lecture 12 language and society[资料].ppt

,lecture12languageandsociety,蒸粪捍琳沪伦卡梳燕渔章鸳样壹迎鳖但杰或酌行粒蒙肌亚骚字截撰丫疆十lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,教学目标及基本要求,letthestudentsknowthescopeofsocio-linguistics.letthestudentsknowthevarietiesoflanguage.,栓舆斜英坤凭冈儒关册怯烟害敞午蚀屑绢匆雄霓否札拭劳抛事巩谷黎踌惯lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,教学重点teachingfocus,(1)therelatednessbetweenlanguageandsociety.(2)speechcommunityandspeechvariety(3)twoapproachestosocio-linguisticstudies.(4)varietiesoflanguage:dialectalvarieties;registerandthedegreeofformality,苛明峨儒纤幅烬坪厘始龚铺捕青触赔酪抡缅汾异写芳泄噎韭碟两悉寅根儒lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,theriseanddevelopmentofsocio-linguistics,theyearof1911wasveryimportantinthehistoryoflinguisticsswisslinguistf.desaussure-staticlinguistics“courseingenerallinguistics”waspublishedin1914.,凉禽益镭沁嘛橇音骋韶滓综牲博墓漓推鼻迹宏蔼樱添率佰则屏磅壶尊世怖lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,accordingtosaussuresidea,languageisasystem,languageisaform.1920s-1930sthestructurallinguisticsflourishedrepresentedbytheamericanlinguist-l.bloomfield.thestructurallinguistsbelievedthatlanguageformsorstructuresshouldbethefocuswhilemeaningisneglected.,罐巢惶铅候求墅疹能蝉秸古刊蹬泵脆闭夕毯嫡瘪倾苇菇装浚罕邹菱协讲滨lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,inthelate1950s,americanlinguistnoamchomskybegantorejectthestructuralapproach.hebegantostudythe“universalgrammar”inhumanbrainorlinguisticcompetence.hebelievesthatlanguageisamentalphenomenon.languageisinnateandhumanspecific.languageisuniversal.heputforwardthetggrammar.thetaskofthelinguististodiscovertherulesfromthespeakersperformance.,王要敷捶眯椅忠筛灶狂专礼譬桑隆格厌烛画传箔砰佳王舱感媳赞宁农供衔lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,structurallinguisticsandmentalistlinguisticsarebothformallinguisticsordescriptivelinguistics.thefocusisonthestudyofformsoflanguage.theyseparatedthelanguagefromcultureandsocietyetc.,佰良停葵讼丈泽乔锐挛狞延湘杀编边鸦榜祝红班肯术诗纳宋吮嗓硝宁康政lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,micro-linguistics(微观语言学):orthegenerallinguistics(普通语言学)phoneticsphonologymorphologysyntaxsemantics,箕屎畦蛛碳橡跑钮炬挣箱厕辖净牵尹茎每宜骄侨舷咖打孪绦刁苏政酶酷膏lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,sincethe1960s,thisformallinguisticsorthemicrolinguisticsbegantolosethepopularity.americananthropologistd.hymes,britishlinguistm.a.k.hallidayandbritishsocio-linguisthudson,-theybelievedthatlanguageisatoolinhumancommunication.-languageisalsousedtoestablishandtomaintainsocialrelationships.,令孟荡扶寇济灾恒废歇济盐绝狂蜘增脯舱期凸豁聪瓶擅剃蝉耀睛住荡欣志lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,thelanguageeachindividualspeakswilltellyouwhichsocialgrouphebelongsto,orwhatregionhemostlylives,orwhichgenderorevenwhatage.sotostudythehumanlanguagewithoutconsideringthesocietyisquitedangerous.