新托福词汇分类突破71-100.doc

071Ant colonies have elaborate social structures in which the various activities necessary for the feeding, shelter, and reproduction of the colony are divided among specially adapted individuals. Ants belong to an order of insects called the Hymenoptera, a group that also includes bees, wasps, and sawflies. Some species of wasps and bees resemble ants in that they live in colonies and are therefore said to be social, but ants are the only hymenopterans in which every species is social. Ants are distinguished from other hymenopterans in that they have bent, or elbowed, antennae and an indented abdomen that forms a narrow waist.o elaborate i5lAbErEt adj. 复杂的 o shelter 5FeltE n. 遮蔽处 o adapted E5dAptid adj. 适合的 o h ymenoptera 7haimi5nCptErE n. 膜翅目 o sawfly 5sR:flai n. 叶蜂 o resemble ri5zembl v. 类似 o in that in TAtconj. 因为 o distinguish dis5tiNwiF v. 区别 o bent bent adj. 弯曲的 o elbowed 5elbEud adj. 像肘一样弯曲的 o antenna An5tenE n. 触须 o indented in5dentid adj. 锯齿状的 o abdomen 5AbdEmEn n. 腹部 o waist weist n. 昆虫腹部的较窄部位072Members of an ant colony typically fall into categories known as castes, each with a different role. The majority of colony members are female worker ants that are unable to mate. Worker ants do not have wings and perform most of the work of the colony, including searching for food, nursing young, and defending the colony against ants from other colonies. Queens are larger than worker ants and are the only females of the colony capable of mating. Queens are born with wings, which they break off after mating. They mate with winged male ants, later using the sperm from the mating to produce fertilized eggs, which hatch to produce more worker ants and a new generation of queens.o caste kB:st n. 有社会组织的昆虫的阶级 o mate meit v. 交配，繁殖 o perform pE5fC:m v. 执行 o nurse nE:s v. 看护 o capable of 5keipEbl Evadj. 有能力 o sperm spE:m n. 精子 o fertilized egg 5fE:tElaizd n. 受精卵 o hatch hAtF v. 孵化 073Insects and diseases are a continuing menace to forests. Various insects, such as the gypsy moth, the tussock moth, and the spruce budworm, devastate extensive areas by defoliation. Other insects serve as carriers for the causative agents of diseases that destroy trees. Parasitic tree diseases may be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes, or by such parasitic plants as the mistletoe or dodder. Noninfectious diseases of trees include sunscald; drought injury; root drowning, or suffocation; nutritional excesses or deficiencies; winter injury; and injury from smoke, gases, and fumes.o menace 5menEs n. 威胁 o gypsy moth 5dVipsi mCWn. 舞毒蛾 o tussock moth 5tQsEk mCWn. 毒蛾 o spruce budworm spru:s 5bQdwE:mn. 云杉蚜虫 o devastate 5devEsteit v. 糟蹋 o defoliation 7di:fEuli5eiFEn n. 落叶 o causative agent 5kC:zEtiv 5eidVEntn. 病原体 o bacteria bAk5tiEriE n. 细菌 o fungi 5fQndVai n. 真菌 o virus 5vaiErEs n. 病毒 o nematode 5nemEtEud n. 线虫 o mistletoe 5misltEu n. 槲寄生，一种欧亚寄生灌木 o dodder 5dCdE n. 菟丝子 o sunscald 5sQnskR:ld n. 日灼病 o drought injury draut n. 旱害 o root drowning ru:t 5drauniNn. 根部溺死 o suffocation 7sQfE5keiFEn n. 窒息 o nutritional njU:5triFEnEl adj. 营养的 o deficiency di5fiFEnsi n. 缺乏 o fume fju:m n. 