毕业设计论文 外文文献翻译 机械设计 中英文对照.doc

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译设计题目: 160吨树脂模具成型压机设计译文题目: 机械设计 院系名称：机电工程学院 专业班级： 机制f0809 学生姓名： 学 号： 200848050921 指导教师： 教师职称： 讲师 附 件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文 指导教师评语： 签名： 年 月 日正文：外文资料译文 机械设计作者：john ernst摘要：一台机器是一种转换传输机制和其他组件的组合。例如发动机，发电机，车辆，吊机，印刷机，洗衣机，和电影摄影机等。许多应用到机器的设计的原理和方法也适用于制造的物品不是真正的机器。机械设计一词用在了更广泛的意义，不仅仅只是包括机械的设计。运动和结构方面及规定保留和围栏是机械设计要考虑的因素。机械工程领域和其他工程领域中的应用都需要机械设备，例如开关、凸轮、阀门、器皿、搅拌机。关键词：机械设计； 机械设计过程； 应用1.设计过程真正地开始设计，在耐久性、效率、重量、速度、成本上可能需要改进现有的设备，新设备之前可能需要做一个函数。如计算、装配、或维修全部或者部分和客观由人工做。在初步设计阶段,应该让设计人员充分发挥创造,而不是（受制于）每一种约束。即使有许多不切实际的想法,也可以在设计早期时间,即在前面的计划蓝图上修正。只有这样，才不会停止创新的心态。通常情况下，必须提出几套设计方案，然后进行比较。非常有可能在最后制定的计划中，使用已经被接受的一些想法。通用形状和少数几个部件的尺寸变得明显,分析就可以从开始中解脱出来。这种分析可以作为它的目标“满意”或“卓越”的性能,以及安全性和耐久性与最小重量,以及具有竞争力的成本。最佳比例和尺寸将寻找每个极加载部分,连同之间的一个平衡点的若干优点组件，材料和它们的加工选择。这些重要的目标达到，只有通过后，根据力学原理，如反应部队和静态摩擦的最佳利用，分析应力材料弹性和强度的惯性，加速度和能源的动力和挠度，材料的物理性能和润滑和水力驱动器的流体力学。分析可以由相同的工程师安排或者在一个大公司,他们可以由一个独立的分析或研究小组。设计是一个反复和合作的过程,不论是做正式的或非正式的,分析师能有助于其他阶段,而不是他自己的。产品设计需要大量的研究和发展。必须研究一个想法很多的概念，尝试，然后或者使用或丢弃。虽然每一个工程的内容的问题都是独特的,设计者遵循类似的程序去解决问题。产品责任诉讼的设计师和强度材料选型中要使用最优方案。在材料的过程中，最常见的问题有五个：（a）不理解或不使用最新的申请材料的最佳信息，（b）未能预见到，并考虑合理利用材料（尽可能设计者应进一步预测，并考虑由于使用不当造成的产品在近几年中，许多产品责任诉讼中，产品的使用和伤害原告指控制造商，并赢得了决定），（c）全部或部分使用的材料的数据，数据，尤其是在长期的不确定性的性能数据是这样，（d）质量控制方法是不适合的和未经证实的，（e）由一些完全不称职的人选择材料。通过对上述五个问题分析,可获得这些问题没有充足的理由存在的结论。为避免这些问题,对这些问题的研究分析表明出现方向。尽管使用了最好的选材方法不能够防止产品责任诉讼,设计人员和行业进行选材根据适当的程序,可大大降低诉讼的条件从上面的讨论中可以看到,人们应该选择材料的材料性质、特点及处理方法有全面而基本的理解。最后,设计基于功能,一个样机可以被建立。如果它是令人满意的测试,初步设计将接受一定的修改,使它能够以较低的成本生产一定的数量。在接下来的几年的生产和服务,设计可能要进行构思的变化或新思想的进一步分析表明基于试验和经验的主因销售的吸引力。2. 一些设计的规则这一节里,我们建议，通过创造性的态度，分析可以引起重要性的提高，也可引起多样性，或者功能性，经济性和耐用产品的完善和备用。为了激发创造性思维，以下规则是设计师和分析师的建议。首六个规则是特别适用于使用分析师。（1）一个创造性的使用需要的物理性质和控制过程； （2）识别功能负荷及它们的意义； （3）预期无意的负载； （4）设计更有利的加载条件； （5）提供良好的应力分布和刚度和最低重量； （6）使用基本方程比例和优化尺寸； （7）选择材料的结合性能； （8）选择小心,股票和整体部件； （9）修改功能设计以适应市场； （10）提供准确的位置和不干预各部分的装配；机械设计包括以下内容： （1）介绍了设计过程,制定问题,安全的因素； （2）综述了材料的性质，静态和动态载荷分析（包括梁、振动和冲击载荷）； （3）综述了应力和损伤分析基础。 （4）介绍了fatigue-failure理论重点high-cycle疲劳设计方差方法,也就是一般用于旋转机械的设计。 （5）讨论了彻底的磨损机理的现象, （6）调查轴设计，利用疲劳分析技术。（7）讨论了流体膜和滚动元件轴承的理论和应用（8）给出了一个全面地介绍了直齿圆柱齿轮的运动学，设计和应力分析，并简单介绍螺旋锥，环面蜗杆传动。（9）讨论弹簧设计，包括压缩，扩展和扭转弹簧。 （10）包括电源螺钉和预紧紧固件用螺钉和紧固件的优惠活动。（11）介绍了磁盘和鼓离合器和制动器的设计和规范。一台机器的完整的设计是一个复杂的过程。本机的设计是一项创造性的工作。项目工程师不仅要在工作中有创造力，而且还必须对机械制图，运动学，工程材料，材料力学，机械制造技术等方面有着深厚的基础知识。任何产品设计的首要步骤之一，是从每个部分作出选择材料。今天的设计师提供许多材料。产品的外观，材料成本和制造成本的作用是重要的选择。仔细评估的一个属性。材料必须作出之前的任何计算。仔细计算是很有必要的,可以保证设计的有效性。如有任何部分的失败,这是合乎情理的,要知道在原本设计上就是有缺陷的。检查的计算(和图纸尺寸)是极为重要的。一个小数点的错位会毁了另一个可接受的项目。各方面的设计工作中应检查和核对。计算机是一种工具，帮助机械设计师，以减轻繁琐的计算，并提供扩展现有数据的分析。基于计算机能力，互动系统取得了计算机辅助设计（cad）和计算机辅助制造（cam）的概念。心理学家如何经常讨论适应他们操作的机器的人的原因。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器适应人。这当然不是一件容易的工作，因为肯定没有给所有的人，其实说的所有是最优越的经营面积和经营过程中另一个重要的问题，项目工程师必须能够进行其他有关人员的交流与协商。在初始阶段，设计人员进行的初步设计与管理人员的交流和咨询，并得到批准。这通常是通过口头讨论，示意图和书面材料进行。假如前面的叙述,这台机器的设计目标是人类需要生产产品，肯定的发明、发现和技术知识本身并不能带来优势,人类只有当他们的应用程序可以生产产品的利益。因此,应该认识到在一个特定的产品设计前,必须先确定是否人们需要这种产品。必须把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创新能力进行产品设计，系统的分析和制定产品生产技术的好机会。抓项目的基本知识，必须熟记一些数据和公式是更为重要的。只是服务的数据和公式是不足以完全决定一个好的设计需要。另一方面，应该认真准确地进行所有操作。例如，即使地方错了一个小数点的位置，也可以导致错把正确的设计。 一个好的设计人员要敢于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法是不适合的，使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为花费的时间和努力的肯定不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，请求屏幕绝对放弃许多，深知人民的方法。稳妥许多人因为这肯定不是一件容易的事。的机械设计师应该不断探索改进现有产品的方法，要认真选择原来，在这个过程中的设计过程中确认的原则，并没有统一后确认的新思路。如今人类的生活已经离不开了机械，它无处不在，但对于机械的制造，生产及其发展和未来，我们却知之甚少。经过这学期的学习，我对机械这个专业有了更多的认识和了解。从原始社会早期人类使用的诸如石斧、石刀等最简单的工具，到杠杆、辘轳、人力脚踏车、兽力汲水车等简单工具，发展到较复杂的水力驱动，风力驱动的水碾和风车等较为复杂的机械。18世纪英国的工业革命以后，以蒸汽机、内燃机、电动机为动力源的机械促进了制造业、运输业的快速发展，人类开始进入现代化的文明社会。20世纪电子计算机的发自动控制技术、信息技术、传染技术的有机结合，使机械进入完全现代化阶段。机器人、数控机床、高速运载工具、重型机械及其大量先进机械设备加速了人类社会的繁荣和进步，人类可以遨游太空、登陆月球，可以探索辽阔的大海深处，可以在地面以下居住和通行所有这一切都离不开机械、机械的发展已进入智能化阶段。