机械专业英语1~10章.doc

lesson 1 metal cutting technology 金属切削技术 section i words and phrases section ii text and translation section iii exercises and answerssection i words and phrases raw material n.原材料 processing preu5sesin n.加工方法,加工,制造 assembly e5sembli n.装配 operation 7cpe5reifen n.工序,运转,操作 machinery me5fi:neri n. 总称 机器,机械 manufacturing 7manju5faktferin n. 制造业,制造,生产 metal casting n.金属铸造,金属铸件 plastic molding n.塑料成型 machining me5fi:nin v.机械加工,加工 pressworking pres7w:kin n.压力加工 enhance in5hb:ns vt.提高,增强 heat-treating n.热处理 polishing 5pclifin n.抛光 workpart 5we:kpb:t n.工件 geometry dvi5cmitri n.几何学,几何形状 turning 5te:nin n.车削 milling 5milin n.铣削 drilling 5drilin n.钻削 boring 5bc:rin n.镗削 grinding 5raindin n.磨削 edm（electron discharge machining）n.电火花加工 lbm （laser beam machining）n.激光加工 usm (ultrasonic machining) n.超声波加工 machine tool n.机床 lathe leit n.车床, milling machine n.铣床 drill press n.钻床 grinding machine n.磨床 machining center n.加工中心 tool tu:l n.刀具,工具,用具 turning tool n.车刀 milling cutter n.铣刀 twist drill n.钻头,麻花钻 grinding wheel n.砂轮 hardness 5hb:dnis n.硬度, strength strenw n.强度,力量 tenacity ti5nasiti n.韧性,坚韧 chemical stability n.化学稳定性 main movement n.主运动 feed movement n.进给运动 spindle 5spindl n.主轴,杆,心轴 generatrix 5dvenereitriks n.母线 schematic diagram 示意图 cutting speed 切削速度 feed fi:d n.进给量 depth of cut n.背吃刀量,吃刀量 chip tfip n.切屑 continuous chip 连续切屑,带状切屑 segmented nonhomogeneous chip 分段不均匀切屑,节状切屑 discontinuous chip 不连续切屑,崩碎切屑 variable5vzeriebl n. 变量,可变物,变数section ii text as we know, production is a process which transforms raw materials into finished products by a sequence of processing and assemble operations, illustrated in figure 1.1. machinery manufacturing technology is the most important technology applied in processing operation. processing operation can commonly be classified into four types: 1.basic process operations (such as metal casting and plastic molding), 2.secondary process operations (including machining and pressworking operations), 3.operations to enhance physical properties (such as heat-treating operations), 4.finishing operations (such as painting, polishing). metal cutting technology is the technology applied in machining process which is a secondary processing operation. metal cutting technology is the technology which is concerned with utilizing various processes to remove materials from the workpart and achieve final desired geometry. various processes include general processes, such as turning, milling, drilling, boring, grinding, etc. and special process, such as edm （electron discharge machining）, lbm （laser beam machining）, usm (ultrasonic machining) etc. certainly, there must be some corresponding machine tools, for example, lathe, milling machine, drill press, grinding machine, machining center and so on. general processes make use of cutting tools (such as turning tool, milling cutter, twist drill, grinding wheel, etc.) to remove materials. the cutting tool must possess some fundamental capabilities, such as hardness, strength, tenacity, chemical stability and so on. various types of materials which will be discussed in subsequent sections have been used in manufacturing tools and workparts. in metal cutting, tools and workparts must have certain relative movements during processing in order to achieve geometry needed. the movements include main