ITS-系统发展趋势ppt课件.ppt

1 ITS系统发展趋势 2 Introduction Theplanningaspectsoftransportengineeringrelatetourbanplanning andinvolvetechnicalforecastingdecisionsandpoliticalfactors Humanfactorsareanaspectoftransportengineering particularlyconcerningdriver vehicleinterfaceanduserinterfaceofroadsigns signals andmarkings 3 Technicalforecastingofpassengertravelusuallyinvolvesanurbantransportationplanningmodel requiringtheestimationoftripgeneration howmanytripsforwhatpurpose tripdistribution destinationchoice whereisthetravelergoing modechoice whatmodeisbeingtaken androuteassignment whichstreetsorroutesarebeingused 4 Moresophisticatedforecastingcanincludeotheraspectsoftravelerdecisions includingautoownership tripchaining thedecisiontolinkindividualtripstogetherinatour andthechoiceofresidentialorbusinesslocation knownaslanduseforecasting Transportationengineering aspracticedbycivilengineers primarilyinvolvesplanning design construction maintenance andoperationoftransportationfacilities 5 Operationsandmanagementinvolvetrafficengineering sothatvehiclesmovesmoothlyontheroadortrack Oldertechniquesincludesigns signals markings andtolling Newertechnologiesinvolveintelligenttransportationsystems ITS includingadvancedtravelerinformationsystems suchasvariablemessagesigns advancedtrafficcontrolsystems suchasrampmeters andvehicleinfrastructureintegration 6 ITS Intelligenttransportationsystem ITSreferstoeffortstoaddinformationandcommunicationstechnologytotransportinfrastructureandvehiclesinanefforttomanagefactorsthattypicallyareatodds 不一致 witheachother suchasvehicles loads androutestoimprovesafetyandreducevehiclewear transportationtimes andfuelconsumption ITScomesfromtheproblemscausedbytrafficcongestion 擁塞 andasynergy 協同增效作用 ofnewinformationtechnologyforsimulation real timecontrol andcommunicationsnetworks 7 WhatisITS 智慧型運輸系統 ITS IntelligentTransportationSystem 乃是應用先進的電子 通信 資訊與感測等技術 以整合人 路 車的管理策略 提供即時 real time 資訊以增進運輸系統的安全 效率及舒適性 同時也減少交通對環境的衝擊 8 9 ITS概念模式 10 Congestionreducesefficiencyoftransportationinfrastructureandincreasestraveltime airpollution andfuelconsumption Roadoperators infrastructure vehicles theirdriversandotherroaduserswillcooperatetodeliverthemostefficient safe secureandcomfortablejourney Thevehicle vehicleandvehicle infrastructureco operativesystemswillcontributetotheseobjectivesbeyondtheimprovementsachievablewithstand alonesystems 11 為什麼要發展ITS 交通擁擠交通事故能源消耗空氣汙染 運輸需求大幅增加 道路建設緩不濟急 交通擁擠造成運輸機動性與經濟生產力的降低 車禍死傷嚴重 造成龐大的社會成本與負擔 公路運輸過度消耗石油能源 造成國家整體資源分配的不均衡 大量的汽 機車排放廢氣 威脅大自然與環境的永續發展 12 ITS目標 增進交通安全 減少交通事故 提昇行車安全 降低環境衝擊 減少空氣 噪音污染 提高能源使用效率 改善運輸效率 降低交通擁擠 提高運輸機動性 提昇經濟生產力 促進相關產業發展 增加就業機會 13 Factorsforbothmotorizationandurbanization industrialeconomyreplacedtheagriculturaleconomy Populationtomovefromrurallocationsintourbancenters motorizationwascausingcitiestoexpand Suburbs 近郊住宅區 providedareasonablecompromisebetweenpopulationdensityandaccesstoemployment