英语专业精读1课后1-7.doc

.Unite 1Paraphrasing(1) This ability to take familiar bits of language and to combine them to make new words and sentences is what sets language apart from other ways that human beings use to communicate.=Because of the existence of morphological and syntactic rules, language enables to create new words and sentences making use of available materials. This is not possible with other ways that we use to communicate, such as the use of facial expressions or bodily gestures.(2) We have to beware the word language. Its often used in a vivid way to mean any kind of connection between people.=We have to be cautious about the use of “language” because it is often used figuratively, refering to any means of communication (body language) or even the basis of mutual understanding (speaking the same language). (3) We learn many rules of grammar in order to express different meanings, such as changing the order of words in a sentence. But we dont have rules which change the order of our facial expressions to express different meanings. =Facial expressions are different from real language in that there are no grammatical rules such as word order to help us express different meanings when we communicate with facial expressions. (4) If I have the ability, I can paint them, draw them, sculpt them, dance them, compose them into a symphony or a ballet or a piece of jazz, and express myself in all the ways that are called “arts and crafts”.= “Arts and crafts” are also means of communication. If I have the ability, I can express my thoughts and feelings in painting, drawing, sculpture, dance and music. (5) In our everyday lives we produce and comprehend language with such apparent ease that we take it for granted. Yet the ease with which we use language belies a level of complexity of immense proportions.=Our everyday use of our native language, whether to express ourselves or to understand others, is so easy that we have never realized the great complexity behind this simple fact. Translation（1）Once weve learned a few thousand words, and learned the ways our language allows us to put them together into sentences, we can say things that nobody has ever said before. 一旦我们掌握了数千个单词和语言所允许的将这些单词组合成句的方法，我们就可以说出别人从未说过的话。（2）When people use their faces or hands to show their feelings, theyre doing something that is very different from what they do when they speak, write, or use a deaf sign language.当人们用脸或手来表达情感的时候，他们所做的是一件与说话、书写或者使用聋人手语很不一样的事情。（3）Language allows us to talk about our experience of the world in a way that no other means of communication can.语言使我们能够以一种其他交际手段所不能比拟的方式谈论我们对世界的体验。（4）那件鲜红的大衣使她在姑娘们中间显得特别突出。(apart from)Her bright red coat set herapartfromthe other girls. （5）我们的触觉能力也可以演绎出一套语言。(develop into)Our ability to touch can also be developed into a language. （6）他以蛮横无理的方式对他的助手们发号施令。He orders his assistants aroundinawaythat is very offensive.（7）与书面语不同的是，我们在口语中并不是按照段落或章节来组织思想的。Unlike writing, our thoughts are not framed in paragraphs or chapters in speech.Unite 3Paraphrasing(1) Scollon points out that Athabaskan Indians consider it inappropriate to talk to strangers, and that this has an odd effect when an Athabaskan meets a non-Athabaskan, white or black. One wants to get to know the other by talking and the other feels it is inappropriate to talk until they know each other.=Athabaskan Indians consider that it is inappropriate to talk to people they do not know. According to Scollon, this causes a strange effect when the Athabaskan Indians meet people from other cultures. The non-Athabaskans may want to make acquaintance with the Athabaskans by talking to them, but the Athabaskans will not talk to the non- Athabaskans before they become acquaintances. (2) As she puts it, Gonjans are so aware of the indirect function of questions to implyunstated meaning that “the pure information question hasnt got a chance.”=Gonjans take it for granted that questions are always asked to achieve indirect functions, so they never ask questions for pure information. (3) This is the value associated with getting down to brass tacks and stickingto facts-values taken for granted in American business and education, and perhaps more generally by American men.