词汇学复习资料.doc

. 词义改变的几种方式（1）Extension （四种）(P93)1. from specific to general- picture2. from proper nouns to common nouns:-rugby，magnet, champagne, etc. 3. from concrete to abstract: threat（军队威胁）Grasp（抓领会）nitpick(挑虱子挑剔）4. from technical terms to general words: catalyst-催化剂-刺激/促进因素 example original meaning modern meaning citizen city dweller inhabitant of a state or nation -1salary salt money fixed regular pay esp. for workers-1layman one who is not of clergynon-member of any profession- 1 -offend 反对 使感到恼火或愤恨不满- 1 bird 小鸟 任何一种鸟- 1 quarantine （隔离的）四十天 被迫隔离的一段时间- 1companion 伙伴，尤指法律或正式关系的伙伴（如配偶或同事） 同伴-2pile 桥墩 堆在一起的或逐个叠放的大量东西-2subsist 使存在，使活着 存在，生存-1 task 税款 任务-3 （2） specialization（四种）(P96) 1. from general to specific-meat, girl年轻人2. from abstract to concrete- gear ( habit, manners P.96)3. from common nouns to proper nouns- the Mediterranean example original meaning modern meaning meat food edible flesh starve die die from hunger wife a woman a married womanhangar 棚 | 飞机棚， 飞机库garage 安全地方 | 汽车间grocer 批发商 |（经营茶叶、咖啡、糖、香料、水果等杂品的）零售商artillery 军火 | 大炮liquor 液体 | （尤指蒸馏制成的）酒 原义 词义缩小后的意义poison 饮料 | 毒药shroud 衣服 | 寿衣stink 任何一种气味 | 臭气 hospital 供旅游者休息娱乐的场所 | 医院(3) Amelioration(. Elevation of meaning 词义的升格)：原来贬义或中性的词转换为褒义。（P98） Example : Marshall - 马夫-元帅 executive - 一般执行者-行政官员 Success - 结果-成功 shrewd-邪恶的-机灵的 minister-仆人-首相 (4) Deterioration ( Degradation of meaning 词义的降格)：有中性活褒义转为贬义。 Example: Silly-幸福-愚蠢 Cunning-有知识的-奸诈 Villain-种田人-坏人，恶棍（5）Semantic shift/meaning transfer:（词义转移）：主观（subjective）意义转为客观(objective)意义或反之Example:Productive-多产的-productive writer (obj- subj) Sweet flower-sweet face (obj-subj) Pitiful-有同情心的-可怜的 （subj-obj） Tuneful-好唱歌的-悦耳的 （subj-obj）The weather smiles on us. (拟人人转物)Angry waves 怒涛 angry sea 怒海Sensitive plants 含羞草（原用于修饰人的词用于修饰物） （6）transferred epithet(移位修辞)：用描写甲事物的词用来修饰乙事物。 Example : Restless night -是人未眠而非夜未眠 Happy new years-人happy 而非新年happy The ploughman homeward plods his weary way. -路没有疲倦，而是人疲倦 The assistant kept a respectful distance from his boss when they were walking in the corridor (保持距离以示尊敬) A sleepless bed/a reassuring(安慰的) arm/ a dizzy(眩晕的) height n 1. Explain what kind of semantic change the following underlined word(s) has experienced. n 1）He got two strikes against him in his application for a new job. Extension-specific to general-last chance to getn 2）There are many types of pinchbeck in the market nowadays. Extension proper to common types of fake productsn 3）Nails are thin growths at the ends of the fingers. Specialization abstract to concrete- things that grown 4）In some parts of this country liquor is banned. Specialization- from general to specific- winen 5) Ours is a friendly face awaiting you with homely comforts. Specialization- abstract to concrete- facilityn 6）Sandwiched between the door and a window is a giant refrigerator. Extension- proper to common- place or clampn 7）A warm person is friendly, and shows a lot of affection in his behavior. Semantic shift- from objective to subjective-kindn 8）Your son is really a terror. Cant your control him? Specialization- from abstract to concrete- a person who scare or threaten sbn 9）The student assistant is an effecient help. Specialization- abstract to concrete-a person who helpsn 10) The fairy tale The Sleeping Beauty is very interesting. Specialization abstract to concrete- a young beautiful womann 11) The speeker was surprised to find so many familier faces at his lecture. Metonymy-face-person. 