英汉语言对比电子教案.doc

第八讲第二章 英汉主语对比英汉主语的位置和语法功能基本一致，但某些情况下也有差异。本章主要内容：无灵主语和有灵主语、主谓句和无主句、状化主语。第一节 无灵主语和有灵主语有灵句：以人为施事主体；无灵句：以无生命的事物为施事主体，而谓语动词部分是与人有关的动词。汉语无灵句较少，且多出于修辞原因，如拟人的修辞格。英语中大量存在。无灵句大致分为三类：拟人化、半拟人化、无修辞色彩。1.拟人化无灵句Liquor talks mighty loud when it gets loose from the jug.Virtue and vice cannot dwell under the same roof.Facts speaks louder than words.The thirsty soil drank in the rain.My conscience told me that I couldnt treat small animals cruelly.A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.Misery loves company.Pride goes before a fall.Hunger knows no friend.可用拟人的手法翻译：酒一出壶就大言不惭。美德与邪恶不能同室相居。事实胜于雄辩。干涸的土壤饱吸着雨水。我的良心告诉我，我不能残忍地对待小动物。当真理刚刚穿上鞋子，谎言可能已周游了半个世界。同病相怜。骄傲使人落后。饥饿不认朋友。讨论： his love and joy knew no bound. 他的爱和欢乐不知边界？不符合汉语表达习惯的，用其它方式翻译。如：他的爱和欢乐是无限的。他感到无限的爱和欢乐。2. 半拟人化无灵句See, witness 等动词作谓语，但拟人色彩已淡化，用来表示某种经历。He was wearing a rough gray coat, which had seen many winters.The next few years saw a series of bad harvest.Tian An Men Square witnessed the May 4th Movement.The following year saw the death of both sisters.The century has witnessed the rapid growth of electronic industry.The year 1871 witnessed the uprising of the Paris Commue.That house saw more worry and unhappiness.翻译时，变换主语，用适当的动词。这件衣服已经穿了好几个冬天了。接下来的几年收成都不好。五四运动发生在天安门广场。第二年姊妹俩都去世了。本世纪电子工业得到了迅速发展。巴黎公社起义发生于1871年。更多的忧伤和不幸曾经发生于那座房子。 3. 无修辞色彩无灵句某些无灵句已丧失拟人化的修辞色彩，词类句子中常见的动词有：find, bring, give, escape, surround, kill, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, invite, take, drive, happen, occur 等。His name escaped me for the moment.The sight of the old house reminds me of my poor life when I was young.A few steps across the lawn brought me to a large splendid hotel.The point slipped my attention.This matter strikes me as important.A serious accident happed to him.Suddenly a good idea occurred to me.翻译时：主语有灵化。我一时想不起他的名字。一看见那间旧房，我便想起了年轻时的贫穷。穿过草地，没几步我就到了一家豪华的大旅馆。我疏忽了这一点。我认为这个问题很重要。他发生了严重车祸。我突然想起了一个好主意。第二节 主谓句与无主句这是英汉两种语言在结构上的重大区别。汉语无主句的五种分类1. “有”+小句- 相当于there be 结构有几个学生在操场上打球。有一辆车子等在外面。有一扇窗子被孩子们砸碎了。有许多问题要在会上讨论。翻译时注意there be 之后的非谓语动词形式。2. 表示事物的存在、出现或消失院子里栽着许多花。校门口站着一个卫兵。马路两旁种着许多树。村里住着一位老渔夫。昨天又击毙了许多敌人。河上新修了一座桥。今晚有新片上映。译法研究:a. 宾语译成主语b.there be句型 c.有时也可译成倒装句。Many flowers are planted in the yard.There are many flowers planted in the yard.In the yard are planted flowers.A guard is standing at the door.There stands a guard at the doo.Many trees are planted along both sides of the road.There lived an old fisherman in the village.Many more enemies were killed yesterday.Over the river were built a new bridge.There is a new film this evening.3. 表示自然现象现在正在下雨。天黑了。那时已是深秋。现在是晚上八点半。译法：it 可以指代自然现象，时间等。It is raining.It is getting dark.It was late autumn.It is half past eight.注意 today is Monday. Today, yesterday, tomorrow 既可作名词又可作副词，句子可做主语。出太阳了。可译为： the sun had risen.4. 口号和标语全力以赴，克服困难。尊师重教。不准吸烟。不准随地吐痰。翻译研究：英语中也常常用非谓语形式。Making great efforts to overcome difficulties.Respecting teachers and attaching great importance to education.No smoking.No spitting.讨论：如果无主句出现在文中，译成英语还需完整句子 。一、宾语作主语。二、there is no doing 句式。Great efforts should be made to overcome difficulties.There is no parking.There is no littering.扩展：there is no doing There is no knowing where he has gone.There is no denying the fact.5. 谚语和格言无火不生烟，无风不起浪。眼不见，心不烦。有其父，必有其子。翻译：短语形式No smoking without some fire.Out of sight, out of mind.Like father, like son.知足常乐。种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。隔墙有耳。有利有弊。翻译：句子形式Content is happiness.As we sow, so shall we reap.Walls have ears.Every advantage has its disadvantages.入乡随俗。欲加之罪，何患无辞。翻译：祈使句形式Do as Romans do.Give a dog a bad name and hang him.第三节 状化主语英语中的一些句子，主语含有状语意义，如原因，条件，方式，目的，时间或地点等等，翻译时可译成状语。英语中的一些句子，主语含有状语意义，如原因，条件，方式，目的，时间或地点等等，翻译时可译成状语。Its a pity for you to have to stay indoors in such fine weather.An increase in the nations money supply resulted in higher prices.These bad conditions have given rise to a lot of crimes.The drivers careless caused the car accident.Shame made me want to hide my face.Another man in my position would have lost confidence in himself.Further delay would cause us even greater losses.To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.Talking with foreigners can improve your spoken English .Making the most of every opportunity to speak in public will help a person to overcome his shyness.To realize four modernizations needs our great efforts.To translate this ideal into reality requires hard work.The damage resulte