现代英语词汇学概论复习(Chapter1-10).doc

Word: a minimum free form of a language. With a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical meaning and grammatical meaning), performing syntactic 句法的meaningCriteria准则，分类依据 of words: by origin (nativeold English) ( and loan languageborrowed English), by level of usage(common words, literary ,colloquial, slang and technical words);by notions(function and content words)Morpheme:词素 smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller form. A morpheme is also two-facet两方面 language unit which possesses sound and meaning.Classification of morphemes:Free morpheme：utter alone with meaning (a free morpheme is a word in traditional sense) man, read, writeBound morpheme:黏着词素 must appear with one other morpheme, unkind, happily , receiveRoot: the basic unchangeable part of the word; convey the main lexical meaning of the word; Either free or bound(1) free roots: many roots are free morphemes, such as boy , moon, walk (2) bound roots: derived from foreign sources. such as tain in words like contain, detain or retain.Affixes: 词缀Inflectional affixes 曲折词缀(have only particular grammatical meaning, does not form a new word) such as s in chairs , pens; es in words boxes ,tomatoesderivational affixes 派生词缀(added morpheme to create new words.）prefixes:前缀 rewritesuffixes: 后缀length, width (12.26.2017)Word-formationThree major processes : Compounding合成法：joining two or more bases to form a new unit of compound words。 (p35-37)1) orthographic criterion书写方式2) Phonological criterion音韵准则 （accent重音）3) Semantic criterion语义准则(05,01,2018)Derivation派生法：forming a new word by addition of a word element)Conversion转换法：a word of certain word-class is shifted into another word-class without any affixesEight minor processes :Initialism：a type of shortening ,using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term ,or a phrase ；an initilism is pronounced letter by letter.Acronymy：Initialisms using the first letter from proper name ,phrase, technical words)A initialism is pronounced letter by letter) and acronymsfrom the initial letters of the name of an organization or scientific term)=are pronounced as words.Clipping:deletion of one or more syllables from a wordusually a noun, which is also available in its full form.Classificationback clipping, front clipping ,front and back clipping and phrase clipping.) Blending: formed by combining the meanings and sound of tow words.one of which is not full form or both of which are not full form. Back-formation: coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.Words from proper names: including names of scientists, names of politicians and statesman, names of places, trademark, literatureReduplication: a compound word is created by the repetition(1)of one word like go-go(2)almost identical words with a change in the vowels such as ping-pong.(3)of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants ,as in teenyweeny.Neoclassical Formation: (new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek) The majority of neoclassical formations are scientific and technical.MiscellaneousWord meaning and semantic featuresConventionality：no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol and its sense.Motivation：phonetic ,morphological, sematicMain types of word meaning: (interrelated and interdependent)(1) Grammatical: Word-class: when a dictionary lists the function of a word ,the definition does at least two things: it describes the words lexical meaning and also gives what is traditionally known as a part of the speech of the word , which modern linguists call the word-class.Inflectional paradigm: the set of grammatical forms of a word is called its paradigm.(2) Lexical meaningDenotative meaning/conceptual meaning: it is the central factor in linguistic communication. Denotative meaning involves the relationship between a linguistic unit (especially a lexical item ) and the non-linguistic entities.Connotative meaning: Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in ones mind; it is the supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning of a word.Social or stylistic meaning: social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use. Effective meaning: affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feeling and attitudes of the speaker or writerBinary opposites.二相对立Polysemy: a term used in sematic analysis to refer to lexical item which has a range of meaningsTwo approachesdiachronic and synchronic.-primary meaning and derived meaning, central meaning and secondary meaning(in some cases, the primary meaning and the central meaning coincide.Two processes leading to polysemyRadiation: each of the secondary meanings may become a center of further radiation.Concatenation: linking together, like the links of a chain.Homonymy: pronounced alike, spell alike, or both.Types of homonyms:1. perfect homonymsword identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning2. Homophones: identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning.3. Homographs: identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning.Polysemic and homonymous words are stylistically useful to achieve humour or irony, or to heighten dramatic effect.Synonymy: identical in meaning but different in sound and spelling.Complete synonyms: two words are totally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative , affective and stylistic meanings .Relative synonyms: differ from complete synonyms in the following respects:(1) in degree of a given quality or in shade of meaning(2) in emotive meaning(3) in stylistic meaning(4) in collocation and distributionSynonyms ,therefore, are extremely valuable stylistically in helping to avoid monotonous repetition ,and in achieving precision.Antonymy: opppsiteness of meaning.Contraries: contraries or contrary terms display a type of semantic contrast, illustrated by such pairs as rich and poor; heavy (when it means “ having weight” )and light.Complementary: complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition. In a complementary pair the contrast between the two terms is absolute. Eg: male and femaleConversives: is called conversives or relation opposites. Eg: husband and wifeAntonyms classified on the basis of morphological structure: root antonyms：they are words with two different roots. Eg: love and hate derivational antonyms are words with th