当代西方政治思潮四.ppt

当代西方政治思潮 之四 主讲人 黄岭峻 第四讲社会主义 2 概论lecture3 socialism 2 marxism 问题 随着苏联与东欧的易帜 马克思主义是否还有生命力 一 从黑格尔到马克思 1 黑格尔的历史哲学 hegel sphilosophyofhistory 1 historyrecordstheunfoldingofaninnerhumanspirit 历史记录了内在的人类精神的展开 2 humanunderstandingishistorical 人类理解是历史的 3 humanprogressanddivinedesign 人类是进步的 且与神圣的设计相关 georgfriedrichhegel 1770 1831 thegreatgermanphilosopher 2 马克思karlmarx 曾经是一个青年黑格尔主义者 karlmarx 1818 1883 themajortheoristofmodernsocialism karlmarxwasbornin1818intrier germany toanassimilatedjewishfamily hisfather asuccessfullawyer hadhopedthathissonwouldstudylaw butkarlpreferredphilosophy itwaswhilestudyinginberlin atthesameuniversityatwhichhegelhadtaught thattheconfrontationwithhegelianphilosophicalsystemtookplace 3 黑格尔与马克思的思想对照 hegelspiritorreason 精神或理性 dialecticalclashbetweenideas 理念之间的辩证冲突 freedominphilosophicalterms 哲学形态的自由 marxpeopleandtheiractualinterests 人们与其实际利益theactualclashbetweengroupsstrugglingfordominance 追求统治地位的集团之间的实际冲突 politicalandeconomicfreedom 政治和经济的自由 二 马克思的历史唯物主义marxistmaterialism amaterialistviewofhistory materialism关于历史的唯物主义观点 历史唯物主义1 阶级主争观点 1 withscarceresources differentgroupswillrangedagainsteachotherinthestruggleforsurvivalandsatisfaction 对于有限资源 不同集团将为之斗争 2 asmaterialconditionschange theprotagonistsinthegreathistoricaldramachangeaswell 随着物质条件的变化 不同历史戏剧中的主角也将发生变化 slaves vs masters serfs vs lords workers vs capitalists 2 经济基础决定上层建筑 1 inmarx sview classpositionisdecisiveindetermininghowweviewtheworld 阶级地位决定世界观 2 socialconditionsdetermineconsciousness 客观条件决定人的意识 三 马克思的政治经济学 capitalismcreatsitsowngrave diggers 资本主义培养了自己的掘墓人 资本主义生产的内在矛盾 newtechnologicalinnovations theincreaseinproductiveandprofitsisnolongerastronomical newlyimpoverishedlowwagesandfalling vastquantitiesofgoodswhowillbuytheproducts painfulcontractionsofthemarket greatperiodiccrises 生产力与生产关系 forcesandrelationsofproduction生产力forcesofproduction theactualmaterialmethodsofproductionprevailinginagivensociety 生产关系relationsofproduction thehumansideoftheproductionprocess thewaysinordertoproduce capitalismproducesthemeansofhumanliberationbutpreventsitsrealization 四 无产阶级专政与共产主义社会 dictatorshipoftheproletariat无产阶级专政morehumaneandlessdictatorial a thegreatmajorityoverasmallminority b inordertoservethebroadinterestsofhumanity bourgeoiscapitalistsincluded c atransitionalstage thedawningofcommunism共产主义的到来 factor theworkerstakecontrolofthemeansofproductionhumanizetherelationsofproductionunleashtheforcesofproductionallowingtoworkforthegeneralgoodaquantumleapinhumanmaterialabundance 工人掌握生产工具 使生产关系人性化 解放生产力 允许为一般善而工作 thewitheringofthestate国家消亡 theproletariat theuniversalclass willhaveabolisheditselfandcreatedauniversalsociety 马克思笔下的共产主义社会 futurecommunistsociety 1 democraticinaradicalsense lackingconflictorcoercion 激进民主 没有冲突和压制 2 workwouldnolongerbedrudgery 工作不再是负担 3 possessivenesswoulddisappear 所有制消失 4 publicownership 公有制 5 humanrelationswouldbeplacedonanovelfooting 关系和睦 6 thefamilywouldbereplacedbynewformsofhumanassociation 家庭消失 7 aborderless statelesshumanity 无国界 无国家 五 对马克思的批评 critiques a thehistoricalrecord 历史事实1 thegrowingimpoverishmentoftheworkingclassdidnotmaterialize 无产阶级的贫困化 2 nationalismisawaningforcewhichwouldbereplacedbyinternationalworking classamityhasprovedtobewrong 无产阶级的国际化 b datedelementsinmarxsim 过时的结论1 social welfare 社会福利2 marx sunderstandingofclassidentityandviewofthebusinesscycleareanachronistic 马克思对阶级身份的理解及商业圈的观点都是过时的 c marx sexaggerations 夸大的观点1 allhistoricalsocietiesarelockedinlife and deathconflictsoverscarcesources 2 socialrelationsnotonlyinvolveconflictandcoercion butalsosolidarity consensus evencooperative d willtheproletariatself destruct 在完成历史使命后 无产阶级是否会自动结束专政 六 俄国革命与列宁主义 1 mensheviksandbolsheviks 2 普列汉诺夫与俄国马克思主义正常的建立 georgivalentinovichplekhanov november26 1857 may30 1918 wasarussianrevolutionaryandamarxisttheoretician hewasafounderofthesocial democraticmovementinrussiaandwasthefirstrussianmarxist 3 布尔什维克强调铁的纪律及民主集中制 thebolsheviks arguedthatorganizationaldemocracywasrelevantonlyforopenwesternsocieties theyhadtoformarevolutionaryarmythatwas 1 highlydisciplined 高度的纪律性 2 hierarchicalinitscommandstructure 指挥结构中的层级制 3 secretinitsdeliberations 讨论过程中保守秘密 4 centralizedinitsorganization 组织中的集中制 4 共产党是无产阶级先锋队 lenininsistedthatthecommunistpartydidnotrepresentmassinterestsasmuchasinexpressedthemoreadvanceviewsofthe