=The Americans usually take it for granted that in communication people should be direct and say no more or less than needed, and that what people say is exactly what they mean. This is especially true in business and education and applies more to American men than to women. (4) To the extent that no two people have exactly the same communicativebackground, to that extent, all communication is cross-cultural, and understanding cross cultural communication is a means to understanding language at the same time, it is also a means to understanding and, one hopes, improving problems and tasks facing the world and the people in it, including the task of teaching and learning new languages.=No two people have just the same cultural background. Therefore, all communication is cross-cultural to some extent. In this sense, understanding cross-cultural communication can help us understand the nature of language and tackle problems in the world, especially those caused by and related to the use of language, e.g. obstacles in foreign language teaching and learning. Translation(1)Just as physicists understand the nature of physical elements by observing theirbehavior in various environments and in interaction with other elements, so wecome to understand the nature of language by observing it in communicationand in contact with other systems of communication.物理学家通过观察物质元素在不同环境中的表现及其与其他物质的相互作用来理解它们的本质。与此相似，我们通过观察交际中的语言以及语言与其他交际符号系统的关联来认识语言的本质。(2) One who learns the explicit vocabulary and grammar of a new language islikely to stuff it into the implicit paralinguistic and discourse casings of thenative communicative system.外语学习者可能会把在一种新的语言中所学的显性的词汇和语法填充到母语交际系统中隐性的语篇框架或副语言外壳里。(3) As social networks are always local, not global, people in different communities have different ways of using linguistic means to communicative ends, and their ways of talking, like other cultural patterns, define them as a community.社交网络总是区域性而非全球性的，不同社区的人有不同的语言手段来实现交际目标，与其他文化模式一样，人们说话的方式将他们界定为一个“（言语）社区”。(4)你很可能会发现很多人对语言的形式和功能还抱有老一套的看法。You are very likely to find many people who havestereotyped ideas about the forms and functions of language.(5)请让我详细地说明我的建议。Please let me elaborate on my proposal.(6)失控的通货膨胀加深了工薪阶层的痛苦。Runaway inflation further plagued the wage- or salary-earner.(7)这样的笑话容易加重种族偏见。Such jokes tend toreinforceracial stereotypes.Unite 4Paraphrasing(1) They are on the road to acquiring the sound system of their language.=They are in the process of acquiring the sound system of their language.(2) Sometime around the childs third birthday, give or take six months, language takes a giant leap, and children start producing long sentences with varying degrees of morphological and syntactic complexity.=Sometime around the childs third birthday, six months earlier or later, there is great progress in childrens language learning and children start producing long sentences with varying degrees of morphological and syntactic complexity.(3) They glean the linguistic rules of English from sentences spoken by native speakers, who have a coherent grammar, not those spoken by their parents, who might well have an incoherent grammar in English.=They collect and learn the linguistic rules of English from sentences spoken by native speakers, who have a coherent grammar, not those sentences spoken by their parents, who might well have an incoherent grammar in English.(4) Sometimes, however, the language blossoms.=Sometimes, however, the secret language between children develops very well.(5) We are hard-wired to process and produce natural human language.=We are born with the natural ability to process and produce natural human language.(6) We acquire our specific naive language in a natural way by sifting throughwhat we are exposed to or what we crate with the UG principles that we are born with.=We acquire our specific native language in a natural way, by examining carefully what we are exposed to or what we create with the UG principles that we are born with.Translation(1) In these studies the childrens recognition of English is indicated by increasedeye activity and heartbeat, rather than the smile and babbling that Robert produced, but the studies were down under laboratory conditions, whereas Roberts situation was a social one.在这些研究中，儿童可以识别英语的证据是眼睛活动增多、心跳加快，而不是罗伯特做出的那种笑脸和咿呀声，但是这些研究是在实验室环境中做的，而罗伯特所在的是社会自然场景。(2) I said slowly and loudly Milk You have to say milk Nick said slowly andloudly “Awamih. Thats when I finally got it. He was saying, I want milk, awhole sentence, not just a single word.