goods andservices suburbaninfrastructurecouldbebuiltquickly supportingarapidtransitionfromarural agriculturaleconomytoanindustrial urbaneconomy 14 Further ITScanplayaroleintherapidmassevacuationofpeopleinurbancentersafterlargecasualtyeventssuchasaresultofanaturaldisasterorthreat MuchoftheinfrastructureandplanninginvolvedwithITSparallelstheneedforhomelandsecuritysystems Inthedevelopingworld themigrationofpeoplefromruraltourbanizedhabitatshasprogresseddifferentlyandsupportedbyamultimodalsystemofwalking bicycletransportation motorcycles buses andtrains 15 16 ITS的技術骨幹 資訊收集 感測技術資訊處理 電腦技術資訊傳輸 通信技術 17 九大服務領域 18 執行架構 19 ThesuccessofITSisheavilydependentontheavailabilityoftimelyandaccurateestimatesoftrafficconditions Theneededsystemistoutilizeadvancedtrafficmodelstoanalyzedata especiallyreal timetrafficdata fromdifferentsourcestoestimateandpredicttrafficconditionssothatproactive 前瞻性 AdvancedTrafficManagementSystems ATMS andAdvancedTravelerInformationSystems ATIS strategiescanbeimplementedtomeetvarioustrafficcontrol management andoperationobjectives 20 先進交通管理系統 AdvancedTrafficManagementSystems ATMS ATMS為智慧型運輸系統 ITS 的核心與基礎 利用偵測 通訊及控制等技術 將交通監控所得之交通狀況 經由通訊網路傳輸到控制中心 制定及評估交通控制策略 執行整體性的交通管理 相關資訊傳送給用路人與相關道路管理單位 以達到運輸效率最大化及運輸安全之目的 21 Activetrafficmanagement ATM alsoknownasmanagedlanesorsmartlanes isaschemeforimprovingtrafficflowandreducingcongestiononmotorways Ithasbeenimplementedinseveralcountries includingGermany theUnitedKingdom andtheUnitedStates Itmakesuseofautomaticsystemsandhumaninterventiontomanagetrafficflowandensurethesafetyofroadusers 22 交通管理功能與其他各功能間的關係 23 ATMS之涵蓋範圍 有效改善交通擁擠問題提高交通服務水準 交通資訊 需求管理 高速公路匝道控制 幹道號誌控制 24 ATMS之相關技術 電腦交通號誌匝道儀控事件自動偵測動態交通預測自動車輛定位可變訊息標誌 地理資訊系統行進間測重自動車輛分類電子式自動收費自動車輛辨識最佳路線導引 25 26 Intelligenttransportationapplications Electronictollcollection ETC makesitpossibleforvehiclestodrivethroughtollgatesattrafficspeed reducingcongestionattollplazasandautomatingtollcollection MostETCsystemswerebasedonusingradiodevicesinvehiclesthatwoulduseproprietary 專利的 protocolstoidentifyavehicleasitpassedunderagantryovertheroadway 27 ManyETCsystemsusetransponderslikethisonetoelectronicallydebittheaccountsofregisteredcarswithouttheirstopping Norwaynowhas25tollroadsoperatingwithelectronicfeecollection EFC astheNorwegiantechnologyiscalled seeAutoPASS In1995 Portugalbecamethefirstcountrytoapplyasingle universalsystemtoalltollsinthecountry 28 電子式自動收費 29 Automatedvehicleidentification SomeearlyAVI Automatedvehicleidentification systemsusedbarcodesaffixedtoeachvehicle tobereadopticallyatthetollbooth Opticalsystemsprovedtohavepoorreadingreliability especiallywhenfacedwithinclementweatheranddirtyvehicles MostcurrentAVIsystemsrelyonradio frequencyidentification whereanantennaatthetollgatecommunicateswithatransponderonthevehicleviaDedicatedShortRangeCommunications DSRC 30 Highoccupancytolllanes