movement and feed movement. for example, in turning process, the rotation of spindle is the main movement which generates generatrix, and the turning tools move is the feed movement which generates lead line. the two movements combine together to generate the cylinder. the schematic diagram of turning process is pictured in figure 1.2. the three factors of cutting include cutting speed, feed and the depth of cut. cutting speed refers to the instantaneous velocity between the cutting tool and workpiece at a given point. feed is concerned with the distance of the cutting tools movement relative to the workpiece at the feeding direction. and depth of cut is the vertical distance that the cutting tool cuts into the workpiece. they are all variables used in expressing the main movement and feed movement. the materials removed from the workpiece are called chips. chips will have different shapes such as continuous chips, segmented nonhomogeneous chips and discontinuous chips according to different part materials, processes, and other variables.section ii translation 我们知道生产是通过一系列的加工和装配将原材料变为成品的过程。如图1.1所示。 机械制造技术是应用于加工工序的最重要的一门技术。加工工序常被分为四类：1、基本加工工序(如金属铸造和塑料成型) 2、二次加工工序（包括机加工和压力加工工序）3、提高物理特性的工序（如热处理工序）4、终加工或光整加工工序(如喷漆、抛光)。金属切削技术则主要被应用于二次加工工序中的机加工工序。 金属切削技术是利用各种不同的加工方法去除工件材料，获得最终所需几何形状的相关技术。不同的加工方法包括常用加工，比如，车削、铣削、钻削、镗削、磨削等，和特种加工，比如，电子束加工、激光加工、超声波加工等。当然，也有相应的机床，如车床、铣床、钻床、磨床和加工中心等等。 常用的加工方法利用切削刀具（如车刀、铣刀，麻花钻，砂轮等）来去除余量。切削刀具需具有某些基本性能，如硬度、强度、韧性、化学稳定性等。用来制造刀具和工件的各种材料的类型将在后面的部分讨论。 在金属切削中，刀具和工件必须通过加工过程中的相对运动来获得所需的几何形状。运动包括主运动和进给运动。例如，在车削加工中，主轴的旋转是主运动，用来产生母线，而车刀的运动是进给运动，用来产生导线。两种运动的合成就形成了圆柱面。车削加工的示意图如图1.2。 切削用量三要素包括切削速度、进给量和 (或叫吃刀量)。切削速度指的是切削刀具在给给定点相对工件的瞬时速度。进给量则是刀具与工件的相对位移量。而背吃刀量则是刀具切入工件的垂直距离。切削用量皆被用来表示主运动和进给运动的变量。 从工件上切下的废料称为切屑。根据零件材料、加工方法及其它变量的不同，切屑会形成不同形状，如带状切屑、节状切屑和崩碎切屑。section iii exercises i. brief answer to the questions according to the text 1. what is the metal cutting technology? 2. what are the three elements of cutting used in processing? ii. glossary of specialty 1. draw a connected line between the processing and corresponding machine tool and cutting tool, which are listed in the following three columns. 2. acronym reverting edm lbm usm iii. translate the following english (chinese) sentences into chinese (english). 1production operation is the processing step in which one operator process one workpart at one workstation. 2加工中心不同的特点在于它能自动换刀。section iii answers i. 根据课文简要回答问题 1. metal cutting technology is the technology which is concerned with utilizing various processes to remove materials from the workpart and achieve final desired geometry. 2. cutting speed, feed and the depth of cut ii. 专业词汇 1. 在对应的加工方法、加工设备和加工刀具间连线。 2. 首字母缩写还原 edmelectron discharge machining lbmlaser beam machining usmultrasonic machining iii. 中英互译 1. 生产工序是一个操作者在一个工作地点对一个工件进行的加工。 2. the distinguishing feature of machining center is changing tools automatically.figure 1.1 schematic diagram of production figure 1.2 schematic diagram of turning process lesson 2 engineering materials 工程材料 section i words and phrases section ii text and translation section iii exercises and answerssection i words and phrases classification 7klasifi5keifen n.分类,分级 scheme ski:m n.方案,安排,配置,计划,阴谋 density 5densiti n.密度 thermal conductivity n.导热性 cast iron n.铸铁 iron carbon n.铁碳合金 carbon 5kb:ben n.碳 silicon 5siliken n.