修辞的手段(词的理据 语义理据)P60（1） Metaphor：a word or phrase used of one thing is applied to another(用一种事物暗喻另外一种事物)Example: He has a heart of stone.Life is a short summer.In research of ones root(ancestor)A cloudy face / to cultivate the talent/ to polish an article He broke her heart A sea of people/a rain of bullets/a mountain of man (2) Metonymy : name something by one of its attribute (以某事物的某一特性来命名事物整体) Example: Face-person / pen writer / there are a lot of good heads in the university. Many hands make light work She has got five mouths to feed. Plain clothes-便衣-便衣警察 / pen- 笔杆子-善于写文章的人 Be fond ong ones glass-贪杯/爱喝酒 The whole city-全体市民(3) Synecdoche(提喻) ：using a part for a whole Example: all hands on the deck(所有水手船上集合)White-collar criminals Bread- food(4) Analogy（类比：仿造原有的同类创造出去对应词或近似词words are created in imitation of other wordsExample: Flash back -flash forwardBlue collar workerwhite/grey/gold/pink/bright/new/open/no-collar workerEat-in study-in/lie-in /sit-in Brain drain- brain gain / go .head north go. head south/ sunrise .sunset job Slumpflation-stagflation-boomflation/ over.under achieveExercisesIdentify the figures of speech in the following sentences andn then translate them into Chinese.n 1.Greece was the cradle of western culture.Metaphor, cradleorigin希腊是西方文明的摇篮。n 2. Every government should attend to cleaning its own Augean stables.metaphor, Augeau stablescorruption 任何政府都应致力于清除自身的腐败现象。n 3.The birds are singing to the smiling year.personification, singing and smiling are the actions of human.n 4.Would you like a cup or two, Eve?Metonymy, cupa cuo of coffee. Eve,你要一杯还是两杯咖啡啊？n 5. The city has its philharmonic and its poverty.metaphor, philharmonicluxurious life. 这座城市既有穷人也有富人。n 6. people often compare life to a road through the mountain because both have their ups and downs.conversion， ups and downssuccess and failure, 人们常把生活比作山间下路，它总是坎坷不平的。n 7. Too many professional prepared resumes read like a pitch from an old-time pedlar. Simile, resumes as a pitch old time pedlar, 精心准备的专业化的简历，看多了也就像旧时小贩的吆喝一样，平淡无奇。n 8. I took a last drowning look at the title as I gave the book back into her hand. Transferred epithet, a drowning looka look that the agent who is drowning, 在把书还到她手上的时候，我依依不舍的看了一眼那本书的标题。n 9. The Wall Street definitely has more say in their policy-making. Metaphor, wall street-monopoly capital, 很明显，华尔街在政策制定上有更多的话语权。 Conversion, sayright of making decision. n 10. We have to decline such an application from a man fond of his glass. Metonymy, fond of his glassfond of drinking, 我们必须拒绝来自这种贪杯之人的申请。1. Argument is War.n 观点 indefensible（不堪一击）；n 攻击弱点 attack ones weak points;n 击中目标/要害 be right on the target；n 摧毁（论点）demolishn 击败 wipe sb. out/ shoot sb. Down;n The fire of this article is concentrated on the government policy on foreign affairs.2. Time is Money.n Spend /waste ones time花时间、浪费时间n Save timen Cannot afford the time拿不出时间n Invest a lot of time in sb.在某人身上投入了大量时间n Budget ones time预算（安排）时间n Lose timen 时间快用完了 running out of time3. Anger is Fire.n Make sb. Burn 让 冒火；n Be burnt about对 感到恼火；n Ones anger flamed某人发火了。n Cool down ones anger平息怒火n A flame of anger lighted in ones heart怒火中烧n Fire sb. With anger激怒某人n Hold fire忍住不发火n Flash fire怒目喷火、怒目相对4. Book is Food.n Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.n 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。n This book is to my taste.这本书和我的口味。n This poem has folk flavor.这首诗有民歌的风味。n Such a book is really a potboiler.这样的书简直简直就是个大杂烩。 (from “to boil the pot”粗制滥造)5. Theories are Containers.n This theory has no content. It is an empty theory.该理论毫无内容，是一个空洞的理论。n There are a lot of holes in his theory.他的理论有许多漏洞。n A water-tight exposition for theories对理论滴水不漏的解释n His point of view is full of imagination.他的观点充满了幻想。n He crammed the speech with subversive ideas.他在演讲中塞进了颠覆思想。n Can you really extract coherent thoughts from that incrediable prose?你真能从那篇不可思议的的散文中提取出贯穿全文的思想吗？6.Theories are Buildings.n Ther is no foundation for his theory. 他的理论毫无根基可言。n His theory stands on a weak basis.n The theory lacks support.缺乏支撑n Their argument began to be shaky.他的论据开始动摇。n Construct a strong argument for that theory为那个理论构建一个牢固的论据。n Such a theory will collapse someday.这样的理论总有天会垮掉！n The frame of the theory must be rebuilt.理论框架必须重建。n 另外，多为深，少为浅(More is Deep; Less is Shallow)n Deep water水深（多）；shallow water水浅（少）n They had a shallow conversation last night.他们昨晚谈得很肤浅。n There is only shallow acquaintance betwwen the two young people.两位年轻人仅是泛泛之交。n The teacher has deep influence over the students.教师对学生的影响大。