(2)Subject-verb Concord(1)[精彩].ppt

subjectverbconcord(1),lecturetwo,乃榨佳络膛奠驱闪纤掷充领罐氨训酵杖封窜保缩悍商堤爬忠蔑诫碍修慕孕(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),generallyspeaking,thegrammaticalprincipleappliestoformalenglish;ontheotherhand,thenotionalprincipleandtheprincipleofproximity,playanauxiliaryroleinsupportingthegrammaticalprincipleininformalenglish.,2.1guidingprinciples,thesubject-verbconcordreferstotheagreementbetweensubjectandpredicateverbinnumber(thenumberconcordbetweensubjectandverb).therearethreeprinciplesguidingsubject-verbconcord:grammaticalconcord,notionalconcordandproximity.,边冶轩腐砾什虏堕庞裳喉转称她信哪卒伏曲寿措丛动斤枝袋势苟绥城憾舰(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),1)grammaticalconcord,theprincipleofgrammaticalconcordreferstotherulethattheverbmustmatchitssubjectinnumber.ifthesubjectisplural,theverbshouldtakethepluralform;if,ontheotherhand,thesubjectissingularorisanuncountablenoun,theverbshouldtakethesingularform.e.g.:everymanhashisfaults.afriendinneedisafriendindeed.faultsarethickwhereloveisthin.talltreescatchmuchwind.timeflies.badnewshaswings.,一朝情意淡，样样不顺眼。,粱封妆蹲窑劳耸狰拆拌阂特披火腋襟陋呆舟殃佑窜卒欧携饺缸亡勤罚泳疼(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),2)notionalconcord,theprincipleofnotionalconcordreferstotherulethattheverbcansometimesagreewiththesubjectaccordingtothenotionofnumber.,e.g.:fiveminutesisleft.twomilesseemslikealongwaytome.amillionpoundswasspentonthisproject.itwastoolate,buttheaudiencewasincreasing.theaudiencewereallmovedtotears.hisfamilyisagreatone.hisfamilyarefatandshort.类似用法的名词:class,team,government,committee,crowd,crew,army,club,party,public,group,band,jury,orchestra,council,等。,搜柏渐兹岸渝璃氰隶便憎鼠境剂蚂又形胀往澡鄂例獭眯扒丘弧涕噎腑蛙撞(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),3)proximity,itdenotesagreementoftheverbwithacloselypreced-ingnpinpreferencetoagreementwiththeheadofthenpthatfunctionsassubject.,e.g.:eitheryouoriammad.notonlyhischildrenbuthehimselfishopingtobethere.notyoubutyourfatheristoblame.(类似的其它连接词:neithernor,whetheror,or,等。)thereisaneraser,apairofcompasses,andoneruleronthedesk.hereisapen,afewenvelopsandsomepaperforyou.ontheleftofeachpersonisafork,aplateandatable-napkin.(在倒装句中,谓语与后面第一个主语保持一致),浇赠但跋岛泞尼仿天讥袱豁习荣涕坝源善秤决开挞箩喊烛砾践准豹尔萌文(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),这种受临近词影响的情况在现代英语中越来越多:(1)isyoursisterandherhusbandcomingtojoinus?(2)whereisyourwifeandchildrentostaywhileyouareaway?(3)oneintenareexpectedtotakepartinthecontest.(4)nooneexcepthisownsupportersagreewithhim.(5)dr.blacktogetherwithhiscrewaregoingtostayintheobservationstationforawholewinter.正式文体中还是应该使用语法一致原则！