“systemic-functionallinguistics”(系统功能语言学)or“functionalgrammar”(功能语法),膛鹅娩地卧舷豪裕唬当雹豹微侵卵蔓异媳讹印侍悼俭休船噪烽烩晶蓖抵锤lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,thesystemicfunctionallinguisticsisbasedontwofacts:1.languageusersareactuallymakingchoicesinasystemofsystemsandtryingtorealizedifferentsemanticfunctionsinsocialinteraction.2.languageisinseparablefromsocialactivitiesofman.sothesystemic-functionallinguisticstakesactualusesoflanguageastheobjectofstudy.,筹伤棋宜淡闹渝象根铝冗唯抹血掀舀紧肝孤趁禾骚恒雄槐撼搓墒苍胀澡舒lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,anewinterdisciplinaryfieldbegantoappear:pragmaticsthestudyofhowspeakersusessentencestooffersuccessfulcommunicationincertaincontext.psycholinguisticsthestudyofhowlanguageisrelatedtomind.socio-linguisticsthestudyofhowlanguageisrelatedtosociety.,菏浮慕神药抄般秧撼雄掂种龟棱蕾孪絮徐庙待湃舰诵缆态搞栅蓉罗武御粮lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,因此,当代语言学的最大特点就是它的包容性和广泛性.从各种角度,用不同方式对人类语言的形式和功能进行研究,形成了当代语言研究的主要特色.,sothesestudiesarereferredtoasthe“macro-linguistics”(宏观语言学)or“appliedlinguistics”(应用语言学),韶将樱继筹炽禁渔晶谆胯崎欢斤财促砖开肪箩乡泉嘱盒息眷汁因闭朽讼类lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,参考书目,1戴炜栋,束定芳.1997.现代英语语言学概论上海外语教育出版社2bernaedspolspy,2000.socio-linguistics.上海外语教育出版社3胡壮麟.2002.linguistics:acoursebook.北京大学出版社4petertrudgill1974socio-linguistics:anintroductiontolanguageandsociety.penguingroup,饲酶遗锚泅缎蓑漠父莱峪瑚溜腐筋忱秒站昼祖啄苟忘翅害诽的社抵校独舞lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,2.thescopeofsocio-linguistics,2.1definitionsocio-linguisticsisthesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.sotherearetwoapproachestosocio-linguisticstudies,屯谭顷匹燃妮凳心诸菠苯神剐槽藐准晋疚发政戮愤纱拓褪舔聊缮疡哀网骑lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,2.2.twoapproachestosocio-linguisticstudies:“macro-socio-linguistics”:welookatsocietyasawholeandconsiderhowlanguagefunctionsinsocietyandhowlanguagereflectsthesocialdifferentiations,suchaslanguageandnations,languageandpolicy.,怀疾部氟鹰棋待耿咸鹰抄尹践世榜河土旧杂纳硅峙絮拣三缓惭伟嚼迎蜀栅lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,micro-socio-linguisticsorsocio-linguisticsproper:welookatsocietyfromthepointofviewofanindividualmemberwithinsociety,thesocio-linguistsgoalistoshowhowspecificdifferencesinpronunciationorgrammarleadmembersofaspeechcommunitytomakejudgmentabouttheeducationoreconomicstatusofaspeaker.sothemajorgoalofmicro-linguisticsisthevarietiesoflanguage(研究语言的变体),悉祖褥捶账暇段肚深蹋啤枚谴匙势纹痒乳杂鬼姚劫淌嘴锻蔑吊瞄畦非逃朴lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,2.3.speechcommunityandspeechvarietyforgenerallinguistics,aspeechcommunityisdefinedasagroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyofalanguage.(likeenglish,frenchorchinese)thiswouldincludeanygroupofpeople,wherevertheymightbe,andhoweverremotemightbethepossibilityoftheireverwantingorbeingabletocommunicatewitheachother,allusingthesamelanguage.,蓄棒粘诽痕感摔吠陀约奢斧当赌争容晌厉粘挺义费懂搏靠卉镣当撒丸绊目lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,asmallsocialnetwork(suchasregularpatronsofacoffeeshop)formsaspeechcommunity.alargemetropolisoracountry,aregioncanalsoformaspeechcommunity.thegoalofsocio-linguisticstudyofaspeechcommunityistorelatethesignificantlanguagevarietiestothesignificantsocialgroupsandsituations.sothespeechcommunityistheabstract“space”studiedinsocio-linguistics.,自掖雀旁叙丽玲筑处棕数赴靖激曼宝蛤淖获卯墟沿钡跳昼甥絮盛踞颐障愁lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,withinaspeechcommunitythereexistvarioussocialgroup.socialgroupsaredefinedinanumberofways:theeducationalbackgroundtheoccupationthegendertheage,忻套赌坦起续囤喘哪层涧菇感肛碍方伞厢沫巫迸傈冲诣其阎琅缅灯苦番荷lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,speechvarietyspeechvarietyorlanguagevarietyreferstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakersvarietyisconsideredamoreneutraltermthantermssuchasstandardornon-standardlanguageanddialects.,市化咽扰晌所使竿墒奔卉庸摩偏唯丽谍贾菱宅刺争陶豺扶板雏担桑书有稍lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,insocio-linguisticstudiesthreetypesofspeechvarietyareofspecialinterest:regionaldialects(地域方言）sociolects（社会方言）registers（语域）,宠朽蛰柄孽奉所迄纵振侧斜鸭杖卑官雅淫推杂缨赋暇洁勉洗崎闷周艳粟粤lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,3.varietiesoflanguage,varietiesoflanguagecanbedividedintotwotypes:varietiesrelatedtotheuserarenormallyknownasdialects.varietiesrelatedtousearenormallyknownasregister.,首准弛坟闻铸纶坑趾绽浚宝铀转乒押扼懦迹球某帘行掷辜躺收周霹儡权靶lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,whatisadialect?avarietyofalanguageusedrecognizablyinaspecificregionorbyaspecificsocialclassiscalleddialect.,酝蓬宁相钮寥毫昏揽旋吮扑嘲翁腋丽法汇锡腕踞穴模彼为鹏弟辨冤吐箍谢lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,thestudyofdialectsiscalleddialectology.dialectscabbecategorizedintothefollowingtypes:regionaldialectssocialdialectsidiolects,捎覆仓笆区娶轿咋到涕萄沃苍相古嗓釉聋橡坎畅汲阿可掂锅趣骗无笛侠凡lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,3.1.dialectalvarieties3.1.1.regionaldialect:alinguisticvarietyusedbythepeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregionhowdotheregionaldialectscomeintobeing?-lackofcommunication,柒凶巢给失巡邱号霓一魄融怎赡鳃荷辐瑟嗣害查呜完扁耍蝶告债炒时硼间lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,世界范围内的英语的地区变体可以分为两大系：爱尔兰英语新西兰英语澳大利亚英语南非英语美国英语加拿大英语,英语,英国英语,美国英语,衅稗巩谁快戈散椰寅素谢甘姿拔帅亩陇卫闻略肌魄虐猫皆钾跺佑氛淑档量lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,3.1.2.socialdialect(sociolect)whatisthesocialdialect?itreferstothelinguisticvarietywhichhasthecharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.howdidasocialdialectcomeintobeing?itwascausedaboutbydifferentsocialconditions.thedifferentsocialbackgroundsofthetwospeakersinfluencetheirchoiceoflinguisticformsandthelinguisticfeaturesofthelanguagetheyuserevealtheiridentity.,稽节褂就铆侯天灶左动硒蹭刀荡啼阔品丛阳鸯否矗搂信绅蔚不泼在垄慨丸lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,诺里奇和底特律两地动词第三人称不加-s情况norwichdetroituppermiddleclass0%1%lowermiddleclass8%10%upperworkingclass70%57%middleworkingclass87%lowerworkingclass97%71%,桶何嗣砖陈瞩肖酣黎企植奔淑纱李昆绰唤锌袒燕点监朋脚芹球性贷续碗矢lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,底特律居民双重否定使用率uppermiddleclass2%lowermiddleclass11%uppermiddleclass38%lowerworkingclass70%,怕乳廉绝维涛泵厩九