revolutionarysocialistintelligentsia hence thecommunistleadershiphadtoactivelysettherevolutionaryagenda inthissense leninspokeofthepartyasthevanguardofsociety sprogressiveforce 5 列宁与马克思的区别 ifformarxideologicalconsciousnessdependsonmaterialconditions forleninideologicalconsciousnessactsasanautonomousforce lenin sviewthattherevolutionaryleadershipcanautonomouslydictatethepaceofchangeisoftendescribedasvoluntarism 1 马克思更强调物质条件 而列宁更强调意志作用 lenin svoluntarismandhispaternalisticviewoftheworkingclasstakemarxisttheorizinginsubstantiallynewdirection theoristsofrevolution likemarxhimself mightaidtheproletariansinunderstandingtheirsituationmoreaccurately buttheycouldneverreplacetheworkingclassastheengineoftherevolution 2 马克思不想取代工人阶级成为革命的发动机 而列宁则强调党员干部的先锋作用 6 小结 1 therussiarealitydifferedfromthewesterneuropeaninhavingexperiencedonlytheearlystagesofcapitalistdevelopment itlackedadynamicbourgeoisieorasubstantialproletariat 俄国现实与西欧不同 它只是处于资本主义发展的初级阶段 缺少成熟的资产阶级与无产阶级 2 marxist initsclassicwesterneuropeanform wasbasicallyinapplicabletotherussiareality 就原初意义的马克思主义而言 并不适合于俄国的实际情况 因此 俄国革命应该采取的策略应该是 atactically inordertodefenditselfagainstanimplacablyhostilereality thepartymustorganizealongquasi militarylines withtheemphasisondiscipline hierarchy secrecy andcentralization 1 为了应对严酷的现实 党必须实行半军事化 btheparty ratherthantheproletariat becomesthecentralagencyofrevolution 2 是党 而不是无产阶级 成为革命的中心 citisnotnecessarytoawaitwiththeproperideologicalweaponscanshortentheprocess 3 不必等待用合适的意识形态武器来缩短进程 drussia slargelypeasantcharactermeantthatthisvasthumanresourcehadtobemobilized ifonlytacticallyandtemporarily intherevolutionarycause 4 动员农民 六 从列宁主义到斯大林主义 1 俄国1905年革命 the1905russianrevolutionwasawaveofmasspoliticalunrestthroughvastareasoftherussianempire someofitwasdirectedagainstthegovernment whilesomewasundirected 2 1917年2月 尼古拉二世退位 attheendofthe februaryrevolution of1917 februaryintheoldrussiancalendar on2march juliancalendar 15march gregoriancalendar 1917 nicholasiiwasforcedtoabdicate grigoriyefimovichrasputin 1869 1916 3 十月革命theoctoberrevolution alexanderkerensky 1881 1970 tendaysthatshooktheworld thepolish sovietwar february1919 march1921 4 therussiancivilwar 1917 1923 5 新经济政策neweconomicpolicy nep inforward theneweconomicpolicy nep wasinstitutedin1921 capitalism monitoredandregulated wouldbeallowedtomakeapartialreturn althoughtheultimatecontrolsrestedwiththegovernment greatdealoflatitudeforprivateownershipandlocalinitiativewaspermitted by1928 whenthenepwasofficiallyterminated thesovietunion seconomyhadmadeasubstantialrecovery 6 列宁逝世 1924 1 21 thedictatorshipoftheproletariat leninismdepartsmostglaringlyfromtheletterandspiritofmarxistsinregardtodictatorshipoftheproletariat formarx proletariatdictatorshipwasonlyalogicalturningofthetablesonthebourgeoisdictatorshipthatprecededit theterm dictatorship inthephrasedidnotentailanewandunprecedentedformofrepressivecontrol 7 斯大林的崛起josephstalin 18december1878 5march1953 levkamenev 1883 1936 grigoryzinoviev 1883 1936 leontrotsky 1879 1940 leninismvsstalinism althoughstalinismwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthedoctrinalfoundationsofleninism theresponsibilityforstalinistbrutalityandcapriciousautocracycannotbeascribedtolenin stalindepartedfromleninismatleastasmuchasleninhaddepartedfrommarxist thegulagorgulagwasthegovernmentagencythatadministeredthepenallaborcampsofthesovietunion stalinisttotalitarianism inaseriesofdeftstrokes stalinturnedhisopponentsagainsteachother isolatinganddestroyinghiscompetitorsonebyone by1928stalinhadeffectivelyeliminatedmostofhisopposition forthenextquartercentury stalinruledthesovietunionwithadegreeofabsolutenessandbrutalitythathaverarely ifever beenequaledinhumanhistory 斯大林的集权 collectivizationofthepeasantry in1929hebeganacampaigntocollectivizesovietagriculture stalinorderedthedecimationofawholeclassoflargeandsmalllandowners thecollectivetransferofvastpeasantpopulationovergreatdistance theappropriationofallfarmswiththeirlivestock buildings andtools andtheorganizationofthepeasantryincooperativeandstatefarms 苏联集体农庄 thepurgesof1934 1938 indecemberof1934 kirov headoftheleningradpartyorganization wasmurdered wenowknowthatstalinwasbehindtheassassination ithasneverbeendefinitivelydeterminedhowmanywerekilledinthegreatpurgesofthemid 1930s estimatesrunfromthemillionstothetensofmillions 大清洗 导火线 基洛夫遇刺 sta