机械已经成为现代社会生产和服务的五大要素之一。机械的发展史也是人类文明的发展史。在古代的中国机械工程领域的发明与创造也是非常辉煌的，如磨制技术，金属的冶炼技术等。而中国机械制造业主要是1949年后发展起来的。新中国建立后，我国经济取得的巨大成就也是和制造业的进步分不开的。经过几十年的奋斗，我国制造业已经构件了具有相当规模和水平的制造体系，当今中国已成为举世瞩目的制造大国。机械制造业总体生产规模不断加大，机械制造是有100多个行业、857万个企业（大型企业占1%）及6万多种产品门类齐全的工业体系。连续6年保持我国第一大类出口商品地位，机械工业生产能力是解放前的2600倍，居世界第5位，机床拥有量居世界第1位，汽车产量居世界第4位。但我们仍需清楚地认识到我国是制造业大国，远不是制造业强国。总体规模、产品技术附加值和人均劳动效率远不如美国、日本等制造业强国。所以，发展我国制造业的任务任重而道远。随着高新技术的发展和社会需求的多样化，工业生产迅速走向大规模、集成化和复杂化，从而使现代化工业特别是机械工业面临新的机遇和挑战，更强调劳动者的创造性和工作效率。因此需要不断加强我国的机械设计制造及其自动化的水平，从而促进我国机械制造业的发展。附件：(外文资料原文)mechanical designjohn ernstabstract：a machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms transmits. examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. the term mechanical design is used in a broader sense than machine design to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.keywords: mechanical design； mechanisms design process；application1. the design progressdesigning starts with a need real. existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. new apparatus may be needed to perform a function previouslydone by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. with the objective wholly or partlyin the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, and then perform the comparison. has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.when the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. the analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. materials and their treatment will be chosen. these important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. the analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. product design requires much research and development. many concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems. product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. in the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) dont understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. in recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. may for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. may see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding. finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. if its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. during subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. sales appeal.2. some rules for designin this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical, and durable products. to stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. the first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.（1）a creative use of need of physical properties and control process.(2）recognize functional loads and their significance.(3) anticipate unintentional loads.(4) devise more favorable loading conditions.(5) provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.(6) use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.（7）choose materials for a combination of properties.（8）select carefully, stock and integral components.（9）modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.（10）provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.machinery design covers the following contents.(1).provides an introduction to the design process, problem formulation, and safety factors.(2).reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis, including beam, vibration and impact loading.(3) reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.(4)introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.(5) discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses, and surface fatigue.(6) investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.