浓烟 074Birds are the only animals with feathers, collectively called plumage, although some other animals, such as insects and bats, also have wings. Nearly all birds can fly, and even flightless birds, such as ostriches and penguins, evolved from flying ancestors. Many characteristics and behaviors of birds are distinct from all other animals, but there are some similarities. Like mammals, birds have four-chambered hearts and are warm-blooded having a relatively constant body temperature that enables them to live in a wide variety of environments. Like reptiles, birds develop from embryos in eggs outside of the mothers body.o plumage 5plu:midV n. (鸟的)全身羽毛 o ostrich 5astritF n. 鸵鸟 o penguin 5peNwin n. 企鹅 o ancestor 5AnsistE n. 祖先 o distinct dis5tiNkt adj. 截然不同的 o similarity 7simE5lArEti n. 相似之处 o chamber 5tFeimbE n. 腔 o warm-blooded wC:m5blQdid adj. 恒温的(动物) o constant 5kCnstEnt adj. 恒定不变的 o reptile 5reptail n. 爬行动物 o embryo 5embriEu n. 胚胎 075The main component of feathers is keratin, a flexible protein that also forms the hair and fingernails of mammals. Feathers provide the strong yet lightweight surface area needed for powered, aerodynamic flight. They also serve as insulation, trapping pockets of air to help birds conserve their body heat. The varied patterns, colors, textures, and shapes of feathers help birds to signal their age, sex, social status, and species identity to one another. Some birds have plumage that blends in with their surroundings to provide camouflage, helping these birds escape notice by their predators. Birds use their beaks to preen their feathers, often making use of oil from a gland at the base of their tails. Preening removes dirt and parasites and keeps feathers waterproof and supple. Because feathers are nonliving structures that cannot repair themselves when worn or broken, they must be renewed periodically. Most adult birds molt lose and replace their feathers at least once a year.o keratin 5kerEtin n. 角质 o flexible 5fleksEbl adj. 柔韧的 o mammal 5mAmEl n. 哺乳动物 o aerodynamic 7eErEudai5nAmik adj. 空气动力学的 o insulation 7insju5leiFEn n. 绝缘，绝热 o trap trAp v. 捕捉 o conserve kEn5sE:v v. 保存 o texture 5tekstFE n. 质地 o social status 5sEuFEl 5steitEs n. 社会地位 o blend in blend inv. 与(环境等)协调 o camouflage 5kAmEflB:V n. 伪装 o predator 5predEtE n. 捕食者 o beak bi:k n. 喙 o preen pri:n v. (鸟)用嘴整理 o gland lAnd n. 腺 o tail teil n. 尾 o parasite 5pArEsait n. 寄生生物 o waterproof 5wC:tEpru:f adj. 防水的 o supple 5sQpl adj. 柔软的 o worn wC:n adj. 用旧了的，磨破了的 o periodically 7piEri5CdikEli adj. 周期的，定期的 o molt mEult v. 换毛 076Bird wings are highly modified forelimbs with a skeletal structure resembling that of arms. The shape of a birds wings influences its style of flight, which may consist of gliding, soaring, or flapping. Flight muscles are located in the chest and are attached to the wings by large tendons. The breastbone, a large bone shaped like the keel of a boat, supports the flight muscles.o forelimb 5fC:lim n. 前肢 o resemble ri5zembl v. 类似 o glide laid v. 滑行 o soar sC: v. 翱翔 o flap flAp v. 振翅飞行 o chest tFest n. 胸部 o tendon 5tendEn n. 腱 o breastbone 5brestbEun n. 胸骨 o keel ki:l n. 龙骨：船的主要结构部件077Nearly all birds have a tail, the paired flight feathers of which, called rectrices, extend from the margins of a birds tail. Tails may be square, rounded, pointed, or forked, depending on the lengths of the rectrices and the way they terminate. o tail teil n. 尾 o rectrix 5rektriks n. (plural: rectirces 5rektrEksiz)舵羽：鸟尾巴上主要几支硬羽毛的一支，用于掌握飞行方向 o square skweE adj. 正方形的 o forked 5fC:kt adj. 叉状的 o terminate 5tE:mineit v. 