security.”新词：Association of American Universities (AAU) 美国大学协会lambaste痛打, 严责参考译文：美国大学协会主席妮尔斯.哈赛尔莫严厉谴责这一研究资金提案，说这包含了“对国家长期安全至关重要的关键国防研究计划的两位数削减。”The shifting priorities could affect some of the nations most prestigious universities. 参考译文：这一变换的优先次序影响了国家一些最有威望的大学。NIH, for example, funds about $270 million a year of medical research at Harvard. 参考译文：例如，国家健康协会每年为哈佛大学医疗研究提供约二亿七千万美元资金。The University of California system relies on Washington to finance tuition aid for many of its 150,000 students and to support the systems three national science labs, five medical research centers, agricultural research stations, and numerous graduate and undergraduate programs.参考译文：加州大学系统依赖华盛顿为其150，000名学生的多数承担学费补贴，并且支持系统的三个国家科学实验室，五个医疗研究中心，农业研究院和无数毕业生及大学生计划。“There are concerns that were in an environment where we wont see growth in these budgets, and were certainly worried about that,” said Tobin L. Smith, AAUs senior federal relations officer.参考译文：“所关心的是我们处在我们在这些预算中看不见经费增加的环境中，我们对此的确感到担忧，”美国大学协会的高级联邦关系官员托宾.L. 史密斯说。The growing budgetary pressures were evident last year when Senate fiscal conservatives blocked Sen. Arlen Specters bid to add $1.5 billion in NIH funding to a spending bill on the floor. 新词：Senate参议院Sen.senator参议员on the floor在参议院会议上参考译文：去年在参议院财政保守派阻止参议员阿伦.斯百克特在参议院会议上提出的在经费议案中给国家健康协会资金加上十五亿美元的提案时就可以明显看到日以增长的预算压力。In an interview, Specter (R-Pa.) bemoaned the genteel approach of the higher education lobby on such issues.新词：bemoan为哀痛；悲痛 genteel优雅的参考译文：在会见时，斯百克特（宾夕法尼亚州共和党成员）对高等教育在那些问题上游说的彬彬有礼的方式感到遗憾。“Universities arent as politically active as they ought to be,” he said.参考译文：“大学没有他们应该的那样政治上活跃”他说。 “They ought to be identifying the people who voted against NIH funding and going to work in their states Defense contractors come in with all guns blazing, no pun intended, and really mean business.”新词： contractor 承包商with all guns blazing用坚定不移，咄咄逼人的方式pun双关语参考译文：“他们应该识别那些投票反对国家健康协会资助的人，回他们的州去工作”防卫承包商用咄咄逼人的方式进入，无双关语意图，真正是在做生意。But Sudduth, who heads the University of Californias nine-person lobbying team in Washington, says his group has rejected forming political action committees or resorting to “hardball” lobbying methods. 新词：political action committee政治行动委员会hardball激烈的参考译文：但是华盛顿加州大学9人游说团团长苏达斯说，他的游说团已经拒绝了组建政治行动委员会或采用“激烈的”游说方式的提议。Instead, he said, the university uses its enormous grass-roots influence in California to further its interests.新词：grass-roots般民众的，民间的参考译文：他说，大学宁愿使用他在加州巨大的民间影响来增进它的利益。Sudduth said the UCLA alumni bulletins cover story on Lewis, which described the lawmaker as a longtime friend, was coordinated between his office and the UCLA Alumni Association.新词：UCLA美国加州大学洛杉矶分校 参考译文：苏达斯说，美国加州大学洛杉矶分校毕业生期刊上关于刘易斯的封面故事把这位立法者描述成长期朋友，这是他的办公室与美国加州大学洛杉矶分校校友会之间的配合所致。As chairman of the House Appropriations subcommittee with jurisdiction over the budget of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the magazine noted, Lewis was able to help UCLA recover from damage suffered in the Northridge earthquake.新词：Federal Emergency Management Agency 美国联邦紧急事务管理局Northridge earthquake诺思里奇地震参考译文：作为管辖美国联邦紧急事务管理局的预算的美国国会众议院拨款委员会主席，刘易斯有能力帮助美国加州大学洛杉矶分校从诺思里奇地震损坏中恢复。 “With Lewiss assistance, FEMA funding was secured to assist with the restoration of Powell Library and Royce Hall,” the article said.新词：Powell Library鲍威尔图书馆大楼Royce Hall罗伊斯会堂参考译文：“在刘易斯的帮助下，联邦紧急事务管理局资金可以保证帮助恢复鲍威尔图书馆大楼和罗伊斯会堂，”文章说道。Lewis now chairs the subcommittee that oversees the Pentagons research budget, which supports research at UCLA on robotic surgery and nanotechnology.