硅 sulfur 5sqlfe n.硫磺 manganese 7mane5ni:z, 5maneni:z n.锰 phosphorus 5fcsferes n.磷 brittle 5britl adj.脆性的,脆弱的 cast kb:st n.铸件 v.铸造,浇铸 constituent ken5stitjuent n.成分,要素 chromium 5kreumjem n.铬 nickel 5nikl n.镍 molybdenum me5libdinem n.钼 copper 5kcpe n.铜 tungsten 5tqnsten n.钨 cobalt ke5bc:lt, 5keubc:lt n.钴 malleable 5maliebl adj.可锻的,有延展性的 aluminum e5lju:minem n.铝 titanium tai5teinjem n.钛 organic c:5anik adj.有机的,器官的,组织的 compound 5kcmpaund n.化合物 polymerization 7pclimerai5zeifen n.聚合,聚合作用 thermoplastic 7we:me5plastik adj.热塑性的 n.热塑性塑料 thermosetting 7we:meu5setin adj.热固性的 pe (polyethylene) n.聚乙烯 pvc (polyvinyl chloride) n.聚氯乙烯 pp (polypropylene) n.聚丙烯 ps (polystyrene) n.聚苯乙烯 abs n.丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯,abs塑料 nylon n.尼龙,聚酰胺纤维 ep (epoxy) n.环氧树脂 bakelite 5beikelait n.酚醛塑料,胶木,电木 plasticity plas5tisiti n.可塑性,塑性 fluidity flu(:)5iditi n.流动性 injection molding n.注塑成型 extrude eks5tru:d v.挤压 synthetic sin5wetic adj.合成的,人造的,综合的 elasticity ilas5tisiti n.弹力,弹性 electric insulation电绝缘性 composite 5kcmpezit n.复合材料,合成物 fiber-reinforced adj.纤维增强的 particulate pe5tikjulit adj.微粒的 n.微粒 laminated 5lamineitid adj.薄板薄片状的,层积的,层压的 high-speed steel n.高速钢 carbide n.硬质合金 ceramic si5ramik n.陶瓷 adj.陶器的 diamond 5daiemend n.金刚石,钻石 cbn (cubic boron nitride) n.立方氮化硼 automobile 5c:temeubi:l n.汽车 panel 5panl n.面板,仪表板 headstock 5hedstck n.主轴箱 bed bed n.床身 gear ie n.齿轮,传动装置 normalizing 5nc:melaizin n.正火 anneal e5ni:l n.退火 temper 5tempe n.回火 quencher kwentfen.淬火section ii text the world is made up of matters. there are so many different types of materials in the world. we refer to the materials applied in engineering field as engineering materials. there are a lot of classification schemes about engineering materials. according to the chemical element, engineering materials can be divided into metals and nonmetals. according to their use in manufacturing, engineering materials can be classified into two major categories: tool materials and workpart materials. metal materials have some fundamental capabilities, such as hardness, strength, density, thermal conductivity and so on. the most important metal materials in manufacturing are cast iron and steel. cast iron and steel are both iron carbon. cast iron usually contains 2 to 4.5 percent carbon, 0.5 to 3 percent silicon, and lesser amounts of sulfur, manganese, and phosphorus. it is hard, brittle and nonmalleable, so it is commonly used in casting into various shapes. steel contains 0.2 and 1.5 percent carbon, often contains other constituents such as manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, tungsten, cobalt etc. to achieve certain properties needed. steel is not only hard and strong, but malleable on account of lower carbon content, so it has been used more widely. there are also other metal materials used in manufacturing such as aluminum & aluminum alloy, copper & copper alloy, titanium alloy and so forth. the most widely used nonmetal materials may be engineering plastics. plastics are organic compounds produced by polymerization. the common engineering plastics can be grouped into two types that are thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics. thermoplastics include pe (polyethylene), pvc (polyvinyl chloride), pp (polypropylene), ps (polystyrene), abs, nylon, and so on. thermosetting