药理学基础练习题 (英文).docx

universiti tunku abdul rahmanfaculty of medicine and health sciencesumta 3123 pharmacologyjan trimester 2016bachelor of chinese medicine (hons)assignment -1: basic pharmacologylecturer: dr thaw zinno.nameidyear / trimester1eunice chin hui qian1300710y3t12hew mong cheng1203827y3t13hu kee yie1202008y3t14lian ke rou1300466y3t15ng siaw ling 1307324y3t26ong shun seng1300670y3t17tan xin ni1205541y3t28tan zi yann1307190y3t29tee jing xuan1301191y3t110tee kian kat1400203y3t1assignment -1: basic pharmacology1. why does a health professional needs to know about the rational (proper) use of drugs?the selection of essential medicines is only one step towards the improvement of the quality of health care; selection needs to be followed by appropriate use. each individual should receive the right medicine, in an adequate dose for an adequate duration, with appropriate information and follow-up treatment, and at an affordable cost. as a health care professional, accurate diagnosis and rational prescribing must be made properly in the first place to avoid poly-pharmacy and inappropriate self-medication of patients as a result of ineffective treatment given to them, leading to inappropriate patient demand, that can further cause reduced access and attendance rates due to medicine stock-outs and loss of patient confidence in the health system. besides that, it is a doctors responsibility to educate the patients in rational use of drugs and about the disease to avoid their irrational over-use of medicines that can result in poor outcomes and adverse drug reactions. practicing rational use of medicines is also an effort to prevent the development of resistance because the irrational use of drugs may lead to premature demise of highly efficacious and lifesaving new antimicrobial drug. furthermore, over-use of antimicrobials can lead to increased antimicrobial resistance and non-sterile injections to the transmission of hepatitis, hiv/aids and other blood-borne diseases.rational use of drugs also decreases the cost of a treatment, and the economic burden on the public as well as on the government. doctors play an important role in making sure that the public has improved access to basic or essential medicines by practicing proper use of drugs. 2. why is drug classification and nomenclature in pharmacology?the term drug nomenclature implies that there are several names that can be used to identify a drug. drugs have three different names which are chemical name, generic name and proprietary name. a chemical name is given when a new chemical entity (nce) is developed. it is the name given to drug in accordance with rules of chemical nomenclature established by international union of pure and applied chemistry. it is useful for chemists of technical personnel as it provides the precise arrangement of atoms and atomic groups in the molecule. it is not used to identify the drug in a clinical or marketing situation.generic or non-proprietary name is a short name given to a drug that is not subject to proprietary rights. the non-proprietary name should always be concise and meaningful. there are two classes of non-proprietary names which are approved name and official name. approved name is the name given to drug by bodies like united state adopted name council (usan) and british approved name (ban) soon after its introduction. this name sometime referred to as generic name however this term is used to designate a chemical or pharmacological class of drugs such as sulphonamide, penicillin. official names is the name approved by the national pharmacopeia commission and included in the official book. the official name must be identical with approved name.the proprietary name is the name given to a drug by the pharmaceutical firm which sell the drug. thus a single drug is sold under many proprietary names by different firms. they are written with capital initial letter. clinicians usually described drug by their proprietary names. the classification of drugs is essential because it allows several thousands of drugs to be reduced to a manageable number of group. there is no uniform or homogeneous system of classifying drugs that suits all purposes. drugs are classified according to the convenience of the person discussing them such as chemist, pharmacologist, pharmacist and clinician. the drugs are classified based on chemical nature, source, target organ/site of action, mode of action, therapeutic uses, physiological system, physical effects.3. what mode of drug administration will you encounter most in your profession? what advantage does it have over other methods? oral administration will be mostly encountered in tcm. it is generally the most convenient and carries the lowest cost. typically, one batch of medicinal is prepared as adecoctionof many substances. some of these are considered as main herbs, some as ancillary herbs which can be used as toxicity canceller or catalyst. for example, traditional chinese patent medicines are standardizedherbalformulas. from ancient times, pills were formed by combining several herbs and other ingredients, which were dried and ground into a powder. however, traditional chinese herbal extracts are herbal decoctions that have been condensed into a granular or powdered form. it similar to patent medicines, are easier and more convenient for patients to take. with oral administration, the release of active ingredients into the bloodstream is relatively slow. the low concentrated release of the medication provides for a sustained dosage, which is accomplished mostly by the presence of inert substances or speed buffers in the herbs. this natural time-release property is a possible explanation for the minimal side effects experienced from herbal preparations. the body is not subjected to a sudden surge of chemicals. instead, the herb is introduced to the bodys system slowly and gently. 4. how do your profession help in the holistic approach in patient management with other disciplines? explain the importance of your profession in holistic care.tcm theory thinks an individual as a whole, and this characteristic of thinking endows its holistic medical pattern. tcm theory also thinks the changes of ones health and disease are not only associated with oneself, but also with the conditions surrounding him which includes time, place, society. tcm is important in holistic care because it is a holistic, or complete health care system, it includes practices to govern diet and nutrition, exercise and spirituality along with the more specialized practices of acupuncture, acupressure, tai chi, herbal medicine, and qigong. for example, chinese herbal