美国文学PPT.ppt

chapterfournewenglandtranscendentalism*emerson*thoreau,i.newenglandtranscendentalism(when?where?who?what?how?)ii.ralphwaldoemerson(hismajorworks,hismajorideas)iii.henrydavidthoreau(hismajorworks,hismajorideas),chapterfour,i.newenglandtranscendentalism(1836-1855)1.time:1836-1855in1836,alittlebookcameoutwhichmadeatremendousimpactontheintellectuallifeofamerica.itwasentitlednaturebyralphwaldoemerson.thenewworldwasthrilledtohearthenewvoiceuttered.awholenewwayofthinkingbegantoexertitsinfluenceontheconsciousnessofman.naturesvoicepushedamericanromanticismintoanewphase,thephaseofnewenglandtranscendentalism,thesummitofamericanromanticism.,2.essence:“transcendentalismisidealism”inessence.3.background:somenewenglanderswhowerenotquitehappyaboutthematerialistic-orientedlifeoftheirtimeformedthemselvesintoaninformalclub,thetranscendentalistclub,andmettodiscussmattersofinteresttothelifeofthenationasawhole.theyexpressedtheirviews,publishedtheirjournal,thedial,andmadetheirvoiceheard.4.representativefigures:some30menandacoupleofwomensuchasemerson,thoreau,bronsonalcott,andmargaretfuller,mostofthemteachersorclergymen,radicalsagainstrigidrationalismofunitarianism.,i.newenglandtranscendentalism(1836-1855),5.majorfeatures:a.emphasisonspirit,oroversoul（超灵）omnipresent（无所不在）,omniscient（无所不知）,omnipotent（无所不能）b.theimportanceoftheindividualasthemostimportantelementofsocietytheregenerationofthesocietycouldonlycomeaboutthroughtheregenerationoftheindividual,throughhisself-perfection,self-culture,self-improvement,self-reliance.c.natureassymbolicofthespiritorgodnaturewasnotpurelymatter.itwasthegarmentoftheoversoul.,i.newenglandtranscendentalism(1836-1855),6.theproductofacombinationofforeigninfluencesandtheamericanpuritantradition.germanphilosophy:schelling,fichte（费希特）,kantfrencheclecticism（折衷主义）:cousin（库辛）,collard,gerando,jouffroyenglishcritics:thomascarlylessartor-resartuscoleridgesaidstoreflectionorientalmysticism:hinduworksupanishadsandbhagavad-gitachineseconfuciusandmencius,chapterfournewenglandtranscendentalism*emerson,ii.ralphwaldoemerson(1803-1882)1.literarystatus:“fatherofamericanessay”theconcordsage（圣人）leaderandspokesmanofnewenglandtranscendentalismessayist,poet,philosopher,orator,critic2.life:boston,massachusettsalineofnewenglandclergymenbostonlatinschoolharvardcollegerejectingcalvinisttenetsunitarianism（上帝一位论）runaschoolforyoungladiesabandonedaunitarianministertourineuropehisreturntoamericaandsecondmarriage(lydia)promulgating（spread）transcendentalism,bostonlatinschoolwhereemersongothisearlyeducation,harvarduniversity,harvarduniversityfreshmensdormitory,emersonsmanse,chapterfourralphwaldoemerson3.hisphilosophicalideasa.firmbeliefinthetranscendenceoftheoversoulb.theindividualisthemostimportantofall.(theinfinitudeofman)c.natureisemblematicofgod,mediatingbetweenmanandgod,4.aesthetics:(“thepoet”“theamericanscholar”)a.emersonspoetisnoordinaryperson(acompleteman,aneternalmantoseeintothedepthofinfinitetimecomprehendthepathofthingsandthedivineunityofuniversebyintuitionpoet-philosopher)b.truepoetryandtrueartshouldennoble.(moralpurificationapassagetowardorganicunityandhigherreality)c.theargumentofthepoetshoulddecidetheformofthepoeminsteadoftraditionaltechniques.d.thepoetshouldexpresshisthoughtinsymbolswhichareuniversalthings.e.astotheme,emersoncalleduponamericanwriterstocelebrateamericawhichwastohimalongpoemitself.,chapterfourralphwaldoemerson,5.hismajorworks:a.collectionspoems(1847);representativemen(1850);englishtraits(1856)theconductoflife(1860);maydayandotherpoems(1867)societyandsolitude(1870);lettersandsocialaims(1876)b.essaysself-reliancecompensationtheover-soulthepoetexperiencenature(thebibleandmanifestoofthenewenglandtranscendentalism)theamericanscholar(intellectualdeclarationofindependence)c.poemsconcordhymntherhodora,chapterfourhenrydavidthoreau,iii.henrydavidthoreau(1817-1862)1.literarystatus:theprophetofnon-violencemovementadvocateofnewenglandtranscendentalismamericanauthor,naturalist,transcendentalist,taxresister,developmentcritic,sagewriterandphilosopher.2.life:pencil-makersfamilyharvardaprivateschoolfriendshipwithemersontripontheconcordandmerrimackriversin1839acabinonwaldenpondandmovedinonjuly4andlivedthereforover2yearssince1845anightinjailforapoll-tax（人头税）of$2.,thoreauscabin,chapterfourhenrydavidthoreau,3.majorworks:“civildisobedience”or“resistancetocivilgovernment”(1849)aweekontheconcordandmerrimackrivers(1849)walden(1854)4.walden,thoreausmasterpiecea.agreattranscendentalistworkandthoreausmasterpieceb.afaithfulrecordofhisreflectionswhenhewasinsolitarycommunionwithnature(thepantheisticqualityofnature)c.abookonself-cultureandhumanperfectability;abookaboutman,whatheisandwhatheshouldbeandmustbe.,d.prophetofindividualisminamericanliteraturecriticalofmoderncivilizationwhichwasdegradingandenslavingman.“civilizedmanistheslaveofmatter”apanaceaforthefatalmoderncrazeformonetarysuccessinthewakeof(asaresultof)modernmechanizationandcommercialization.e.hewasimpatientwiththeoverstressontheexternaldevelopmentofhumanbeingssuchasrailroad,telegraph.,chapterfourhenrydavidthoreau,f.regenerationbecameamajorthematicconcernofwaldenanddecidedthestructuralframework:waldenunfoldsinasingleyear,andprogressesthroughsummerandautumntowinter,andfinallytoaclimaxintherenascenceofspring.g.waldenexhibitsthoreauscalmtrustinthefutureandhisardentbeliefinanewgenerationofmen.thebookconcludesonaclearnoteofoptimismandhope.5.menofthelikemindthomascarlyle(1795-1881);johnruskin(1819-1900)mathewarnold(1822-1888);sorenaabyekierkegaard(1813-1855),theoriginalsiteofthoreauscabin,他把关于自然的观察与体验详细地记录