Word-formation n Word-formation is a process of creating new words by means of existing elements and according to the patterns and rules of a given language. n Derivationn Compoundingn Conversionn Quantitative changes (blending, clipping, etc.)Derivation be- adj. or n. -v. becalm, belittle, befriend de- n.-v. deform, debug , defrost en- n.-v. enslave, endanger un- n.-v. unleash（解开皮带）, unearth anti- n.-adj. anti-war, anti-carbon 防积炭的 inter- n.-adj. inter-state, inter-laboratory post- n.-adj. postwar, postliberation pre- n.-adj. prewar,preplant1. Negative prefixes give negative, reverse or opposite meaninga- (apolitical不关心政治的 , asexual无性的)de- (destabilize动摇, declassify消除密级)dis- (disenfranchise剥夺公民权, disinvest减少投资)il- (before l: illegal)/ im-(before p,b,m: imperceptible感觉不到的)/ in-(inadequate)/ ir-(before r: irresponsible)non- (non-economic, non-profit, nonparty, noncolor, nontaste, nonevent, nonnovel非传统小说)un- (unacceptable, undemocratic, unbook买来送人而非自己读的毫无价值的书, unperson政治上失宠的官员)2. Non-negative prefixesa. Degree, measures or size: hyper（过多）- (hypercreative, hyperdevoted); over超过- (overestimate, overcompensate); semi半- (semiskilled, semi-annual); super超级- (super-dominant, supercharged); ultra极端- (ultra-conservative, ultra-secret)b. Repetition or possibility: em-(before p,b,m)/en- 使处于某种状态(embark, enclose)c. Time, place, order relation: ex-外，以前的(ex-employer, ex-tenant); inter-交互(inter-office, inter-government); post-在 后(post-budget, post-election); pre- (pre-delivery, pre-budget)d. Number and numeral relation: bi- (bilateral, bilingual); multi- (multi-dimensional, multi-media); uni- (unilateral, unisex)e. Attitude, counteraction: anti- (anti-EEC, antiestablishment反既成或正统，antibody); auto- (autodial, autonomy); counter-反向(countercharge反诉，反攻, counteroffer); pro- 赞成(pro-business, pro-liberal)f. Pejoration: mis- (miscalculation, mismanage处置不当); pseudo- (pseudo-random假随机, pseudo-democratic)Suffixation is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base. e.g. boy-boyish. But there are exceptions: e.g. boy-boyhood.1 Noun-forming suffixes-age (passage, marriage, mileage); -ance/-ence附于动词后构成名词或由-ant 结尾的形容词化出名词 (assistance, predominance, correspondence); -dom地位；职务；状况；领域； (freedom, kingdom)-ee 受动者 (employee, referee, absentee); -eer/er 与 相关的人(engineer, profiteer, manager);-ess附在名词后表示女性、阴性 (manageress, heiress) -ist (economist) -hood 状况、身份(adulthood, singlehood) -ing行为、状态、情况 ，技法，材料等building, meaning, packing, tubings)-ion/-sion/-tion/-ition/-ation表示状态、行为、结果 (production, conclusion, realization) -ism 信念、状态(consumerism保护消费者利益运动, perfectionism至善论) -ment (agreement, investment) -ness 附在形容词后构成抽象名词，表性质、状态或行为(effectiveness, kindness) -ship 身份、技能、状态(ownership, friendship) -ty/-ity 性质、状态(productivity, prosperity) -ure/-ture动作、结果 (procedure, expenditure)2 Adjective-forming suffixes-able/-ible “能的,会的”： (manageable, permissible)-al/-tal/-ial/-tial “的，关于的”， (economical, statistical)-ant/-ent进行动作的；有的 (redundant, dependent)-ary与有关的 (monetary, inflationary)-ate/-ete “的”,“和有关的”,“以特征的”： (accurate, complete)-ful (dutiful, powerful)-ish “性质的”,“似的”,“一样的”： (snobbish, reddish, bookish)-ive与有关的；具有性质的；有倾向的 (effective, extensive)-less“无”、“缺”、“ 没有” (effortless, powerless)-like 像(businesslike, lifelike)-ly “性质的” (costly, orderly)-ous/-ious像的；具有特征的；实行的 (ambiguous, nutritious)-some有倾向的；引起的 (troublesome, worrisome)-y “有的”,“多的”,“以为特征的”： (sexy, worthy, daddy)3 Verb-forming suffixes-en与形容词构成动词，表示“使、使成为”；与名词构成动词，表示“使有、具有” (brighten, moisten)-ify/-fy “使”，“使成为”，“使化成”，“ (intensify, qualify, liquefy溶解、液化, glorify 美化 )-ize/*-ise表示使成为；表示使化 (rationalize,4 Adverb forming suffixes-ly (frequently, perfectly)*-ward/-wards 朝向(windward上风的, backward, homewards)-wise在某方面；表示方向、位置、方式等 (vote-wise, percentage-wise, housingwise就住房问题来看)Latin prefixesn magn- large, big, great mal- bad, badly, wrong; ill; evil; abnormal, defectivemedi- middlenon- nothing, notomni- all, everypro- before; for, in favor of; in front of; in place ofre- back, backward, againsemi- half, partly, twicesub- under, belowult- beyond, excessive, to an extreme