Highoccupancytolllanes HOTlanes isaroadpricingschemethatgivesmotoristsinsingle occupantvehiclesaccesstohigh occupancyvehiclelanes or HOVlanes Typically thesetollsincreaseastrafficdensityandcongestionwithinthetolledlanesincreases apolicyknownascongestionpricing Thegoalofthispricingschemeistominimizetrafficcongestionwithinthelanes 31 Cordonzoneswithcongestionpricing Themainobjectiveofthischargeistoreducetrafficcongestionwithinthecordonarea Thisfeeortollischargedautomaticallyusingelectronictollcollectionorautomaticnumberplaterecognition sincestoppingtheusersatconventionaltollboothswouldcauselongqueues longdelays andevengridlock 市區交通大堵塞 32 CongestionpricinggantryatNorthBridgeRoad Singapore Cordonzones 管制區 havebeenimplementedinSingapore Stockholm andLondon whereacongestionchargeorfeeiscollectedfromvehiclesenteringacongestedcitycenter 33 Variablespeedlimits Variablespeedlimitswhichchangewithroadcongestionandotherfactors Typicallysuchspeedlimitsonlychangetodeclineduringpoorconditions ratherthanbeingimprovedingoodones ExamplevariablespeedlimitsignintheUnitedStates 34 Emergencyvehiclenotificationsystems Thein vehicleeCallisanemergencycallgeneratedeithermanuallybythevehicleoccupantsorautomaticallyviaactivationofin vehiclesensorsafteranaccident Whenactivated thein vehicleeCalldevicewillestablishanemergencycallcarryingbothvoiceanddatadirectlytothenearestemergencypoint Theminimumsetofdatacontainsinformationabouttheincident includingtime preciselocation thedirectionthevehiclewastraveling andvehicleidentification 35 Cooperativesystemsontheroad Communicationcooperationontheroadincludescar to car car to infrastructure andviceversa Dataavailablefromvehiclesisacquiredandtransmittedtoaserverforcentralfusion 結合 andprocessing Thisdatacanbeusedtodetecteventssuchasrain wiperactivity andcongestion frequentbrakingactivities Thegoalofcooperativesystemsistouseandplancommunicationandsensorinfrastructureinordertoincreaseroadsafety 36 先進用路人資訊系統 AdvancedTravelerInformationSystems ATIS ATIS係藉由先進資訊 通訊及其他相關技術 提供旅行者必要之資訊 使其能於車內 家裡 辦公室 車站等地點方便地取得所需之資訊 作為旅次產生 運具與路線選擇之決策參考 以順利到達目的地 37 ATIS之相關技術 可變訊息標誌公路路況廣播全球衛星定位系統地理資訊系統車內顯示系統 最佳路線導引無線電通訊電視路況報導 電傳視訊旅行服務資訊整體服務數位網路 38 可變訊息標誌 ChangeableMessageSigns CMS 可變訊息標誌乃是一種可程式化的交通管理設施 其透過文字或圖形符號來傳達各項動態的控制或警告訊息給道路使用者 藉以增進道路使用率 並減低意外事故 當其應用於高速公路時 主要在顯示前方交通管制或警告 一般狀況以及宣導等訊息 39 CMS常 顯示內容 40 CMS常 顯示內容 41 先進公共運輸系統 AdvancedPublicTransportationSystems APTS 先進大眾運輸系統 APTS 係將先進交通管理系統 ATMS 先進用路人資訊系統 ATIS 與先進車輛控制及安全系統 AVCSS 之技術應用於公共運輸 以改善公共運輸服務品質 提高營運效率 增加公共運輸之吸引力 APTS服務項目 路徑中大眾資訊大眾運輸系統管理個人大眾運輸大眾運輸旅行安全 42 APTS之相關技術包括 自動車輛監視 AutomaticVehicleMonitoring AVM 自動車輛定位 AVL 雙向無線電通訊電子式自動付費 ElectronicFarePayment EFP 最佳路線導引公車電腦排班公車電腦輔助調度車內顯示系統 43 APTS系統架構圖 44 APTS運作示意簡圖 45 目前應用APTS通訊系統之規劃 公車站牌動態資訊顯示車上資訊顯示公車定位輔助車隊運作與管理大眾運輸旅行安全系統 46 先進車輛控制及安全系統 AdvancedVehicleControlandSafetySystems AVCSS AVCSS係結合感測器 電腦 通訊 電機及控制技術應