plastics include ep (epoxy), bakelite, and so on. due to its good plasticity and fluidity， the plastic can not only be used in injection molding, but also be extruded or cast into shapes. the rubber is another major category in nonmetal materials. it can be divided into natural rubber and synthetic rubber according to the source of raw materials. because of its high elasticity and electric insulation, rubber can be used in making tires, shock absorbers, airproof loops and electric insulation. now more and more composites are used in engineering, especially in aerospace, biomedicine. composites are combined with two or more distinct materials. it can be divided into three types: fiber-reinforced, particulate, and laminated composites, which is illustrated in figure 2.1. tool materials may be either metal or nonmetal. high-speed steel and carbide are the most widely used metal tool materials. nonmetal tool materials include ceramic, diamond and cbn (cubic boron nitride). workpart materials also involve metal and nonmetal. plastics can be used in making automobile lamps, panels, toys and so on. metal can be used in manufacturing variety of parts. take lathe as an example, cast iron can be used in manufacturing headstock and bed. however, spindle and gears are made of steel. metal workparts are ordinarily needed heat-treating operations (such as normalizing, anneal, temper and quencher) to enhance physical properties of materials.section ii translation 世界是由物质构成的。世界上又具有如此之多的材料。我们将应用于工程领域的材料成为工程材料。对于工程材料有许多种分类方案。根据化学元素的不同，工程材料可分为金属和非金属。根据制造用途可分为刀具材料和工件材料。 金属材料具有某些基本性能，比如硬度、强度、密度、韧性、导热性等。在制造业中最重要的金属材料是铸铁和钢。铸铁和钢都是铁碳合金。铸铁通常含有2%至4.5%的碳、0.5%至3%的硅和更少量的硫、锰和磷。它坚硬、脆性且不可锻，因此常常被用于铸造成型。钢含有0.2至1.5的碳，并常常含有其它成分如锰、铬、镍、钼、铜、钨、钴等，用以获得某些所需特性。钢不仅坚硬、强度高，而且由于较低的含碳量，因而可锻，所以用途更为广泛。制造业中还使用到许多其它的金属材料，如铝与铝合金，铜与铜合金，钛合金等。 使用最广泛的非金属材料应该是工程塑料。塑料是一种通过聚合作用生成的有机化合物。常用的工程塑料能分为热塑性塑料和热固性塑料两类。热塑性塑料包括聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、abs塑料、尼龙等；热固性塑料包括环氧树脂及酚醛塑料等。由于其良好的可塑性和流动性，塑料不仅能注塑成型，还能挤压和浇铸成型。橡胶是非金属材料的另一大类。根据原材料的来源不同，它能分为天然橡胶和合成橡胶两类。橡胶因为具有高弹性和绝缘性，常被用来制作轮胎、减震器、密封圈和电绝缘材料。现在，越来越多的复合材料被用于工程领域，特别是航天和生物医学领域。复合材料有两种或两种以上不同的材料组合而成。它一般被分为纤维增强、颗粒和层状复合材料三种类型。如图2.1所示。 制造刀具材料的材料既有金属材料也有非金属材料。高速钢和硬质合金是最广泛应用的金属刀具材料。而非金属刀具材料则包括陶瓷、金刚石和立方氮化硼。 工件材料同样包括金属和非金属。塑料可用来制造车灯、仪表盘、玩具等等。金属则用于制造各种各样的零件。以车床为例，铸铁常用来制造主轴箱和床身，而主轴和齿轮则是由钢制成。金属工件通常需要热处理工序（如正火、退火、回火和淬火）来提高其材料的物理特性。section iii exercises i. brief answer to the questions according to the text 1. which one is malleable, the cast iron or the steel ? 2. what types can composites include ? ii. glossary of specialty 1. match the engineering materials with corresponding categories by connected lines. 2. acronym reverting cbn iii. translate the following english (chinese) sentences into chinese (english). 1the demand of light-weight, high-strength and heat-resistance engineering materials promotes the rapid development of composites. 2热处理是一种提高金属材料物理特性的方式。section iii answers i. 根据课文简要回答问题 1. steel 2. fiber-reinforced, particulate, and laminated composites ii. 专业词汇 1. 将工程材料与对应类型用线连接。 2. 首字母缩写还原 cbncubic boron nitride iii. 中英互译 1. 对重量轻、强度高和耐热性强的工程材料的需求促进了复合材料的快速发展。 2. heat-treating operation is the way to enhance physical properties of metal materials.figure 2.1 types of compositeslesson 3 cad and cam 计算机辅助设计与制造 section i words and phrases section ii text and translation section iii exercises and answerssection i words and phrases cad abbr.