OSME职业安全管理与工程.ppt

occupationalsafetymanagementandengineering,williehammerdennisprice,aihualiutelmail:alexliu,accidentlossesliabilitiesandsaftylegislationworkerscompensationoshactanditsadministrationstandards,codes,andothersaftydocumentsengineersandsafetymanagementanditsresponsibilitiesthechangingrolesofsafetypersonnelpersonnelpromotingsafepractice,contents,contents,apprasingplantsafetyhazardsandtheircontrolplanningforemergenciesaccidentinvestigationssafetyanalysisacceleration,falls,fallingobjects,andotherimpactsmechanicalinjurieswork-relatedmusculoskeletaldisordersheatandtemperaturepressurehazards,contents,21.electricalhazards22.firesandfiresuppressionexplosionsandexplosiveshazardsoftoxicmaterialsenvironmentsconfined-spaceentryradiationvibrationandnoisecomputersandsafety,accidentlosses,costofwell-beingthestruggletoprovidesafeguardstoeliminateorreduceaccidentsandtheinjuriesanddamagesthatresultshasbeeninfluencedbytwomutuallyopposingconsideration:(1)costsofaccidentprevention,and(2)moralregardforhumanlifeandwell-being.,accidentlosses,costofwell-beingmanyofthelargercompanieshavefoundthemutualconsiderationandcompromisebeneficial,andworkershavefoundthemselvessaferthanifnosafeguardswereprovided.,accidentlosses,costofwell-beingunfortunately,manysmallcompaniesstillbelieveerroneouslythatsafetyprogramsarenonproductiveandunprofitable.theirsafetyeffortsareminimalandtheiraccidentandinjuryratesarehigherthanthoseoflargecompanies.,accidentlosses,theindustrialrevolutionandaccidentsconcernaboutaccidentsandtheiravoidancehasgrownvastlysincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.overtheyears,becauseaccidentsweresaidtobeinevitable,thepubliccametoacceptthem,althoughmanywereeasilypreventable.however,industrialworkersandthegeneralpublichavebecomeincreasinglyawareofhazardsthatcouldendangernotonlytheemployeesinindustrialplantsbutoutsidersaswellentirefamiliesandcommunities.,increasinghazards,simpleandeasilyrecognizedhazards,introductionofadvancedtools,moreandmorecomplexandhardtorecognizeorunderstandhazards,physicaleffectsofaccidentsthedivisionofvitalstatisticsreportsthataccidentsaretheleadingcauseofdeathforpersonsfromteenageuptoage45(whichareprimeworkingyears).inadditiontothedirectcausesofdeaths,accidentsmayresultinlongterminternalmedicaleffects.accordingtosomeestimates,thenumberofindustrialaccidentsandinjuriesisactuallytentimesthatcitedbythenationalsafetycouncil.,numbersofaccidentsvs.costs“thebestmeasureofaccidentsismonetarylosses”.totalsafetycosts=immediatelossesduetoaccidents+rehabilitationandrestoration+accidentpreventioncosts+legalcosts+insurance+welfare+othersafetycost+immeasurablesatonetime,thebureauoflaborstandardsconsideredthattotalaccidentsforayearwereroughlyfourtimesthecombinedtotaloftheworkerscompensationpaymentplusmedicalcosts.totallossesfarexceedtheamountsreimbursablebyinsurancecompanies.,lesseningsafetycoststoreducethecostofinsurance,somecompaniesself-insurethemselvesorusedeductibles.thosedeductiblesareamountsnotcoveredbyinsurance.aninsurancecompanyssettlementoffermustbetreatedcarefully.,accidentlossesforpersonnelvs.equipmentandfacilitiesinfebruary1973anexplosiontookplaceinanemptyliquefiednatural-gasstoragetankonstatenisland,newyork.thecollapseofthetankkilled37workersandthreesafetyinspectors.thetotalcosttoinsurerswasonly$2.8millionforthe40personskilledand$40forthetank.,accidentlossesforpersonnelvs.equipmentandfacilitiesthelabordepartmentcitedthecompanythatownedthetankfor:failingtodevelopandmaintainaneffectivefirepreventionprogram,notinstructingemployeesregardingunsafeconditions,failingtouseequipmentbyanationallyrecognizedtestinglaboratory,notpromptlyrestoringfire-alarmsignalingequipmenttouseaftertests,andfailuretoprovideaplaceofemploymentfreeofrecognizedhazards.,increasingmagnitudeofaccidentlossesnotonlyarehazardsbecomingmorecomplexandthepossibilitiesandextentoffatalitiesandinjuriesincreasing,butsoarepotentialmonetarylosses.theannuallossintheunitedstatesandwesterneuropeancountriesincreasedfrom$11.9millionin1960to$280millionin1978.,awardsforinjuriestheincreaseinmonetarylosseshasbeenindicatedbythesizeofawardsmadeastheresultoflitigationbecauseofaccidents.,awardsforinjuriesin1970ajurymadethehighestawardinlegalhistorytothatdate($3,650,000)foraninjury.ayoungdieselmechanicwasinjuriedwhenaboltsnappedsothatalargepieceofelectricalequipmentfellandcrushedpartofhisskull.hesurvived,butinacompletelyhelplessstate.hewastoreceive$3,000,000forhimself(halfforthecarehewouldneedoverthe40yearshewasexpectedtolive),$500,000forhiswife,and$50,000foreachofhisthreechildren.,awardsforinjurieseffectiveaccidentpreventionprogramsintheunitedstatescanreduceinflationanddrasticallyreducesufferingfrominjuriesandaccidentaldeath.,2.liabilitiesandsafetylegislation,intheunitedstates,therearethreetypesoflaws:statute(法规)thehighestgoverningpowerinanyjurisdictioncommon(公共准则)isnotestablishedbystatutesbutfollowsprecedentssetthroughjudicialdecisionsadministrative(行政条例)isestablishedbyanexecutiveinprescribingthecriteriaunderwhichanystatuteordesiredcontrolwillbecarriedout.becausesomanylawsorientedtowardaccidentsandsafetynowexist,wecanonlytouchonafewofthemostnoteworthymilestones.,2.liabilitiesandsafetylegislation,allengineersshouldknowsomethingofthelegalramificationsoftheirwork:theirresponsibilitiesandliabilitiesunderlaws;howthelawscameabout;andhowtheyaffectemployers,engineers,fellowemployees,andallotherpersons.,statutelawcommonlawmisadventure(accident)strictliabilityindustrialrevolutionnegligenceamericanlawsteamengines,boats,andlocomotivesthefourteenthamendment(修正案)andsafetyliabilitylawstheselawswereintendedtoreduceemployersdefensesagainstliabilityforaccidentsbyeliminatingthecommonlawconceptofassumptionofrisk.workerscompensationlawslateractionsresurgence(恢复)ofstrictliabilitylimitedliabilitylegislationthatlimitstheamountofdamageswhichmightbeawardedbythecourts.excusednegligencetherearelegalprotectionsforcertainnegligenceacts.,3.workerscompensation,commonlawobligationsbetweenamasterandservantwerebasedonthepresumptionthattheworkerwasfreetochoosehisorheremployment,knowledgeableofhazardsthatmightbepresentontheemployerspremises(前提条件)andinvolvedinanyoperations,andfreetoacceptorrejectitsincumbentrisks.,3.workerscompensation,obligationstoemployershistorically,undercommonlawanemployerhasbeenobligatedtoprovideemployeeswith:asafeplacetowork;safetoolswithwhichtoperformthework;knowledgeofanyhazardsthatwerenotimmediatelyapparentbutwhichmightbeencounteredduringperformanceofthework;competentfellowemployeesandsupervisors;rulesbywhichallcouldperformsafelyandthemeanstoensuretheruleswereobserved.,workerscompensationlawsnotuntil1917didtheu.s.supremecourtdeclareaffirmativelythevalidityofworkerscompensationlaws.problemsofnon-uniformitythereare57workerscompensationlaws.the50states,thedistrictofcolumbia,guam,puertorico,andvirginislandseachhaveone.thefederalgovernmenthasthree.eachlawisdifferentanditsinterpretationisdifferent.,workerscompensationinsuranceemployerspayforthecostsofworkerscompensation.benefitstoinjuredemployeesmayhavetobepaidforalongtime.theemployermaysufferfinancialreversesandgooutofbusiness.toensurethatbenefitswillbepaidwhenandforaslongasrequired,thelawscallforanemployereithertohaveinsurancecoverageforpaymentsthatmayhavetobemadeortoshowthecapabilityofcarryinganyforeseeablefinancialburdenthatcouldbeimposed.,thepremiumstobepaidhaverisenascoveragebyworkerscompensationinsurancehasincreasedtremendously.forthisreasonalone,employershavecutbackonthenumberofpersonnelemployedormovedtheiroperationstoforeigncountries,wherewagesarelower,safetyrequirementsarelessstringent,andinsuranceandliabilitycostsareless.,costsofworkerscompensationinsurance,insuranceratingsystemsvariousmethods(6types)ofdeterminingthepremiumstobechargedinclude:schedulerating:safetyconditionstheaverageorganizationshouldmeetaresetasstandards.manualrating:businessandcertaincategoriesofworkersareclassifiedaccordingtoamanualwhichcitesratesforthedifferentclassifications,dependingondegreeandclassofhazardsinvolved.experiencerating:thepremiumsarepredictedonestimatesofexpectedlossesfortheaverageemployerinapproximatelythesamemanualclassification.,insuranceratingsystemsretrospectiverating:retrospectiveratingrelatespremiumstoexperienceinthecurrentpolicyperiod.premiumdiscounting:overheadandadministrativecostsarecomparativelylessforservicinglargecompanieswhichpayhighpremiumsfortheirinsurance.combinations:somefeaturesoftheseratingmethodscanbeincludedbyinsurerstoofferotherpremiumrates.,keepingworkerscompensationcostsdownwaystokeepworkerscompensationcostsdownmakesureyourclassificationiscorrect.thisinvolvesboththeclassificationofacompanyandofitsemployees.,keepingworkerscompensationcostsdownwaystokeepworkerscompensationcostsdowngetoutoftheassigned-riskpool.conductapayrollaudit.payrollfiguresareusuallyabasisforworkerscompensationpremiums.useadeductible.premiumcanbereducedbyasmuchas25%thisway.makesureyourexperienceratingiscorrect.usemanagedcaretoreduceyourmedicalcosts.getinjuredworkersbacktowork.institutesafetyprograms.asafetyprogramtorecognize,evaluate,andcontrolhazardscanreducethenumberofclaims.,workerscompensationreformreformsincludedreducinghealthcarecoststhroughmanagedcare,requiringworkplacesafetyprograms,creatingamorepoliticallyindependentjudiciary,strengtheningfraudinvestigationandprosecution,increasingtheuseofindependentmedicalexaminers,andmakingbenefitpaymentsmorefaireforbothemployersandemployees.,disagreementsintheeventanydisagreementcannotbesettledbyinjuredworkersandtheiremployersinsurers,thematterisusuallybroughtbeforethestatescompensationcommissionforresolution.,injuryresultingfromanaccidentunderworkerscompensationlawsaninjurycouldbeapsychologicalandnotnecessarilyaphysicalcondition.injuryarisingoutofemploymentclaimsforworkerscompensationareoftenmadewhentheinjurytookplaceontheemployerspremisesbutdidnotariseoutoftheworkersemployment.,temporary-partialdisabilityatemporary-partialdisabilitymaynotprecludethepersonfromperformingfullworkduties.temporary-totaldisabilitytheemployeeinincapableofanyworkforalimitedtime.permanent-partialdisabilitytheemployeesuffersaninjuryfromwhichheorshewillnotrecovertotally.permanent-totaldisabilitytheemployeesuffersaninjurythatwillpreventhimorherfromworkingatallorinanyregular,commonemploymentintheforeseeablefuture.,monetarydisabilitybenefitsthebenefitsdifferentstatesstipulateforidenticalinjuriesareinconsistent.atonepointintime,lossofahandincoloradocalledforpaymentof$8,736,whilepennsylvaniacalledfor$116,245.deathbenefitsinmostcasespaymentswillbemadetoawidowforlifeoruntilremarriage,andtochildrenuntiltheyare18(longeriftheyareincapableofself-support).,extendofmedicalcareworkerscompensationwasoriginallydesignedtoreplacemostofthemonetarylossaworkermightsufferasaresultofanaccidentalinjury.whatinsomeinstanceshasbecomemoredesirabletotheemployeeandmorecostlytotheemployerarethemedicalcostsforcare,treatment,andrehabilitation.,injuryandclaimnoticeswhenaseriousinjurytakesplace,noticesmustbeprovidedtoanumberoforganizations:theinsurancecompany,thestateagency,thefederaloccupationalsafetyandhealthadministrationorthestatescounterpart.,hearingsoncetheclaimisfiled,arrangementswillbemadeforitssettlementbyoneofthreemethods:1.directsettlementsystem2.agreementsystem3.publichearing,actionagainstathirdpartyundertheworkerscompensationlaws,theemployeegivesupmostofhisorherrightstosueanemployerfornegligence.theemployeedoesnotgiveuptherighttosueathirdparty:themanufactureroftheequipmentthatcausedtheinjury;thedriverofthevehiclethatrammedthevaninwhichtheinjuredemployeewasmakingadelivery;thearchitectorengineerwhodesignedthestructurethatcollapsedandcausedtheinjury;aninspectionagencyrepresentativewhocertifiedassafeapressurevesselthatlaterburst.,inadequacyofworkerscompensationthenationalcommissionofstateworkmenscompensationlawsstatedthat:apersonwhosufferedatemporary-totaldisabilitywouldreceiveonly28.42percentofthewageslost.thesituationcouldbeworseifhewaspartiallydisabledwitha50percentdisability.theworkerscompensationlawshavehelpedsomewhattocovereconomiclossesresultingfrominjuriesandmedicalcosts.however,theyhavefailedintheoriginalconceptthatthecostwouldlessenthenumbersofaccidents.,4.oshactanditsadministration,inmoststates,industrialsafetylaws,regulations,andcodesandtheiradministrationhadatbestbeenspottyandinadequatetopreventgreatnumbersofaccidents.becauseoftheincreasingcostsofpremiumforworkerscompensationandlitigation,somecompaniesbecamemoresafetyconscious,butafterafewyearstheaccidentrateeaseddecliningandthenbeganrisingagain.,newconceptsofaccidentavoidancetheconceptwasthataccidentscouldbecausedbyanerrornotonlyoftheoperatorbutofpersonnelsuchasthedesigner,manager,manufacturingworker,maintenanceman,oranyoneelseconnectedwiththesystem.thesenewconceptsofhazardsandaccidentcausesbroughtforwardtheideaofpreventinginjuriesanddamagebybetterpreventionmeasures,especiallythroughuseofmoresafelydesignedandmanufacturedequipment.oneresultintheindustrialandoccupationalsafetyareawastheoshact,anattempttoreducethenumberandseverityofaccidentsbymakingequipmentandproceduressaferbymandatorymeans.,thefundamentalaimoftheoshactistoensure“asfaraspossibleeveryworkingmanhealthfulworkingconditionsandtopreserveourhumanresources”.oshactbecameeffectiveonapril28,1971.,stateindustrialsafetyprogramsonereasontheoshactwaspassedwastheinadequacyofexistingstatelawsortheirenforcement.althoughthenewlawwasafederalone,itpermittedindividualstatetoregainsoleauthoritytopoliceoccupationalsafetyifspecificconditionsweremet.adiagrammaticrelationshipbetweenosha,workerscompensation,andproductliabilityisshowninthefollowingfigure.,responsibilitiesofemployersandemployeesbothemployersandemployeeshaveresponsibilitiestheymustcarryoutundertheact,althoughonlyemployerscanbepenalizedforfailuretocomplyasorwherenecessary.,employers:furnishaplaceofemploymentthatisfreefromrecognizedhazards;complywithstandardsforinjuryavoidance;keeprecordsofwork-relatedinjuries,illnesses,anddeaths;keeprecordsofexposureofemployeestotoxicmaterialsandharmfulphysicalagents;notifyemployeesoftheprovisionsofthelaw,theirprotectionandobligations.,employees:complywithoccupationalsafetyandhealthstandardsandallrules,regulations,andordersissuedpursuantto(根据)thisactwhichareapplicabletohisownactionsandstandards.intheeventanemployeefailstoobservetheprescribesafetyandhealthstandards,theemployermaybecitedforaviolation.,inspectionstoensurecompliancewithprovisionsofoshact,inspectionscouldbemadewithoutpriornoticebythecomplianceofficer.complianceofficersmustbeadmittedandhavetherighttoinspectsafetyrecords.,violationsandpenaltiesthemaximumallowablepenaltyis$70,000foreachwillfullorrepeatedviolation,and$7,000foreachseriousorother-than-seriousviolationaswellas$7,000foreachdaybeyondastatedabatementdateforfailuretocorrectaviolation.,recordkeepingtheoshastandardsrequirethekeepingofnumerousrecordsbyeachemployer.therearepenaltiesforfailuretocomply.,thenewoshaundertheclinton-goreadministration,oshatookstepstotreatemployerswhohaveaggressivehealthandsafetyprogramsdifferentlyfromemployerswholackthem.theintentistoofferemployersachoiceofhowtheywillberegulatedbyosha.,inthelate1990stheeffortcontinuestodevelopreadableregulations,baseuponcommonsense.ithasestablishedafour-pointstrategytodevelopstandardsthatmakesense:identifyclearandsensiblepriorities;focusonkeybuilding-blockrules;eliminateorfixout-of-dateorconfusingstandards;emphasizeinteractionwithbusinessandlaborinthedevelopmentofrules.donotforgetthatoshactreformisdifficulttoachievejustlikeallotherreforms.,5.standards,codes,andothersafetydocuments,toclarifyanumberoftermsoftenusedinaccidentcontrol,thefollowingindicatessomecommonusagesastheyrelatetosafetymatters.acriterionisanyruleorsetofrulesthatmightbeusedforcontrol,guidance,orjudgment.astandardisasetofcriteria,requirements,orprinciples.acodeisacollectionoflaws,standards,orcriteriarelatingtoaparticularsubject,suchasthenationalelectriccode.,5.standards,codes,andothersafetydocuments,aregulationisasetofordersissuedtocontroltheconductofpersonswithinthejurisdictionoftheregulatoryauthority.aspecificationisadetaileddescriptionofrequirements,usuallytechnical.apracticeisaseriesofrecommendedmethods,rules,ordesigns,generallyonasinglesubject.designhandbooks,guides,ormanualscontainnonmandadtorypractices,generalconceptsandexamplestoassistadesigneroroperator.,oshasafetychecksheetanexamplechecklistonlycompany_dateofcheck_checkfindingyesnon.a.logofoccupationalinjuriesmaintained.()()()2.recordofoccupationalinjuriesuptodate.3.summaryofoccupationalinjuriesorillnessesposted.4.permanentpassagewaysandaislesappropriatelymarked.5.passageways,storerooms,servicesrooms,andworkareascleanandaislesclear.,6.allfloorscleananddry.7.floorsfreeofprotrudingnails,splinters,holes,andlooseboards.8.wherestorageisonasecondfloor,balcony,orotheroverheadareasloadlimitsaremarked.9.flooropeningsofanykindhavestandardrailingsorfloorholecoverconstructedasrequired.10.temporaryflooropeningshavestandardrailingsorareconstantlyattendedbysomeone.11.everyopenings,floororplatform4feetormoreabovegroundlevelhasastandardrailandtoeboardsguarding.12.allstairswithfourormorerisershavestandardhandrail.,13.portablestepladdersareingoodcondition.14.portablerungladdershavesafetyfeetsecurelyboltedorfastened.15.woodladdersarestoredinshelteroroutofelements.16.metalladdersareequippedwithnonslipmaterialonrungs.17.metalladdersarenotusedinareaswhereexposedtoelectriccircuits.18.exitsarevisibleandclearlymarkedandilluminatedbyareliablelightsource.19.workareashaveatleasttwoexits.20.whereexitsarenotclearlyvisiblefromworkareas,signspointingtoexitsareposted.21.doorsoropeningswhicharenotameansofegressaremarked“notanexit”.,22.permissiblenoiseexposurelevelshavebeencheckedinareaswherenecessaryandpersonalprotectiveequipmentprovidedasneeded.23.approvedcontainersforflammablematerialsareavailable.24.closedcontainersareprovidedforoily-ragdisposal.25.hardhatsareprovidedandusedinareaswhereimpactorfalling-objectshazardsexists.26.employeeshandlingheavyobjectsareprovidedanduseprotectivefootwear.27.separatetoiletfacilitiesareprovidedforeachsex,andfacilitie