(7) discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application(8) gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears, and a simple introduction to helical, bevel, and worm gearing.(9) discusses spring design including compression, extension and torsion springs.(10) deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.(11) introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.the complete design of a machine is a complex process. the machine design is a creative work. project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineering material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.one of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. numerous materials are available to todays designers. the function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. a careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. in case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. the checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. the misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. all aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. the computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (cad) and computer-aided manufacturing (cam). how does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. a design personnels basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. this certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. in the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. this generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. if front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. the invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productmust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. the merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. on the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. for example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. a brand-new design, the request screen abandons absolutely many, knows very well the method for the people. because many person of conservativeness does this certainly is not an easy matter. a mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.human life can not be separated from the machinery, it is everywhere, but for the mechanical manufacturing, production, and its development and future, we know little about. after this semester, i have more knowledge and understanding of the profession of the mechanical.from the primitive society of early human use such as axes, knives and other simple tools, to a simple lever, pulley, human bicycles, animal-kip shum car tools, developed to a more complex hydraulic drive, wind-driven shuinian and windmills morecomplex machinery. after the 18th century british industrial revolution, the steam engine, internal combustion engines, electric motors, mechanical power source for the rapid development of manufacturing, transport, human beings began to enter the modern civilized society. the 20th century, the computer issuing automatic control technology, information technology, infectious organic combination of technology, so that the machinery is fully modernized phase. robotics, cnc machine tools, high-speed delivery vehicles, heavy machinery and the large number of advanced machinery and equipment to accelerate the prosperity and progress of human society, humans can travel into space, landing on the moon, you can explore the vast depths of the sea, to live and pass below the surface all of which can not be separated from the machinery, the development of the machinery into the intelligent stage. machinery has become one of the five elements of production and services of modern society. the history of the development of the mechanical history of the development of human civilization. in ancient chinese me