我缓慢而大声地说：“milk（牛奶），要说 milk。”尼克也缓慢而大声地说：“Awamih。”这时我才发现，原来他是在说“I want milk（我要牛奶）”，是一整个句子，而不仅仅是一个词(3) A child who speaks a language that has operators that follow the objects theyoperate on (such as a language in which the verb follows the object, givingsomething like book read instead off read book), for example, will use theopposite word order from that of a child who speaks English.比如，如果在一个儿童所说的语言中，操纵者出现在被操纵的物体后面（例如有的语言把动词放在宾语后面，会说“书-读”，而不是“读-书”），那么这个儿童就会使用与说英语的儿童相反的词序。(4)当今科技最大益处之一就是能使我们接触真正的外语。One of the great benefits of technology today is the ability to expose ourselves to real foreign language.(5)非母语元素为英语带来了一些新元素。Non-native speakers of English introduced some new elements into the language.(6)刚到美国时他对英语只有最基本的了解，但是很快就说得很流利了。He came to America with only some rudimentary knowledge of English but soon became a pretty fluent speaker.Unite 5Paraphrasing(1) I am not necessarily suggesting that cross-cultural training might eventually be seen to be in vain-I believe the contrary to be true-but I would like to play devils advocate for a little while and consider how powerful mental blocks may hinder our ability to change our attitudes or adopt new approaches.= I do not mean that cross-cultural training is uselessinstead, I believe it is useful but I just want to emphasize the negative side of the issue for a little while and consider how powerful mental blocks may prevent us from changing our attitudes or adopting new approaches.(2) People in the British Isles act and live in a certain way because their thoughts are Channeled along Anglo-Saxon grooves which are different from neo-Latin, Japanese or Chinese grooves.= People in the British Isles act and live in a certain way because their thoughts are affected or determined by Anglo-Saxon traditions which are different from neo-Latin, Japanese or Chinese traditions.(3) English copes with concepts such as contract deadlines and stock futures, but our tongue is seen as poverty stricken and inadequately descriptive by Africans and Native Americans, whose languages abound in finely wrought, beautifully logical descriptions of nature, causation, repetition, duration and result.= English copes with concepts such as contract deadlines and stock futures, but English has much fewer rich descriptive expressions than African and Native American languages, because these languages have a great number of expressions that candescribe nature, causation, repetition, duration and result in a detailed and beautiful way.(4) Their clinical vocabulary is conducive to quick thinking, its lack of vagueness leads to a cutting directness and their ruthless pursuit of logic will often irritate Anglo-Saxons or Japanese, who tend to “feel their way” toward a solution.= Their clinical words are helpful for quick thinking, the lack of unclear expressions makes their expression very direct and their efforts on logic will often make Anglo- Saxons and Japanese angry, because Anglo-Saxons and Japanese find their solution not by logical thinking but in a more subjective way.Translation(1) The Briton, the German and the Eskimo may share a common experience, but it appears to each as a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions that has to be organized by the mind.不列颠人、德国人和因纽特人可能有共同的体验，但是它对每一群人都表现为一组万花筒式的印象，需要通过思维进行组织。(2) I could only experience reality as fully as he did by learning his language and escaping (in terms of descriptive ability) from the strait jacket of my own.只有学习他的语言并且摆脱我自己的“束身衣”，我才能像他一样充分体验他的现实。(3) They believed it was a phenomenon shared by all mankind and, in the case of educated people, would provide a standard yardstick for comparison of ideas, experience and reality.他们相信这是所有人类共有的一种现象，对于受过教育的人群，它可以提供一把标准的尺子，用来比较思想、体验和现实。(4) When each speaks, we merely glimpse the tip of a huge iceberg of verbal activity that never breaks the surface of audibility. 每个人说话时，我们只能瞥见语言活动这座巨大冰山的一角，这座冰山从来没有突破听力的水面。(5) A further complication is the deep side that American English has taken into cliches and tough talk.另一个复杂因素是美式英语深深陷入陈词滥调和“心灵鸡汤”式话语中无法自拔。(6) But the speech mechanisms involved in such politeness often lead to incrediblevagueness of expression, so that whatever message they seek to convey may well get lost in a fog of impeccable behavior.但是，这种礼貌涉及的话语机制往往导致表达极度模糊，因此无论他们想传达的是什么信息，都会迷失在无可挑剔行为造成的迷雾之中。