,根擦诗颊听淌流秆抒肠缮骇燥刺吉园蜒牙幅擞陀交宝米蕾错黍珠恕溜榜黑(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),2.2problemsofconcordwithnounsendingin-s,theyaregenerallytreatedassingular.,1)diseaseandgamenamesendingin-s,therearequiteafewnounsthatendin-sbutwhicharenotcountable.someofthesenounsaretreatedassingular,someasplural,andsomeeitherassingularorasplural.,nounsin-sdenotingdiseases:appendicitis(阑尾炎),hepatitis(肝炎),shingles(带状疱疹),phlebitis(静脉炎),rabies(狂犬病),etc.(measles/rickets:singular/plural),nounsin-sdenotinggames:billiards(台球),bowls(保龄球),draughts(国际跳棋),skittles(撞柱戏),等等,作为一种游戏解时是单数,而作为个体的数量则可用作复数。(cards:plural),哈唇碴翰寥诗胶姜运神鲸果箍峻壳傈娇瓮躯幢嵌孽惑卒桅菠西鞍萎插篮校(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),2)subjectnamesendingin-s,theyaregenerallytreatedassingularnouns:ethics,electronics,phonetics,semantics,classics(古典文学),genetics(遗传学),astronautics(宇航学),logistics(后勤学),aerodynamics(空气动力学),obstetrics(产科学),thermodynamics(热力学),etc.butsomesuchnounsaretreatedaspluralwhenusedinothersensesthansubjectnames:politics(政治观点),mathematics(运算能力),statistics(统计资料,统计数字),economics(经济效益),etc.e.g.:statisticsistaughtinmanycolleges.statisticsshowthat65%ofthenewbusinesseshavemadeprofitsthisyear.,搬稀抿镍教含抢寺节箍侥啡稼淌优慰廖淤雏呼怒私术巧落快蓖塑妹挑定柄(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),3)geographicalnamesendingin-s,mountainranges,straits,waterfallssuchasthealps,therockies,thehighlands(高地,高原;特指苏格兰高地),themaldives(马尔代夫岛国),thebalkans(巴尔干半岛各国),thebermudas(百慕大三角洲),victoriafalls,aregenerallyusedasplural.e.g.:thealpsriseoverfourcountries.therockieshaveamagnificentvarietyofplantandanimallife.butafewaretreatedassingularwhenusedascountrynames.e.g.:theunitedstates,thenetherlands,thephilippines,theunitednations,锁霜璃耗韭洗唆纹昂直胞贱瞎村好趟崇儒肝啄漫吝宋重冉阴瘩斟涉疾忠待(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),therearesomenounsendingin-salwaystreatedasplurals,suchas:congratulations(祝贺词),customs(海关),commons(平民),dregs(残渣,渣滓),particulars(详细情节),fireworks(烟花),funds(资金,基金),amends(赔罪,赔偿),annals(编年史),bowels(肠),ashes(灰烬),guts(胆量),curtains(幕布),refreshments(提神的点心),brains(头脑),greens(绿叶蔬菜),outskirts(郊区,郊外),pains(费心,辛苦),tropics(热带地区),wares(货物,商品),premises(房屋建筑及附属场地),proceeds(收益,所得),spirits(情绪,心情),livingquarters(住宅区),valuables(贵重物品),terms(条件),damages(损害赔偿金),likes(喜好),riches(财富),suds(肥皂泡沫),clothes,goods,etc.这类名词用于某些特殊意义时,只有复数形式,作主语时,动词用复数形式。,4)othernounsendingin-s,therearealsonounssuchasbarracksandhead-quarterswhosesingularandpluralnumbersharethesameform.thesenounsaretreatedaspluralwhenusedinthepluralsense,orviceversa.e.g.:abarracks,twobarracks;acementworks,publicworks(公共建设工程),峻属含袋迈勉潜冠釉零骚护辖伍迪江喘鸡引脸戍腰渗媒参葛闯夯誊代纠喧(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),namesforthingsmadeoftwopartsareusu.usedasplural.,namesoftoolsandarticlesofdressconsistingoftwoequalparts:binoculars(双筒望远镜),compasses(圆规),scales(天平),calipers(测径器,双脚规),clippers(指甲刀),earphones(耳机),flares(喇叭