工作分析_工作分析和工作计划

PARTTWO-STAFFINGTHEORGANIZATION,JobAnalysisandJobDesign,5,Chapter5Overview,BasicTerminologyJobAnalysisJobDesign,BasicTerminologyJobAnalysisProductsofJobAnalysisJobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnairesFunctionalJobAnalysisDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesO*NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysisPotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis,Figure5.1,|,RelationshipamongDifferentJobComponents,BasicTerminologyJobAnalysisProductsofJobAnalysisJobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnairesFunctionalJobAnalysisDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesO*NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysisPotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis,Table5.1,AreaofInformationContentsJobtitleandlocationNameofjobandwhereitislocated.OrganizationalrelationshipAbriefexplanationofthenumberofpersonssupervised(ifapplicable)andthejobtitle(s)oftheposition(s)supervised.Astatementconcerningsupervisionreceived.RelationtootherjobsDescribesandoutlinesthecoordinationrequiredbythejob.JobsummaryCondensedexplanationofthecontentofthejob.InformationconcerningThecontentofthisareavariesgreatlyfromjobjobrequirementstojobandfromorganizationtoorganization.Typicallyitincludesinformationonsuchtopicsasmachines,tools,andmaterials;mentalcomplexityandattentionrequired;physicaldemandsandworkingconditions.,InformationProvidedbyaJobAnalysis,BasicTerminologyJobAnalysisProductsofJobAnalysisJobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnairesFunctionalJobAnalysisDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesO*NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysisPotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis,Table5.2,Ajobdescriptionshouldbeaformal,writtendocument,usuallyfromonetothreepageslong.Itshouldincludethefollowing:Datewritten.JobStatus(full-timeorpart-time;salaryorwage).Positiontitle.Jobsummary(asynopsisofthejobresponsibilities).Detailedlistofdutiesandresponsibilities.Supervisionreceived(towhomthejobholderreports).Supervisionexercised,ifany(whoreportstothisemployee).Principalcontacts(inandoutsidetheorganization).Relatedmeetingstobeattendedandreportstobefiled.Competencyorpositionrequirements.Requirededucationandexperience.Careermobility(positionsforwhichjobholdermayqualifynext).,ContentsofaJobDescription,BasicTerminologyJobAnalysisProductsofJobAnalysisJobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnairesFunctionalJobAnalysisDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesO*NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysisPotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis,BasicTerminologyJobAnalysisProductsofJobAnalysisJobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnairesFunctionalJobAnalysisDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesO*NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysisPotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis,BasicTerminologyJobAnalysisProductsofJobAnalysisJobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnairesFunctionalJobAnalysisDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesO*NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysisPotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis,Table5.3,CategoryInformationinputMentalprocessesPhysicalactivitiesRelationshipswithotherpeopleJobcontextOtherjobcharacteristics,DescriptionWhereandhowdoestheemployeegettheinformationusedinperformingthejob?Whatreasoning,decision-making,planning,andinformation-processingactivitiesareinvolvedinperformingthejob?Whatphysicalactivitiesdoestheemployeeperform,andwhattoolsordevicesareused?Whatrelationshipswithotherpeoplearerequiredinperformingthejob?Inwhatphysicalorsocialcontestistheworkperformed?Whatactivities,conditions,orcharacteristicsotherthanthosedescribedabovearerelevanttothejob?,ExamplesUseofwrittenmaterials.Near-visualdifferentiation.Levelofreasoninginproblemsolving.Coding/decoding.Useofkeyboarddevices.Assembling/disassembling.Instructing.Contactswithpublic,and/orcustomers.Hightemperature.Interpersonalconflictsituations.Specifiedworkpace.Amountofjobstructure.,EmployeeActivityCategoriesUsedinthePAQ,Table5.4,Source:E.J.McCormick,P.R.Jeanneret,andR.C.Mecham,PositionAnalysisQuestionnaire.Copyright1969byPurdueResearchFoundation,WestLafayette,Ind.Reprintedwithpermission.,SamplepagefromthePositionAnalysisQuestionnaire(PAQ),InformationinputI.ISourcesofJobInformationRateeachofthefollowingitemsintermsoftheextenttowhichitisusedbytheworkerasasourceofinformationinperformingthejob.I.I.IVisualSourcesofJobInformation1Writtenmaterials(books,reports,officenotes,articles,jobinstructions,signs,etc.)2Quantitativematerials(materialswhichdealwithquantitiesoramounts,suchasgraphs,accounts,specifications,tablesofnumbers,etc.)3Pictorialmaterial(picturesorpicturelikematerialsusedassourcesofinformation,forexample,drawings,blueprints,diagrams,maps,tracings,photographicfilms,x-rayfilms,TVpictures,etc.)4Patterns/relateddevices(templates,stencils,patterns,etc.,usedassourcesofinformationwhenobservedduringuse;donotincludeherematerialsdescribedinitem3above),CodeExtentofUseNDoesnotapply1Nominal/veryfrequent2Occasional3Moderate4Considerable5Verysubstantial,(Continued),Table5.4(concluded),5Visualdisplays(dials,gauges,signallights,radarscopes,speedometers,clocks,etc.)6Measuringdevices(rules,calipers,tirepressuregauges,scales,thicknessgauges,pipettes,thermometers,protractors,etc.,usedtoobtainvisualinformationaboutphysicalmeasurements;donotincludeheredevicesdescribedinitem5above)7Mechanicaldevices(tools,equipment,machinery,andothermechanicaldeviceswhicharesourcesofinformationwhenobservedduringuseoroperation)8Materialsinprocess(parts,materials,etc.,whicharesourcesofinformationwhenbeingmodified,workedon,orotherwiseprocessed,suchasbreaddoughbeingmixed,workpiecebeturnedinalathe,fabricbeingcut,shoebeingresoled,etc.)9Materialsnotinprocess(parts,materials,objects,etc.,notintheprocessofbeingchangedormodified,whicharesourcesofinformationwhenbeinginspected,handled,packaged,distributed,orselected,etc.,suchasitemsormaterialsininventory,storage,ordistributionchannels,itemsbeinginspected,etc.)10Featuresofnature(landscapes,fields,geologicalsamples,vegetation,cloudformations,andotherfeaturesofnaturewhichareobservedorinspectedtoprovideinformation)11“Man-made”featuresofenvironment(structures,buildings,dams,highways,bridges,docks,railroads,andother“man-made”oralteredaspectsoftheindoororoutdoorenvironmentwhichareobservedorinspectedtoprovidejobinformation;donoconsiderequipment,machines,etc.,thatindividualsuseintheirwork,ascoveredbyitem7),SamplepagefromthePositionAnalysisQuestionnaire(PAQ),Table5.5,Source:W.B.TornovandP.R.Pinto,“TheDevelopmentofaManagerialJobTaxonomy:ASystemforDescribing,Classifying,andEvaluatingExecutivePositions,”JournalofAppliedPsychology61,no.4(1976),p.414.,ManagementPositionDescriptionQuestionnaireCategories,1.Product,marketing,andfinancialstrategyplanning.2.Coordinationofotherorganizationalunitsandpersonnel.3.Internalbusinesscontrol.4.Productsandservicesresponsibility.5.Publicandcustomerrelations.6.Advancedconsulting.7.Autonomyofactions.8.Approvaloffinancialcommitments.9.Staffservice.10.Supervision.11.Complexityandstress.12.Advancedfinancialresponsibility.13.Broadpersonnelresponsibility.,BasicTerminologyJobAnalysisProductsofJobAnalysisJobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnairesFunctionalJobAnalysisDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesO*NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysisPotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis,Table5.6,Source:U.S.DepartmentofLabor,RevisedHandbookforAnalyzingJobs(Washington,D.C.:U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice,1991),p.73.,LevelsofDifficultyforWorkerFunctionsinFJA,DataPeopleThings0Synthesizing0Mentoring0Settingup1Coordinating1Negotiating1Precisionworking2Analyzing2Instructing2Operating-controlling3Compiling3Supervising3Driving-operating4Computing4Diverting4Manipulating5Copying5Persuading5Tending6Comparing6Speaking-signaling6Feeding-offbearing7Serving7Handling8Takinginstructions-helping,BasicTerminologyJobAnalysisProductsofJobAnalysisJobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnairesFunctionalJobAnalysisDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesO*NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysisPotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis,Table5.7,1.Professional,technical,andmanagerial2.Clericalandsales3.Service4.Agriculture,fishing,forestry,andrelated5.Processing6.Machinetrades7.Benchwork8.Structuralwork9.Miscellaneous,NineOccupationalCategoriesUsedbytheDOT,Figure5.2,|,HumanResourcesManagerasClassifiedbytheDOT,Source:U.S.DepartmentofLabor,EmploymentandTrainingAdministration,DictionaryofOccupationalTitles,4thed.,rev.1991(Washington,D.C.:U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice,1991).,BasicTerminologyJobAnalysisProductsofJobAnalysisJobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnairesFunctionalJobAnalysisDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesO*NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysisPotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis,BasicTerminologyJobAnalysisProductsofJobAnalysisJobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnairesFunctionalJobAnalysisDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesO*NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysisPotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis,Table5.8,Source:WayneE.BarlowandEdwardZ.Hare,“APracticalGuidetotheAmericanswithDisabilitiesAct,”PersonnelJournal,June1992,p.54.1.Doesthepositionexisttoperformthesefunctions?Iftheperformanceofaparticularfunctionistheprincipalpurposeforhiringaperson,itwouldbeanessentialfunction.2.Wouldtheremovalofthefunctionfundamentallyaltertheposition?Ifthepurposeofthepositioncanbefulfilledwithoutperformingthefunction,itisntessential.3.Whatsthedegreeofexpertiseorskillrequiredtoperformthefunction?Thefactthatanemployeeishiredforhisorherspecializedexpertisetoperformaparticularfunctionisevidencethatthefunctionisessential.4.Howmuchoftheemployeestimeisspentperformingthefunction?Thefactthatanemployeespendsasubstantialamountoftimeperformingaparticularfunctionisevidencethatthefunctionisessential.5.Whataretheconsequencesoffailuretoperformthefunction?Thefactthattheconsequencesoffailurearesevereisevidencethatthefunctionisessential.6.Howmanyotheremployeesareavailableamongwhomthefunctioncanbedistributed?Thesmallerthenumberofemployeesavailableforperformingagroupoffunctions,thegreaterthelikelihoodthatanyoneofthemwillhavetoperformaparticularfunction.,QuestionstoBeAddressedtoDetermineEssentialFunctions,BasicTerminologyJobAnalysisProductsofJobAnalysisJobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnairesFunctionalJobAnalysisDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesO*NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysisPotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis,JobDesignJobScopeandJobDepthSociotechnicalApproachtoJo