新型贸易壁垒下的浙江纺织业国际化进程——外文翻译.doc

宁波大红鹰学院毕业论文外文翻译所在学院： 专 业： 班 级： 08财管/国贸x班 学 号： 姓 名： 指导教师： 2014 年 11 月 3 日译文：题目： 新型贸易壁垒下的浙江纺织业国际化进程 一、技术性贸易壁垒“技术性贸易壁垒”(technical barriers to trade, tbt)又称“技术性贸易措施”，是一国或地区以维护其基本安全，保障人类及动植物的生命及健康安全、保护环境、防止欺诈行为、保证产品质量等为由，通过颁布法律、法令、条例，制定技术标准与技术法规、合格评定程序、包装和标签的要求、产品检疫、检验制度，运用于国际贸易当中，提高进口产品的技术要求，增加进口难度，起到保护本国相关企业利益的作用。安全标准、卫生标准、包装标准和信息技术规定构成了技术性贸易壁垒的四大要素。发达国家通过颁布一些有关产业技术的标准来限制发展中国家的货物进入该国，如：美国的机械工程师协会标准(asme)；日本的药品法、化妆品法；欧盟拟定的有关电子电器产品的电磁兼容标准等。而这些安全法则均高于发展中国家对本国采取的行业标准和法律要求。据不完全统计，2012年有23.9%的出口企业受到国外技术性贸易措施不同程度的影响，损失达到685亿美元，企业新增成本280.2亿美元，比2011年增加20.6亿美元，贸易损失呈逐年递增的状态。其中，浙江省由技术壁垒造成的直接损失额为64.5亿美元，占全省出口总额的2.87%。二、绿色壁垒绿色贸易壁垒(green barriers to trade, gbt)是指一个国家以保护人类健康和经济协调发展为借口，对外国商品进口专门设置以限制进口、保护本国供给为目的，带有贸易歧视和限制的贸易壁垒。绿色壁垒实质是技术贸易壁垒的新发展，目前，国际上采用的类型主要有：绿色技术标准、绿色关税制度、绿色市场准入制度、绿色包装制度、绿色卫生检疫制度、绿色反补贴等。此类壁垒是客观存在于国际贸易中的，无论各个国家的主观目的如何，绿色壁垒本身是与环境保护和可持续发展密切相联的。而近年来绿色环保主义思想的形成以及各国对节能减排的需要，使绿色壁垒具有极好的隐蔽性,因而成为新贸易保护主义最好的“护身符”。2010年上半年，欧盟的非食品类快速预警系统(rapex)累计召回245项纺织服装产品，同比增幅达109%，其中中国产纺织服装产品为133项，同比增长102%，占召回总数的54%；美国消费品安全委员会(cpsc)召回纺织服装产品达46项，其中产地为中国的共有27项，占59%。窒息、化学危险是对华纺织品服装召回的主要原因。三、社会贸易壁垒社会贸易壁垒(social barriers)也称为蓝色壁垒，是由社会条款而来，指社会条款中的劳动者环境和生存权利为理由而采取的贸易限制措施，是把劳工标准和贸易保护相挂钩的产物。社会条款并不是一个单独的法律文件，而是对国际公约中有关社会保障、劳动者待遇、权利和劳动标准等方面规定的总称。社会贸易壁垒主要有六种表现形式：对违反国际公认劳工标准国家的产品征收附加税；限制或禁止严重违反基本劳工标准的产品出口；以劳工标准为由实施贸易制裁；跨国公司的工厂审核(客户验厂)；社会责任工厂认证；社会责任产品标志计划。社会贸易壁垒最典型的代表是sa8000标准，是从is09000质量管理体系及is014000环境管理体系演绎而来的道德规范国际标准，由美国经济优先权委员会(简称sai)制定并实施。中国作为“世界工厂”，主要以劳动密集型产业为主，各企业间为争抢订单，要求员工超时作业的现象较为普遍，而这恰恰为发达国家通过社会贸易壁垒来抑制中国产品进口找到了理由。近年来，沿海地区有8000多家企业接受过跨国公司sa8000的认证审查，已有一些企业因未通过审查而流失了订单业务；而有50%的跨国公司和外资企业表示，如果实行sa8000标准将考虑重新与中国企业签订采购合同。四、浙江纺织服装业的状况分析（一）现状分析纺织工业是国民经济传统支柱产业和重要的民生产业，在繁荣市场、扩大出口、吸纳就业等方面发挥着重要作用。早在1995年，中国就达到并一直保持世界第一大纺织品服装出口国的地位，而从2002年起纺织品出口配额的陆续取消，更为中国纺织品服装业的出口带来了推波助澜的效应。据海关总署数据显示，2012年纺织品服装累计出口2549.2亿美元，全年增长2.8%，其中服装出口增幅超过纺织品。服装出口1591.4亿美元，增长3.9%，纺织品出口957.8亿美元，增长1.2%。中国纺织品服装出口量占全球总出口量的三成。但近年来，纺织品服装业由于在产品设计、生产到回收的过程中对环境影响的设置没能达到发达国家的要求；产业技术上没能达到发达国家的标准；劳动者劳动环境及权利待遇等未符合相应的要求：出口至欧美的纺织品服装产品屡次遭到召回，损失惨重。数据显示，2012年纺织品服装出口总额同比仅增长3.3%，增幅为近几年最低。（二）遭遇壁垒的内、外因分析1、内因分析(1)技术及生产设备落后，产品生产力不强。浙江是纺织服装业的重要出口地，2012年全省纺织品服装出口598.46亿美元，出口额占全国23.45%，居全国之首。由于浙江地少人多的原因所致，浙江纺织服装企业多以小规模的家族企业为主，由于产品技术含量低、附加值低、创新能力弱等因素直接导致出口的产品存在“五多五少”的现象，即：大路货多，品牌少；中低档多，高档少；粗加工多，精加工少；普通加工多，深度加工少；衣着用品多，产业用品少。其次，由于是家庭式企业，在管理模式上也相对较为落后，对相应的国家政策和国际政策所作出的反应较慢，往往碰到了问题才去解决问题，对行业政策的动向缺乏主动性。再次，由于机器设备相对落后，生产效率不高，企业只能从产品的数量上取胜，员工加班现象普遍存在，有些企业甚至全天候运作，周末无休。(2)企业环保意识淡漠，技术法规和标准缺乏。浙江的纺织服装业多数仍旧处于劳动密集型的粗放式模式，技术相对落后、污染严重、资源浪费严重等现象比较普遍。人们对于环境保护的认识还不够，没有采取足够的措施，一部分企业为了减少成本而将工业污水直接排入河道中。纺织品的生产从原料的采购到加工以及废弃物的处理等方面，都没有顾及到环境和人类的健康。同时，企业对生态纺织品的研究、生产和发展重视不够，很少有企业关心iso14000国际环保标准体系的认证，取得“绿色通行证”的企业就更少了。(3)政府职能落后，缺乏统一的行业标准。浙江纺织品服装企业在进出口贸易中缺乏通畅的信息捕捉、信息分析和信息传递系统，不能及时了解国外市场动态，一旦遭遇贸易摩擦更是无所适从。预警机制的缺乏、技术人才的稀缺、应对措施的迟缓都使企业在出口贸易中处于被动地位。此外，缺少与国标准接轨的强制性标准，国家、地区、行业各有一套标准体系，与发达国家相比，的标准体系相对比较混乱，容易产生虽有据可循，却不知依照哪个循的现象。2、外因分析(1)出口市场过于集中。美国、欧盟和日本是纺织服装产品的主要出口国。而这三大国家即是提倡新型贸易壁垒的积极倡导者。出口市场过于集中，出口迅速增长，让浙江纺织服装出口的市场风险过于集中。发达国家劳动成本过高，中低档纺织品的竞争力必然低于发展中国家，为了保护本国同类产品，以技术、环境保护为由对发展中国家的进口产品设置贸易障碍已成事实，如日本规定进口的婴儿服装中甲醛含量为零，而甲醛在的服装加工过程中仍被普遍使用。(2)贸易顺差长期存在且金额较大。从上世纪90年代开始，对外贸易长足发展，出口依存度和外贸依存度逐年上升。据统计，2011年进出口贸易顺差达1551.4亿美元，其中前9个月，纺织服装贸易顺差是全国贸易顺差的1.64倍。面对如此巨额的贸易逆差，美国、日本和欧盟必然采取相应措施，设置各种贸易壁垒以减少进口冲突。五、启示（一）加强环保意识，构建绿色供应链管理模式企业要克服绿色壁垒，必然先要解决环境保护问题，而企业要解决环境问题，一方面要技术改造和创新，另一方面又应该采用先进的管理理念，建立绿色供应链管理模式。通过绿色采购、绿色生产、绿色设计、绿色物流、绿色回收的“绿色供应链管理模式”来减少企业在生产过程中对环境的破坏，同时，也减少纺织服装产品上残留的化学品对产品的危害。(二)加快与国际标准接轨，加强国际认证当前国际贸易中与环境有关的认证工作主要有iso14000环境质量标准体系认证和绿色标志认证。iso14000s是应对绿色壁垒的有效武器，获得iso14000认证的企业表明其具有一定的环境竞争力，通过认证的企业可以使其产品对环境无害提供一些间接证据，还可获得良好的企业形象，提高其国际竞争力。(三)调整产业结构，加强企业自主创新要想走出国门，走向世界，纺织服装生产企业应该逐渐从劳动密集型的低附加值加工类企业转向拥有自主创新能力，能够打造自主品牌，掌握自主知识产权的高附加值出口企业。多数纺织服装企业现在主要从事贴牌生产，来料加工和来样加工，企业从中获取的利润很少。只有通过树立自己的品牌，打造属于自己的产品，才能提高企业的国际认知度，从而提高其国际竞争力。(四)发挥行业协会的作用发达国家的行业协会发展的比较早，行业组织机构也比较完善，这些行业机构为企业的发展提供了必要的信息。也应建立相应的行业协会，及时收集国际贸易相关政策信息，掌握行业动态，加速专业人才的培养，充分发挥行业协会的咨询服务功能，帮助企业量身订做符合其自身的国际贸易摩擦解决方案。