(7) On top of that, their formidable battery of honorific expressions-so useful in communication between Japanese-are rendered useless in the face of the impossibility of translation, so that their conversation with their foreign counterpart emerges as terribly platitudinous, even if grammatically correct.最重要的是，他们数量惊人的敬语存货在日本人之间的沟通中非常有用由于无法翻译而变得无用，因此他们和外国人的对话尽管语法上是正确的， 却显得极其陈腐。Unite 6Paraphrasing(1) The desire to be oneself does not mean the desire to be fundamental different from everyone else but rather to situate individual differences within communal allegiance.= Even if you want to be yourself, you dont have to be totally different from others. Rather, you should follow the majority while keeping your individual differences.(2) Jeans were able to bear class-specific meanings of the American work ethic.= Jeans were able to bear different meanings of the American work ethic for different classes.(3) .sport allows the middle-class body the recognition of physical prowess thatlabor allows the working class= By labor work, the working class gain physical skills. The middle class can gain the same physical skills by doing sports.(4) Despite the easy exportability of the Western myth and its ready incorporability into the popular culture of other nations, it always retains its Americanness: It thus admits the forging of links between American values and he popular consciousness of other nationalities=Although the Western myth can be spread to other nations easily and can become part of the popular culture of these nations, the myth keeps its identity or features as an American myth. Thus, links can be built between American values and the popular consciousness of other nationalities.(5) The wearer of torn jeans is, after all, wearing jeans and not, for instance, the Buddhist-derived robes of the orange people: Wearing torn jeans is an example of the contradictions that are so typical of popular culture, where what is to be resisted is necessarily present in the resistance to it.=Although some people wear torn jeans to express their opposition to the majority, they are still wearing jeans rather than a completely different kind of clothes. In other words, when they try to be different, they are wearing the same clothes as others. This shows a typical contradiction of popular culture when people resist something, what they resist is part of their life or they are part of it.Translation(1) So a middle-aged executive wearing jeans as he mows his lawn on a suburb anSunday is, among other things, aligning himself with youthful vigor and activity (in opposition to the distinctly middle-aged office desk) and with the mythic dignity of labor-the belief that physical labor is in some way more honest than wheeling and dealing is deeply imbued in a nation whose pioneers are only a few generations in the past, and is, significantly, particularly widespread among the wheelers and dealers themselves.所以，星期天一个中年高级管理层穿着牛仔裤在郊区修剪自家的草坪，这时在他让自己所匹配的各种价值中，有青春的精力和活力（相对于显然属于中年的办公室案头工作），还有体力劳动的神秘尊严在这个从开疆拓土到现在只经过几代人的民族中，体力劳动在一定意义上比投机钻营更加诚实可贵，这种信念仍然根深蒂固，而且更重要的是，投机钻营者本人尤其普遍具有这种信念。(2) The lack of social differentiation in jeans gives one the freedom to be oneself (and, I suppose, in abnormal cases, to hide oneself), which, of course, points to a telling paradox that the desire to be oneself leads one to wear the same garment as everyone else, which is only a concrete instance of the paradox deeply structured into American (and Western) ideology that the most widely held communal value is that of individualism.牛仔裤没有社会差异，给了人们自由可以“做自己”（而且我觉得在异常情况下还可以“隐藏自己”），这当然就指出了一个很深刻的悖论：一个人想做自己，结果却穿了和其他所有人一样的衣服，这只是深深植根于美国（以及西方）意识形态中的悖论的一个具体表现，这种意识形态就是：最普遍认可的共同价值就是个人主义。(3) So in Moscow, for example, they can be made sense of by the authorities as bearers of Western decadence, and they can be worn by the young as an act of defiance, as a sign of their opposition to social conformity-a set of meanings quite different from those of contemporary American youth, though more consonant with those of the 1960s, when jeans could carry much more oppositional meanings than they do today.比如，在莫斯科它们会被当局解读为西方颓废精神的载体，而年轻人穿着它们当作一种反抗行为，一种反对社会从众性的标志这些意义和当代美国年轻人的理解相去甚远，反而和 1960 年代的理解更加契合，那时牛仔裤承载了比当今更多的反抗意味。(4)让我们暂且抛开性别差异，关注一下整个群体的成绩。Lets dismiss the gender differences and focus on the achievements of the whole group.(5)很多政策看似与性别平等没什么关联，但是其实会受到男女之间关系的间接影响。Many policies that appear to have little to do with gender equality are actually affected in an