新词：Pentagon五角大楼robotic surgery人工智能外科nanotechnology纳米技术参考译文：刘易斯现在担任监督五角大楼研究预算的拨款委员会主席，这会支持美国加州大学洛杉矶分校对人工智能外科和纳米技术的研究。The new alumni bulletin dubs Lewis the “cardinal from Westwood” (Calif.), a reference to his role as chairman of one of the 13 appropriations subcommittees.新词：dub把称为，授予新称号cardinal红衣主教参考译文：新毕业生期刊授予刘易斯“西武德（加州）来的红衣主教”称号，把他的作用叫做13个拨款委员会之一的主席。 “We happen to think hed make a great chairman of the Appropriations Committee” after the term of Rep. Bill Yong (R-Fla.) ends next year, Sudduth said.新词： 参考译文：在众议员比尔.勇（佛罗里达共和党人）的任期明年结束后 “我们偶尔会想到他会成为拨款委员会伟大的主席”，苏达斯说。(From The Washington Post, February 4, 2004)（摘自2004年2月4日华盛顿邮报）Unit 2 Economics 经济 P31 Global Motors 世界汽车公司GM has a surprise for its detractors: Those foreign entanglements are starting to pay off.美国通用汽车公司有惊喜要告诉他的诋毁者：那些国外困境正开始消除By Joann Muller琼. 马勒When General Motors bought up parts of bankrupt Daewoo Motor in October 2002 you could almost hear the derisive laughter around the world. 新词：detractor诋毁者，贬低者entanglement陷入困境，纠缠derisive嘲笑的, 值得嘲笑的参考译文：美国通用汽车公司2002年10月买下部分破产的大宇汽车公司时，你几乎能听到世界各地的嘲笑声。The Korean carmaker was a disaster. Its market share at home had fallen by half, to 10%. 新词： 参考译文：韩国的汽车制造商是一个灾难。它在国内的市场占有率减半，降低到了10%。Unions were growing more militant by the day, the elsewhere around the world the Daewoo brand had faded into obscurity. Here was another silly GM alliance.新词：by the day按日计算 Daewoo brand大宇牌参考译文：联盟相互争斗越来越日以强烈，大宇的牌子在世界的其它地方已日以变得模糊。这是又一个愚蠢的通用汽车公司联盟。GM executives hunkered down. 新词：hunker down坚持立场，观点等 参考译文：通用汽车公司的执行者坚持自己的做法。They were looking at Daewoo as modest gamble, a way to sell some cars to Koreans and little more.新词： 参考译文：他们把大宇汽车公司看成谨慎的赌注，是再向韩国人卖出一些汽车的方法。 But globalism can exert a mighty pull. (Soon GM injected Daewoo with grander ambitions, as a base for exports throughout Asia, especially the booming Chinese market.)新词： 参考译文：但全球政策能施加巨大的拉力。（通用汽车公司很快向大宇汽车公司注入了更大的雄心，要把它建成向亚洲，特别是发展迅速的中国市场出口的基地。） Today Daewoos factories, which had produced so few cars that they turned down the thermostat, have now doubled their capacity utilization. 新词：turn down the thermostat降低生产的产量capacity utilization生产能力的利用参考译文：生产的汽车少得使他们降低产量的大宇汽车公司工厂今天把他们生产能力的利用翻了一番。Vehicles made at Daewoo factories are being exported to GM -related companies in 120 countries in Asia, Europe and North America. 新词： 参考译文：大宇汽车公司工厂生产的车辆正在向亚洲，欧洲和北美的120个国家的与通用汽车公司相关的公司出口。The Daewoo brand may be long gone in the U.S., but Daewoo -built cars are sold here as the Chevrolet Aveo, the Suzuki Forenza and the Suzuki Verona.新词：Chevrolet 雪佛兰 Suzuki铃木 参考译文：大宇牌在美国可能长期消失，但是大宇汽车公司生产的汽车在这里按雪佛兰Aveo，铃木Forenza和铃木Verona牌出售。 In China and other parts of the world Daewoo -designed cars are sold under several names: Daewoo, Buick, Chevrolet and Suzuki.新词： Buick别克牌参考译文：在中国和世界其它地区，大宇汽车公司设计的汽车以大宇牌，别克牌，雪佛兰和铃木等几个牌子出售。GM Daewoo Auto & Technology is expected to produce 800,000 vehicles in 2004 and post a profit by 2005.新词：GM Daewoo Auto & Technology韩国通用大宇汽车科技公司post贴海报，提出，记帐：将必要事项全部列入（总帐）参考译文：韩国通用大宇汽车科技公司可望在2004年生产800，000台汽车，在2005年获得利润。The Asian outpost was a bargain. GM picked it up for a $250 million equity investment.新词：bargain廉价货，议价, 讨价还价equity investment实际投资，直接投资，股本投资参考译文：亚洲前哨市场是一种廉价货。通用汽车公司直接投资2亿5千万美元就收购到手。GMs quest for global synergies got off to a rocky start, and it wrote off most of the $3 billion it put into Fiat (where a recapitalization has shrunk GMs stake from 20% to 10%) and Isuzu (where it later pumped in another $500 million). 