原文：zhejiang textile industry internationalization process under the new trade barriers1、technical barriers to trade tbt (technical barriers to trade, tbt), also known as technical trade measures, is a country or region to maintain its basic security, to protect life and health and safety of humans and animals and plants, protect the environment, prevent fraud, ensure product quality and other grounds, through the enactment of laws, decrees, regulations, development of technical standards and technical regulations, conformity assessment procedures, packaging and labeling requirements, product quarantine, inspection system, used in international trade among the imported products to improve the technical requirements imports increased difficulty, play a role in protecting the interests of their own related businesses. safety standards, health standards, packaging standards and it provisions constitute the four elements of technical barriers to trade. developed by enacting some of the technical standards for industrial goods from developing countries to restrict access to the country, such as: american society of mechanical engineers standards (asme); japans drug law, cosmetic act; the eu elaborated on electronic electromagnetic compatibility standards and other electrical products. these safety rules are higher than in developing countries to take on their own industry standards and legal requirements. according to incomplete statistics, in 2012 china has 23.9 percent of export enterprises by foreign technical trade measures varying degrees of impact, the loss reached $ 68.5 billion, the additional cost businesses $ 28.02 billion, an increase of $ 2.06 billion more than in 2011, trade was gradually lost increasing state. among them, the direct losses amounted zhejiang province, caused by technical barriers to $ 6.45 billion, accounting for 2.87 percent of the provinces total exports. 2、green barriers green trade barriers (green barriers to trade, gbt) is a country in order to protect human health and economic development coordination as a pretext for foreign goods imported specifically set up to restrict imports to protect domestic supply for the purpose of trade discrimination and restrictions with trade barriers. green barrier essence is a new development technical barriers to trade, at present, the type used internationally are: green technology standards, green tariff system, green market access system, green packaging system, green quarantine system, green countervailing like. such barriers are objective in international trade, regardless of the subjective purpose of each country, green barriers themselves with environmental protection and sustainable development are closely linked. in recent years, the formation of green ideology and national needs for energy conservation, green barriers make excellent concealment, and thus become the new trade protectionism best amulet. the first half of 2010, the eus rapid alert system for non-food (rapex) cumulative recall 245 textile and clothing products, an increase of 109%, of which the domestic textile and apparel products to 133, an increase of 102%, accounting for 54 total recall %; us consumer product safety commission (cpsc) recall of textile and apparel products amounted to 46, of which a total of 27 chinese origin, accounting for 59%. asphyxia, chemical hazards is the main reason for chinas textile and apparel recall. 3、the social barriers to trade social barriers to trade (social barriers), also known as blue barriers are coming from social terms, refers to a social clause in trade restrictions laborers environment and the right to life taken as a reason is to protect labor standards and trade linked product. social clause is not a separate legal document, but rather on social security, treatment of workers rights and labor standards and other aspects of the provisions of international conventions in general. social barriers there are six main forms: in violation of international labor standards nationally recognized impose surtax; restrict or prohibit the serious violations