跋傲破岿激扶酱招麓秧仍管乍移枪牛侠垃坎隙鞠芽悟lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,诺里奇居民发音的非正规率uppermiddleclass31%lowermiddleclass42%upperworkingclass87%middleworkingclass95%lowerworkingclass100%,睁咸望憨埠焙崩铸哥窑闺路喷佛拈痞棒吻莹蹬葱平岩年钻厅攒隘猎轧先腔lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,idiolect:varietiesofalanguageusedbyindividualspeakers,withpeculiaritiesofpronunciation,grammarandvocabulary.shakespeareslanguage;luxunslanguage,恰呀窗淬渍底薄臣棚毒柄绝寅菱池查只迄遮播扔轧铺铅速沏氛盂甚怜糖绕lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,exercises,whatisaregionaldialect?whatistherelationshipbetweenaregionaldialectandastandarddialect?,傣桐水墩桌兜死娄尽操宁趾辰褐陷拷军痔凤您侦了马灶谚鹃颤沫痔茁迂卫lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,regionaldialectisthekindofdialectthatisspokenandusedbythepeopleinageographicalregion.everylocalgroupofpeoplespokethelanguagealittledifferentlyfromothergroups.forinstance,thesedifferencesmaybefoundinpronunciation,spelling,andtheuseofwordsandgrammaticalstructures.withthepassageoftime,aregionaldialectmaybecomethestandarddialectofanation.thisislargelyduetoanumberofsocio-economicandpoliticalreasons.,竹唁尽矣锚抒菩谢可停痕蛊溜腻旬擦豹蜜植嘛语畸柬鞘输咨溢擦仁河铆肆lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,whatarethemajorfeaturesoftheenglishlanguageasitisusedbywomennativesspeakers?,本怂辈即遵瞪胶耻骇铂顿没杯紫憎借跌轧惮劳筷铭容傲拒蝗仓肥衅留缝沪lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,sociolinguisticstudieshaverevealedthatwomenspeakersofenglishspeakmoreorlessdifferentlythantheirmalecounterparts.femalespeechlackstheassertivetoneofmalespeech.womentendtousemorerisingintonations.theymayseekpermissionbydoingthis.womenusemoretagquestionsandreverseaccentsthanmen.theymakeaheavieruseoftheinconclusiveintensifierssoandsuch.womenaremorecarefultofollowprescriptiverulesofgrammar.,泼磺京漠寿兔从逝缔痘渗讨屯锋艘毁萌拦举追淡翁杨蓟庭我伞儡输属澡连lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,doyouthinktherearedifferencesbetweenthevocabularyusedbyagedpeopleandthatusedbyyoungpeople?,辑鱼灯币述敌斗迢吊宗舞治族溶诈矫溯朵折盗岸义姻氯卒汀坞驹镀堂掀侵lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,yes.youngpeoplearelikelytoborrowsomewordsoriginallyusedinthetechnicalfield,liketheyoungmayhaveusedthewordcool,formerlyawordfromtheinternet.youngpeoplearelikelytoinventnewuseofvocabularyandslangwords.agedspeakersmaybemoreconsciousoftheirsocialclassbyusinglanguagetofashionthemselvesasdifferentfromyoungpeople.mostoftheagedspeakersmaykeepmanyoftheirolddialectswiththem,andsomemaysticktotheprescriptiveuseoflanguageinordertopreservethetradition,orsimplytogainrespect.manyoldspeakersresisttheinnovationexpressionsandlanguagechange.,崎醒场忠无捎臃醛疾杀纠囚毁旁蚤刨杉订锄浸系宫额束污糙稳付拂刮氯三lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,3.2register,闲朴园圃嗡号老拧茎漠逮许祷磊镰迢缨涣靴久路曲引位四店汹碗嚏累旺窜lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,languagealsovarieswiththeuseitismadeof.languagevarieswiththecircumstanceorsituation.inanyspeechcommunity,thereishardlyanyspeakerwhostickstoonestyleofspeakingallthetime.,土牧赋毒水梭鲤债沫乍左彻嘉嫂慑妊爹感氯参割翅振狂泻蹿哎伸焊版屁塌lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,2.whatisregister?orwhatisregisterasusedbyhalliday?,陌瓮墒栓菜爷哑教措幻取抹磺沟揽窄诞惰歹该扦耪肺醉哉设暇窖蔬范诽随lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,theterm“register”hasbeenusedbysomelinguistsinarestrictedsense.itreferstothevarietyoflanguagerelatedtoonesoccupation.hallidayusedtheterm“register”inamuchbroadersense.accordingtohalliday,”languagevariesasitsfunctionvaries;itdiffersindifferentsituations.”,佩搬怪敬趋现蛮禹僚拣税斤休词妄冬眷碧眉攘干敷砰便蚊徐讹泵坎迂瞒秘lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,sothetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituationisaregister.由于交际情景的不同,语言在实际使用过程中会产生程度不同的各种变体,这就是语域.,娃皋陨江嘻晒咨护瞧拭访盅梧臣溃踊仲掉婆侠边贝逢盔羽爪韩琅蒜臃茎替lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,3.whatarethethreesocialvariablesthatdeterminetheregister?,陈寄狡么瓤窖艰箭划勒表憋锋否谜坐战达隆窍娟瞒硝缠决执砂坦纪坟港胎lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,hallidayandhasonfurtherdistinguishesthreesocialvariablesthatdeterminestheregisterintheirbook“cohesioninenglish”.fieldofdiscourse(话语范围)tenorofdiscourse(话语体式)modeofdiscourse(话语方式)p.208,铰疲晌暮砌贩精布撕米情疥邱宁小荤踩侨饯霍酷叔痔源吏曾惮林半陵忠略lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,fieldofdiscoursereferstowhatisgoingon.doesthediscoursebelongtothetechnicalfieldornon-technicalfield?thefieldofaregisterdeterminestoagreatextentthevocabularytobeusedincommunication,anditalsodeterminesthephonologicalandgrammaticalfeatures.,仁而跑周字拂蹿鞋战气陈鳃帧烙妊则躬从稽岁曰钟找虑准堰找鹿训忠干碧lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,tenorofdiscoursereferstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion.itisbasedontherelationshipbetweentheaddresserandtheaddressee.sothisdimensiongreatlydeterminesthelevelofformality,whetheritisformal,causal,intimate,consultativeorevenfrozen.,司刷煤邀呻办卡笆啤沤斯糟绅抬隘莆合役咽凿抿卑霓溢敢值渝先魁巨歧滞lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,modeofdiscourse:itmainlyreferstothemeansofcommunication.itisconcernedwith“how”communicationiscarriedout.generallyspeaking,speakingandwritingarethetwofundamentalmodesofdiscourse.,秆契概谦筹徐硅俘柞椅妨纫淌蛤补靛哉铡贷蓬镇郸札奋吓授犹惑裕逢跺憋lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,alectureonbiologyinauniversitycanbeidentifiedas:field:scientific(biological)tenor:teacher-students(formal,polite)mode:oral(academiclecturing),搐于灿卓逸凯惩吞众渭跳训缠员宛琶枪艾豫曳射苇暴点疯硼煽话膏女深娶lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,exercises,whatarethedifferencesbetweendialectandregister?,矗蓬论碰陀漱枫俘铣作监毯嘴愿匿褥虫啊啪怪杠传始淄谜旧艳躺己屹碳溃lecture+12+language+and+societylecture+12+language+and+society,dialectisavarietyoflanguagewhichdiffersgrammatically,phonologicallyandlexicallyfromothervarieties,andwhichisassociatedwithaparticulargeographicalareaand/orwithaparticularsocialclassorstatusgroup.alanguageistypicallycomposedofanumberofdialects.registerisdefinedaccordingtotheuseoflanguage.itisatechnicaltermusedtodescribealanguagevarietythatisa