degreeuni- one, singlever- true, truth, real, truthfulnessvia- way, road, path1. Mega-(very large) 2.Cyber-(automatic/computerized)Cyberculture自动化/电脑化社会Cyberbrain电脑Cyberart电脑艺术/计算机技术Cyber-security 网络安全Cyber-space网络虚拟空间Cyber-privacy网络隐私3.Hyper-(super/too much)Hypermedia超媒体Hyperlinks超级链接Hyperfriction过度摩擦Hyperslow极缓慢的Hyberverbal说话过多的Megacity特大城市Megadestruction大毁灭Megagame大赛Megastructure超级建筑Megarich十分富有Megaversity超级大学n 6.techno- (technology)n Technomania技术热n Technophobia恐技术症n Technocracy专家政治n techno-centric 以技术为中心的n 7. tele- (long-distance transfer/television)n Telead电话约定广告n Telrbanking电脑化银行业务n Telebus电话叫车/租车n Telecenter远程计算中心n Tele-education远程教育4. Info- (information)Infotech信息技术Infocenter信息中心Infotainment信息娱乐节目Infomercial信息商业化的5. nano- (one billionth)Nanotech纳米技术Nanofabrication纳米加工Nanocomputer超高速电脑 8. E- (electronic)/ Of- (office)/ Of- (office) ware (articles of the same kind)1.分析下列单词的构成并翻译成汉语E.g. des/integra/tion n.蜕变；分解Dispensable, discancer, degerate, defog, antilitter, ecocide, discounter, nonpolicy, derecognition, nonhappening, antiaging, outplace, outsubmarine, unsell, nondairy, unnational, unisex2. Conversion - zero derivationThe process of converting words from one part of speech to another without adding any derivative element is called conversion or zero derivation.3. Compounding Definition: Compounding or composition is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word.(a) solid: airtight, airmail;(b) hyphenated: air-conditioning;(c) open: air force, air raid.4. Blending (P.44-49)Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full formse.g. boat+hotel=botel n. ship serving as hotel.smoke+fog=smog n. fog intensified by smoke.stagnation+inflation=stagflation n. persistent inflation with high unemployment. Chinglish/vegelate/motele.g. communication+satellite=comsat n. communications services involving an artificial satellite.science+fiction=sci-fi n. of, relating to, or being science fiction.Misper/pop-cult/telex/lit-crit/hi-teche.g. air+hotel=airtel n. hotel located at or close to an airport.slim+gymnastics=slimnastics n. exercises designed to reduce ones weight.e.g. medical+care=medicare n. a government program of medical care esp. for the aged.Mocamp/autolift/teleeducation5. Back-formationBack-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.e.g. typewrite was formed from the noun typewriter by removing the supposed derivation suffix -er, and the verb edit formed from editor by dropping the suffix -or. Back-formation is therefore a process of shortening, too. The majority of back-formed words are verbs.6. Shortening (P.52-56)e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone, gym from gymnastics and taxi from taxicab.e.g. ad (=advertisement), auto (=automobile), dorm, exam, in (inch), min/max(imum)etc.e.g. chute (=parachute), plane (=airplane), scope (=telescope; microscope), quake (earthquake).e.g. flu (=influenza), fridge (=refrigerator), etc.e.g. perm (=permanent wave), pop (=popular music or record), pub (=public house), zoo (zoological garden) etc.7 Acronymy-Initialisms and AcronymsA. Initialisms Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an intialism is pronounced letter by letter.e.g. BBC (for British Broadcasting Corporation) is pronounced /bi:bi:si:/; VIP (for a very important person) is likewise pronounced /vi:aipi:/.There are three types of initialisms:1. The letters represent full words. This is main type. e.g. CIA=the Central Intelligence Agency of the U.S. ISBN=International Standard Book Number.WTO, SME(Small & Medium Enterprises), AI(artificial intelligence)2. “The letters represent elements in a compound or just part of a word” (Quirk et al 1972). e.g. ID=Identification (card).3. A letter represents the complete form of the first (or the first two) word, while the second word (or the third word) is in the full form. e.g. H-bomb=hydrogen bomb. B-school, N-war, R & D feesB. AcronymsAcronyms are the words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are prono