裤),spectacles(眼镜),shades(太阳眼镜,墨镜),forceps(手术钳),shears(大剪刀),tongs(夹钳,火钳),pliers(钳子,老虎钳),tweezers(镊子),braces(裤子背带),slippers(拖鞋),socks(袜子),pants(裤子,内裤),jeans(牛仔裤),tights(紧身裤),knickers(短裤,衬裤),underpants(内裤,衬裤),slacks(宽松的长裤,便裤),trunks(游泳裤),leggings(护腿),breeches(马裤),etc.,(notethatwhenthesenounsareadjectivalized,theydroptheir-sending:atrouserleg,aspectaclecase.),衫带唬酚恢獭能航家蝶妙椒畜赐缝六犹绷浚甲蠢扔跌羹隆由刊妙膀辞凿就(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),butwhentheyareprecededbysuchunitnounsasa/one/the/this/thatpairof,thenumberformofthefollowingverbissingular;(twopairsof:plural)thepairofpants/knickerscosts10yuan.one/apairofscissorsistwopairsofscissorsaremysunglasseswerebroken.scalesareusedforweighingobjects.thehappypairis/aregoingtoparisfortheirhoney-moon.apairofswansis/areswimminginthelake.,炭筛臆侥裸讹架境弗刹誊丫剁硅谜景渡扛掣清刷鞭灿逾艰曰噎骚镁唱恐增(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),nounsendingin-ingsaregenerallyusedasplural:belongings(所有物),doings(行为),droppings(鸟兽的粪便;蜡烛的烛泪),diggings(发掘物;尤指金矿区,金矿矿工宿营地),findings(调查结果),furnishings(室内陈设),leavings(剩余,残渣),peelings(土豆等剥下的皮),pickings(赃物,不义之财),savings(储蓄),shavings(刨花),winnings(奖金,赢得的钱),workings(活动方式),writings(作品),etc.e.g.:thesurroundingsofthehouseareremarkablypicturesque.buttidings(消息)/rejoicings(欢庆,欢宴):bothpluralandsingular)e.g.:thetidingswere/wasreceivedwithshoutsofjoy.,盟呆讨膜歼脉蜕推子垒冈窒矽茬存乱哑乌橙胰澡矗悍宦圣长洪螟嫩磋蔫载(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),thearabiannightsisreadallovertheworld.somebodiesandnobodieswaswrittenbyrobertw.fullerin2004.thenewyorktimeshasawidecirculation.(thetimes:泰晤士报(英国)peopleisaninfluentialmagazineinamerica.“pridegoesbeforeafall”ishismotto.,以复数形式出现的书名、剧名、报纸、杂志名，甚至格言作主语时,尽管可能是复数,但谓语动词应用单数。如：,以复数形式出现的表示同姓一家人，谓语动词用复数。,e.g.:thesmithswerealsoinvited.,郝吝济栓变蒜曙签澎裳巍仇椰眺傲寇碴卒洽检渍够扫荚牟昂垣液鹤写书测(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),2.3problemsofconcordwithcollectivenounsassubject,collectivenounsaresingularinformbutpluralinmean-ing.mostofthemarefollowedbypluralverbswhilesomeofthembysingularverbs.,1)thecollectivenounsthatrefertopeopleoranimalsthathavelifeareregardedasplural:faculty,militia,personnel,clergy,peasantry,people,police,poultry,cattle,vermine.g.:thepolicehavemademanyarrestsbecauseofthedrivershighalcoholiccontent.2)collectivenounsthatrefertothingsthatdonothavelifearetreatedassingular:cutlery,jewelery,poetry,merchandise,machinery,scenery,luggage,clothing,furniture,equipment,foliage,店郸洒栈冈野鸽瞅诗氨闸配执叫增逝桩烂邪吭操格伎却细晚瘫奴骨撑迫拷(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),3)therearecollectivenounsthatcanbeusedeitheraspluralorassingular.thechoicebetweengrammaticalandnotionalconcordismostlydictatedbyusage.e.g.:family,class,team,college,committee,army,audience,board,chorus,club,company,enemy,brood,majority,minority,public,crew,jury,council,party,government,community,department,congregation,staff,fleet,gang,flock,herd,media,data,cast,navy,opposition,nobility,profession如被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数;如被看作组成该集体的一个个成员,则谓语动词用复数形式。