中止，结束 078Birds have two legs; the lower part of each leg is called the tarsus. Most birds have four toes on each foot, and in many birds, including all songbirds, the first toe, called a hallux, points backwards. Bird toes are adapted in various species for grasping perches, climbing, swimming, capturing prey, and carrying and manipulating food.o tarsus 5tB:sEs n. 跗骨 o toe tEu n. 趾 o songbird 5sRNbE:dn. 鸣禽 o hallux 5hAlEks n. (鸟)后趾, (人)大拇趾 o adapted E5dAptid adj. 适合的 o perch pE:tF n. 栖木：供鸟栖息的枝条 o manipulate mE5nipjuleit v. 处理 079Instead of heavy jaws with teeth, modern birds have toothless, lightweight jaws, called beaks or bills. The eyes of birds are protected by three eyelids: an upper lid resembling that of humans, a lower lid that closes when a bird sleeps, and a third lid, called a nictitating membrane, that sweeps across the eye sideways, starting from the side near the beak. This lid is a thin, translucent fold of skin that moistens and cleans the eye and protects it from wind and bright light. o jaw dVC: n. 颚 o beak bi:k n. 喙 o bill bil n. 啄 o eyelid 5ailid n. 眼睑 o nictitating membrane 5niktiteitiN 5membrein n. 瞬膜：鸟类、爬行动物和一些哺乳动物的内生透明眼睑，闭上可保护和滋润眼睛 o translucent trAnz5lu:snt adj. 半透明的 o moisten 5mCisn v. 使潮湿 080For breeding, most birds build nests, which help them to incubate, or warm, the developing eggs. Nests sometimes offer camouflage from predators and physical protection from the elements. Nests may be elaborate constructions or a mere scrape on the ground.o breed bri:d v. 繁殖；育种 o nest nest n. 巢 o incubate 5inkjubeit v. 孵化 o camouflage 5kAmEflB:V n. 伪装 o element 5elEmEnt n. 环境 o elaborate i5lAbErEt adj. 精心制作的 o scrape skreip n. 浅坑081Among the best-known birds are the birds of prey. Some, including hawks, eagles, and falcons, are active during the daytime. Others, notably owls, are nocturnal, or active at night. Birds of prey have hooked beaks, strong talons or claws on their feet, and keen eyesight and hearing. Scavengers that feed on dead animals are also considered birds of prey.o bird of prey bE:d Ev prein. 猛禽，食肉鸟 o hawk hC:k n. 鹰 o falcon 5fAlkEn n. 隼 o owl aul n. 猫头鹰 o nocturnal nCk5tE:nl adj. 夜间的 o beak bi:k n. 喙 o talon 5tAlEn n. 爪 o scavenger 5skAvindVE n. 食腐动物 082Migrating birds use a variety of cues to find their way. These include the positions of the sun during the day and the stars at night; the earths magnetic field; and visual, olfactory, and auditory landmarks.o migrate 5maireit v. 迁徙 o cue kju: n. 提示 o magnetic field mA5netik fi:ldn. 磁场 o olfactory Cl5fAktEri adj. 嗅觉的 o auditory 5C:dEtEri adj. 听觉的 083Except in combinations such as waterfowl and wildfowl, in modern usage the word fowl usually is restricted to the common domestic fowl, or chicken. In poultry markets, fowl commonly means a full-grown female bird. Young birds of both sexes, such as broilers and fryers, are called chickens. On poultry farms, male chickens are called roosters or cocks; females, especially those more than a year old, are called hens; females less than a year old are called pullets ; very young chickens of either sex are called chicks; and castrated males are called capons.o combination 7kCmbi5neiFEn n. 组合 o waterfowl 5wC:tEfaul n. 水鸟 o wildfowl 5waildfaul n. 野禽 o fowl faul n. 家禽 o domestic dE5mestik adj. 驯养的 o poultry 5pEultri n. 家禽 o broiler 5brCilE n. 适于烤焙的嫩鸡 o fryer fraiE n. 适于油炸的小鸡 o rooster 5ru:stE n. 公鸡 o pullet 5pulit n. 小母鸡 o chick tFik n. 