新词：get off to陷入.状态, 陷入rocky有障碍或困难重重的get off to a rocky start 开头很困难write off购销，作为亏损从帐目上购销recapitalization调整资本stake指企业的股份Fiat菲亚特参考译文：通用汽车公司寻求全球协作的做法一开始就陷入困难重重的局面，它勾销了它投入到菲亚特（这里的调整资本因通用汽车公司资金的缘故从20收缩到10）和五十铃（这里它后来又注入了5亿美元）的30亿美元的大部分。But now, after years of benign neglect, GM is putting the pieces together, tapping the engineering, manufacturing and distribution resources of its global partners. 新词：benign善良的. 有利的参考译文：但是现在，多年善意的忽略之后，通用汽车公司收拢各个项目，轻轻敲击着他全球伙伴的工程，制造和分配资源。Saabs will be made in Japan, for example; Pontiacs, in Australia. 新词： Saab萨伯牌汽车Pontiacs庞蒂克牌参考译文：例如，在日本将生产萨伯牌汽车，在澳大利亚生产庞蒂克GTO轿车。The strategy has the potential to save billions of dollars, dramatically speed up product development and give GM an edge in emerging markets.新词：edge刀口，俗优势, 边缘参考译文：这一策略有潜力节约数十亿美元，会大大加速产品开发，在出现的市场中给通用汽车公司一个位置。Go global or get slammed. “Your competitor isnt just across the street anymore,” says GM Chief Executive G. Richard Wagoner. 新词： 参考译文：要么走向世界，要么关门。“你的竞争对手不再只是在街上，” 通用汽车公司首席执行官G. 理查德.瓦根勒说。“Its from Korea, from Japan, from Europe. So I think its required everyone to elevate their game.” “新词： game比赛, 游戏, 竞赛, 复运动会, 玩耍, 比分, 比赛规则, 策略参考译文：”他来自韩国，来自日本，来自欧洲。所以我认为需要每个人都来评价一下他们的策略。”For years GM operated as a loose federation, in which Opel in Europe and Holden in Australia each had their own product development and assembly operations, separate from North America. 新词：Holden 霍尔登汽车公司Opel欧宝汽车公司参考译文：多年来，通用汽车公司按松弛的联盟经营，其中欧洲的欧宝汽车公司和澳大利亚的霍尔登汽车公司都有他们自己的，与北美分开的产品开发和装配。Now duplicate engineering efforts and factories running at less than full capacity are a luxury GM cant afford.新词：luxury奢侈, 豪华,奢侈品参考译文：现在双倍的工程努力和不用全能力的工厂运行都不是通用汽车公司能够承担的奢侈之举。 Globalism does not, however, mean that cars have to look identical across the globe. 新词： 参考译文：然而，全球政策不是指汽车必须看起来全球一样。The designs are different, but the underbody components are the same and are pieced together in the same manner. 新词： 参考译文：汽车设计不同，但车身下部零件相同，都以同样的方式组装。Just as important, GM is overhauling its factories around the world to equip them with flexible machinery that can be programmed to build several different models. 新词： 参考译文：同样重要的是通用汽车公司正在对它全世界的工厂进行改造，配备能够为制造几种不同车型进行编程的灵活机器。Down the road, that will give GM the efficiency and flexibility to do what once seemed unimaginable: building Saab s, for instance, at an underutilized Chevy factory in the U.S.新词： 参考译文：这便会让通用汽车公司有效率和灵活性来做曾经看起来不可想象的事情：例如，在美国能力利用不足的雪佛兰牌汽车厂制造萨伯牌汽车。 “This is a big-hat vision,” says Wagoner, who concedes it will be years before GM reaps the full financial benefits. 新词：big-hat 很有前景的参考译文：“这是一个很有前景的款式” 瓦根勒说，他承认要过很多年通用汽车公司才能获得全财务效益。“I dont want to oversell that its going to drive the margins of the company 4-X next year.新词：oversell卖空, 吹嘘过度参考译文：“我不想”过分吹嘘这会在明年就开始实现公司4-X的边际收益。 Its going to take some time for it to play out.” But even in its early stages Wagoners “one GM” strategy has already produced hundreds of millions of dollars in saving.新词：play out做完(放出)参考译文：这需要一些时间来完成。但即使在其早期阶段，瓦根勒的“一个通用汽车公司”策略就已经节省了好几十千万美元。The new Pontiac, for instance, is derived from the sporty Monaro coupe made by GMs Australian subsidiary, Holden.新词：Monaro coupe 莫纳罗跑车参考译文：例如，新的庞蒂克GTO轿车就来源于通用汽车公司澳大利亚霍尔登汽车公司制造的莫纳罗跑车。 It would have cost GM $600 million to $800 million to develop a new GTO in the U.S., including factory tooling, according to GM Vice Chairman Robert Lutz. 新词： 参考译文：据通用汽车公司副总裁罗伯特. 鲁池说，在美国开发一种新的GTO轿车，包括工厂工装在内，