of basic labor standards exports; to impose trade sanctions on the grounds of labor standards; multinational factory audit (customer audits); social responsibility factory certification; product labeling program of social responsibility. the most typical representative of the social barriers to trade is the sa8000 standard, from the ethics of international standards is09000 quality management system and environmental management system is014000 interpretation comes from the american council on economic priorities (referred sai) to develop and implement. china as a world factory, mainly in labor-intensive industries, competition among companies for orders requiring overtime work phenomenon is more common, and this is precisely found for developed countries to curb chinese imports through social barriers to trade reasons. in recent years, chinas coastal areas have received more than 8,000 multinational companies sa8000 certification review, there are some companies did not pass the review due to lost business orders; while 50% of multinational companies and foreign companies said that if the implementation of sa8000 will consider re-signed a purchase contract with chinese companies. 4、the analysis of the situation of zhejiang textile & garment industry 4.1 situation analysis textile industry is a traditional pillar industry of the national economy and an important livelihood industry in the prosperity of the market, expanding exports, creating jobs, and played an important role. back in 1995, china has maintained a position reached and the worlds largest exporter of textiles and clothing, but from 2002 onwards the abolition of textile export quotas, chinese textile and garment exports more brought fueling effect. according to customs data show that in 2012 chinas total textile and apparel exports of $ 254.92 billion, annual growth of 2.8%, which exceeds the textile and garment export growth. garment exports 159.14 billion us dollars, an increase of 3.9 percent, textile exports 95.78 billion us dollars, an increase of 1.2%. chinas textile and apparel exports accounted for total global exports of three percent. but in recent years, chinas textile and garment industry due to product design, production process is set to reclaim the environmental impact did not meet the requirements of developed countries; industrial technology could not meet the standards of developed countries; the working environment and the rights of workers treatment and so did not meet the appropriate requirements: textile and apparel exports to europe have been repeatedly recalled product losses. data show that in 2012 chinas total textile and apparel exports grew only 3.3 percent, the lowest increase in recent years. 4.2 within the encounter barriers, external analysis 4.2.1 the internal analysis (1) technology and production equipment behind, the product is not strong productivity. zhejiang is an important exporter of textile and garment industry, in 2012 the provinces textile and apparel exports 59.846 billion us dollars, with exports accounting for 23.45 percent, ranking first in the country. due to the densely populated zhejiang reasons caused textile and garment enterprises in zhejiang mostly small-scale family businesses, mainly due to the low technological content and low added value, innovation capability is weak and other factors led directly to the export of products exist over five five less phenomenon, namely: popular and dependable, less brand; middle and low, less upscale; rough, less finishing; general machining, less deep processing; clothing supplies, less industrial supplies. secondly, because the family business on the management model is also relatively backward reaction to appropriate national and international policies have made slow, often encounter the problem before going to solve the problem, the lack of trends in industrial policy initiative. again, due to the relatively backward equipment, production efficiency is not high, companies