计算机辅助设计 cam abbr.计算机辅助制造 acronym 5akrenim n.首字母缩写词 term te:m n.术语,学期 hardware 5hb:dwze n.硬件,五金件 computer mainframe n.计算机主机 peripheral equipment n.外设,外部设备 high-resolution adj.高分辨率的 display di5splei n.显示器 man-machine adj.人机的 interface 5inte(:)7feis n.界面 mouse maus n.鼠标 keyboard 5ki:bc:d n.键盘 light pen n.光笔 digitizing tablet n.数字化书写板 printer 5printe n.打印机,印刷工 plotter 5plcte n.绘图仪 drawing 5drc:in n.图,图纸,制图 software 5scftwze n.软件 drafting 5drb:ftin n.草图,制图 2d (two dimensional) n.二维 3d (three dimensional) n.三维 modeling 5mcdlin n.造型,建模 post-process adj.后处理的 module 5mcdju:l n. 模块,模数 nc (numerical control) n.数控 programming 5preuramin n.编程 g-code n. g代码,加工程序指令 cnc (computer numerical control) n.计算机数控 dnc (direct numerical control) n.直接数控,计算机群控 real-time adj.实时的 machine tool table n.机床工作台 workpiece 5we:kpi:s n.工件 positioning pe5zifenin n.定位 measurement 5mevement n.测量 inventory 5inventri n.库存 cax (computer-aided x) n.计算机辅助技术 capp (computer-aided process planning) n.计算机辅助工艺编制 cae (computer-aided engineering) n.计算机辅助工程 process pre5ses n.工艺,过程 part family n.零件族 retrieval ri5tri:vel n.检索 variant adj.变异的,易变的 generative 5dveneretiv adj.创成的,生成的section ii text with rapid development of computer technology, manufacturing technology has also met its spring of development. cad and cam is the combination of computer technology and traditional technology of design and manufacture. cad is an acronym of computer-aided design. this term means the designer create or modify an engineering design by effectively using computer1. a cad system includes two major components. the first is hardware. undoubtedly, a high capability computer mainframe is the essential part. besides, there are also some important peripheral equipments. a high-resolution display is needed to provide man-machine interface between computer and designer. the input devices such as mouse, keyboard, light pen or digitizing tablet are used in drawing. a printer or plotter as the output device is needed to print design drawing. software has equal importance too. good software can make your process of design more rapidly and efficiently. the famous software includes autocad, ug, pro-e, etc. autocad has more advantage in 2d drafting. but ug and pro-e have more powerful functions. they can not only be used in 2d drafting, but also primarily used in 3d solid and surface modeling. with post-process module, they can even generate nc program of instructions directly for processing. so they are not neatly cad software but cad/cam integrated software. a cad modeling and a corresponding nc program are showed in figure 3.1 and figure 3.2 respectively. cam stands for computer-aided manufacturing. it means the utilization of computer technology in the management, control, and operations of the manufacturing equipments, especially in automatic nc programming. cam ordinarily follows cad. it will utilize the data created by cad modeling to generating g-codes (the common name for the programming language that drives nc and cnc machine tools), then transfer g-codes to the numerically controlled machine tools for processing by cnc or dnc method. the application of cam can be divided into two major categories: 1. direct applications, in which the computer is used eithe