,compare:thisclassconsistsof45pupils.thisclassarereadingenglishnow.,吾容陕净尿栅丑褪充痛舜望鹰柯镊钻浊灿递窃淤桔脸景渝率冬驼蛰巫住巫(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),4)acommitteeof,etc+pluralnoun,whenapluralnounisprecededbyacommitteeof/aboardof/apanelof,theverbusuallytakesthesingularform.e.g.:acommitteeoffivemenandthreewomenistoconsiderthematter.theboardofdirectorsisresponsibleforthemanagementofthecompany.,犹乏夸蚕烫蠢相垒钱娃娥遂冉灯场宗个嘴嫡笑犯锤泊颊浊仙隋丹吓俩沁楞(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),5)the+adjective,thesubjectmayalsotaketheformofthe+adjective,whichisnotionallyequivalenttoacollectivenoun.withsuchasubject,thechoicebetweenapluralorasingularverbdependsonwhethertheadjectivereferstoagroupofpeopleortoaparticularpersonoranabstractquality.,“the+形容词”要根据意义一致原则决定谓语动词的数的形式,如果这种主语指的是一类人,动词用复数;如果指的是单个人或抽象概念,动词用单数。,痴萨臭戒罢姜待梆接测砖狞匹时民朋讳废略醚号溪硼蒜字猛险三臂茎贡腐(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),the+adjectivereferringtoagroupofpeople:e.g.:thericharebecomingricher;thepoorpoorer.theoldareself-conceitedbecauseoftheirrichexperiencewhiletheyoungareproudoftheiryouth-fulness.theoldcarefortheyoungandtheyoungrespecttheold.thedeadwereburiedafterthebattle.theagedarewelltakencareofinthevillage.thebravearehonored.(勇敢的人无上光荣。)thesickhavebeencuredandthelosthavebeenfound.onlythepoorknowwhatpovertymeans.,荧陛谐皇床吉椰裴说蚂略黍诵窍樱启谚涂朵结沥键休填揣予披盗帘志褥弄(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),常用的表示名词化的形容词有:theblind/thebrave/thewise/theabsent/theweak/thestrong/theliving/thedead/thelame/thedumb/thecapable/theinnocent/thewounded/thelearned/theindustrious/thefew/theunemployed/theaccused/theoppressed/thecondemned/thewretched(穷人)/theinjured/thewicked(邪恶的人),etc.,嚏铡洁什妓坏折击化翼姆疯褐浸锻三耍憋汐克焕凝羚沂秤税似酵票烷睫别(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),the+adjectivereferringtoaparticularperson:e.g.:therearetwomenintheroom.theoldistheyoungsfather.theaccusedwassentencedtodeathbythecourt.thecondemned(被判刑的人)wasmovedtoanotherprison.thedeceasedwashisfather,wholefthimalargesumofmoney.thedepartedwasagoodfriendofhis.死者是他的一个好朋友。thewoundedwas/werecarriedtotheambulance.,热憨砍劈与救光菠祥绢淀倔善狱停驰玫九口瞒坯渔卿存带娘铃蛛才曼荚格(2)subject-verbconcord(1)(2)subject-verbconcord(1),the+adjectivereferringtoanabstractquality:e.g.:thenewissuretoreplacetheold.新生事物一定会代替旧事物。thebeautifulisnotalwaysthesameasthegood.漂亮的不一定就等于好。theunknownisusu.feared.不明之物通常令人害怕。theagreeableisnotalwaystheuseful.好看的不一定实用。thegoodinhimoverweighsthebad.他的优点大于缺点。类似用法的其它