can only win from the number of products, overtime is widespread, and some companies even 24/7, 7 days a week. (2) corporate environmental awareness apathy, lack of technical regulations and standards. most of zhejiangs textile and garment industry is still in the extensive mode of labor-intensive, technology is relatively backward, pollution, waste of resources and serious phenomenon is relatively common. people for environmental awareness is not enough, there is no adequate measures are taken, some enterprises in order to reduce costs and industrial sewage directly into the river. textile production from procurement of raw materials to processing and waste disposal areas, etc., are not taken into account the environment and human health. meanwhile, research on the ecological textile enterprises, production and development seriously enough, very few companies concerned iso14000 international environmental standards system certification, to obtain green pass enterprise even less. (3) the functions of the government behind the lack of uniform industry standards. zhejiang textile and garment enterprises in the import and export trade, the lack of clear information capture, information analysis and information delivery system, can not keep abreast of foreign market dynamics, once encountered trade friction is at a loss. the lack of an early warning mechanism, the scarcity of technical personnel, slow response measures are so that enterprises in a passive position in the export trade. in addition, the lack of standards in line with the countrys mandatory standards, a set of standards for each country, region, industry, compared with developed countries, chinas standard system is relatively chaotic, although according prone to follow, but i do not know what pursuant through phenomenon. 4.2.2 the external analysis (1) the export market is too concentrated. us, eu and japan is a major exporter of textiles and clothing products. and these three countries that is an active advocate of promoting new trade barriers. export market is too concentrated, the rapid growth of exports, let zhejiang textile and garment export market risk is too concentrated. developed labor costs are too high, middle and low competitiveness of textile necessarily lower than in developing countries, in order to protect their own similar products, technology, environmental protection, trade barriers set up by imported products has become a reality for developing countries, such as japan provisions baby clothing imports formaldehyde content is zero, while formaldehyde is still widely used in the countrys garment processing. (2) persistent and large trade surplus amount. from the beginning of the 1990s, the rapid development of chinas foreign trade, export dependence and dependence on foreign trade increasing every year. according to statistics, in 2011 chinas foreign trade surplus reached $ 155.14 billion, of which the first nine months, the textile and apparel trade surplus was 1.64 times the national trade surplus. faced with such a huge trade deficit, the us, japan and the eu is bound to take appropriate measures to set up trade barriers in order to reduce imports conflict. 5、implications 5.1 to strengthen environmental awareness, build a green supply chain management enterprises to overcome the green barriers, must first solve the problem of environmental protection and enterprises to solve environmental problems, technological transformation and innovation on the one hand, on the other hand should adopt advanced management concepts, establish a green supply chain management. through green procurement, green production, green design, green logistics, green recycling green supply chain management mode to reduce the company in the production process of the destruction of the environment, while also reducing the textile and clothing products to the residual chemicals products hazards. 5.2 accelerate with international standards, strengthen international certificat