小鸡 o castrate kAs5treit v. 阉割 o capon 5keipan n. 阉鸡 084All fishes are vertebrates(animals with backbones) with gills for breathing, and most of them have fins for swimming, scales for protection, and a streamlined body generally with a pointed snout and posterior and a broad propulsive tail for moving easily through the water.o vertebrate 5vE:tEbrEt n. 脊椎动物 o backbone 5bAkbEun n. 脊椎 o gill dVil n. 腮 o fin fin n. 鳍 o scale skeil n. 鱼鳞 o streamlined 5stri:mlaind adj. 流线型的 o snout snaut n. 口鼻部 o posterior pCs5tiEriE n. 后部 o propulsive prEu5pQlsiv adj. 有推进力的 085The term fishery is also used to describe the species of fish being harvested(because most of them are edible), which include familiar finned fish species, like cod and flounder; mollusks, including oysters and squid; and crustaceans, such as shrimp and crabs. Lesser-known fisheries include echinoderms, like sea urchins; some amphibians, including frogs; and cnidarians, such as jellyfish. even the harvest of whales is usually considered a fishery.o fishery 5fiFEri n. 食用鱼类，捕鱼业 o harvest 5hB:vEst v. 收获，捕获 o edible 5edEbl adj. 可食用的 o cod kad n. 鳕鱼 o flounder 5flaundE n. 比目鱼 o mollusk 5mClEsk n. 软体动物 o oyster 5CistE n. 牡蛎 o squid skwid n. 鱿鱼 o crustacean krEs5teiFEn n. 甲壳纲动物 o shrimp Frimp n. 虾 o crab krAb n. 螃蟹 o echinoderm i5kainE7dE:m n. 棘皮动物 o sea urchinsi: 5E:tFin n. 海胆 o amphibian Am5fibiEn n. 两栖动物 o frog frC n. 青蛙 o cnidarian nai5diEriEn n. 刺细胞动物 o jellyfish 5dVelifiF n. 水母 o whale weil n. 鲸 086angling refers to fishing for sport, recreation and relaxation. a fishing rod is a long, straight, flexible pole made of bamboo, fiberglass, or graphite that an angler uses to cast hook withbait or lures into the water.o angling 5ANliN n. 垂钓 o fishing 5fiFiN n. 钓鱼 o recreation rekri5eiFEn n. 消遣 o fishing rod 5fiFiN rCdn. 钓竿 o straight streit adj. 直的 o flexible 5fleksEbl adj. 弹性的 o pole pEul n. 杆 o bamboo bAm5bu: n. 竹子 o fiberglass 5faibElB:s n. 玻璃纤维 o graphite 5rAfait n. 石墨 o angler 5ANlE n. 钓鱼者 o cast kB:st v. 抛 o hook huk n. 鱼钩 o bait beit n. 饵 o lure luE n. 诱饵 087C oral reefs are built up by limestone skeletons of coral, and are found only in tropical saltwater where bright sunlight can penetrate, because corals cannot exist without the symbiotic algae that live in coral tissues and require sunlight for photosynthesis.o coral 5kCrEl n. 珊瑚 o reef ri:f n. 礁 o build up bild Qpv. 堆积 o limestone 5laimstEun n. 石灰石 o skeleton 5skelEtEn n. 骨骼 o tropical 5trCpikl adj. 热带的 o saltwater 5sR:lt7wR:tE n. 盐水 o penetrate 5penEtreit v. 穿透 o symbiotic 7simbi5Rtik adj. 共生的 o algae 5AldVi: n. 藻类, 海藻(singular: alga 5AlgE) o tissue 5tisju: n. 组织 o photosynthesis 7fEutEu5sinWEsis n.光合作用088S quids are carnivorous mollusks belonging to the same class as the cuttlefish, and octopus. The body of squids, stiffened by an interior cartilaginous skeleton, is spherical or cigar-shaped, with two lateral fins. around the mouth are eight sucker-bearing arms and two contractile tentacles with spatulate tips; on the latter are four rows of suction cups encircled by rings of chitinous(horny) hooks. The contractile tentacles, longer than the rest, are used to seize the prey and pass it to the shorter arms, which hold it to be torn by strong jaws shaped like a parrots beak. Squid can swim faster than any other invertebrate by rapidly expelling water from the mantle cavity through the “funnel”. Many deep-sea squid are bioluminescent. They shoot out a cloud of dark ink when pursued; one genus secretes luminescent ink.o squid skwid n. 鱿鱼 o carnivorous kB:5nivErEs adj. 食肉类的 o mollusk 5mClEsk n. 软体动物 o cuttlefish 5kQtlfiF n. 墨鱼, 乌贼 o octopus 5CktEpEs n. 章鱼 o stiffen 5stifnd v. 使僵硬 o interior in5tiEriE adj. 内部的 o cartilaginous 7kB:tE5lAdVEnEs adj. 软骨(质)的 o spherical 5sferikEl adj. 球形的 o cigar-shaped si5B: Feiptadj. 雪茄形的 o lateral fin 5lAtErEl finn. 侧鳍 o sucker-bearing 5sQkE 5beEriNadj. 长着吸盘的 o contractile kEn5trAktl adj. 会收缩的 o tentacle 5tentEkl n. 触须、触角 o spatulate 5spAtFjulit adj. 竹片状的 o row rEu n. 行，排 o suction cup 5sQkFEn kQpn. 吸盘 o chitinous 5kaitEnEs adj. 壳质的 o horny 5hC:ni adj. 角状的 o seize si:z v. 抓住 o prey prei n. 被掠食者，战利品 o torn tC:n n. (tear的分词)撕 o jaw dVC: n. 颚, 颌 o parrot 5pArEt n. 鹦鹉 o beak bi:k n. 喙 o invertebrate in5vE:tEbrEt n. 无脊椎动物 o expel iks5pel v. 喷出, 发射 o mantle cavity 5mAntl 5kAvEtin. 外套腔 o funnel 5fQnEl n. 漏斗，漏斗形物 o bioluminescent 5baiEu7lu:mE5nesEt adj. 发(冷)光的 o pursue pE5su: v. 追赶, 追踪 o genus 5dVi:nEs n. 种, 类 o secrete si5kri:t v. 分泌 089A mphibians have moist, hairless skin through which water can pass in and out, and were the first animals with backbones to adapt to life on land. they are the ancestors of reptiles, which in turn gave rise to mammals and birds. all amphibians belong to one of three main groups: the caudata, or tailed amphibians, which includes the sirens, salamanders, and newts; the anura n, or tailless amphibians, which includes frogs and toads; and the gymnophiona, which is made up of the wormlike caecilians. o amphibian Am5fibiEn n. 两栖动物 o moist mCist adj. 潮湿的 o adapt E5dApt v. 适应 o ancestor 5AnsistE n. 祖先 o reptile 5reptail n. 爬行动物 o mammal 5mAmEl n. 哺乳动物 o caudata 5ka:deitE n. 有尾目 o siren 5sairin n. 土鳗 o salamander 5sAlEmAndE n. 火蜥蜴 o newt nu:t n. 蝾螈 o anura n E5njuErEn n. 无尾目 o frog frC n. 青蛙 o toad tEud n. 蟾蜍 o gymnophiona 5dVimpfina n. 无足目 o make up of meik Qp Evv. 组成、构成 o caecilian si:5siliEn n. 蚓螈 090Paleontologists recognize several mass extinctions in the past 500 million years, which occurred in Ordovician, Devonian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Triassic, and Cretaceous Period, respectively. The most recent mass extinction was at the end of Cretaceous Period, and resulted in the loss of 76% of all species, most notably the dinosaurs.o paleontologist 7peiliCn5tClEdVist n. 古生物学者 o mass extinction mAs iks5tiNkFEn n. 大量消亡 o Ordovician 7C:dE5viFEn n. 奥陶纪，是指古生代第二纪的一段地质时间 o Devonian di5vEuniEn n. 泥盆纪 o Paleozoic peiliE5zEuik n. 古生代 o Mesozoic 7mezEu5zEuik n. 中生代 o Triassic trai5Asik n. 三叠纪 o Cretaceous kri5teiFEs n. 白垩纪 o respectively ri5spektivli adv. 分别地 o species 5spi:Fiz n. 物种 o dinosaur 5dainEsC: n. 恐龙 091In mass extinctions, entire groups of speciessuch as families, orders, and classes die out,creating opportunities for the survivors to exploit new habitats. In their new niches, the survivors evolve new characteristics and habits and, consequently, develop into entirely new species.o family 5fAmEli n. 科 o order 5C:dE n. 目 o class klB:s n. 纲 o survivor sE5vaivE n. 幸存者 o exploit 5eksplCit v. 开拓 o habitat 5hAbEtAt n. 栖息地 o niche nitF n. 合适的环境 o evolve i5vClv v. 进化 092As the sum of all species living in the worlds ecosystems, known as biodiversity, dwindles, so too go many of the resources on which we depend. Humans use at least 40,000 different plant, animal, fun