高考英语写作高级表达方式.doc

外语下载中心 2008届高考英语写作辅导材料（一）句法总论一、句子的成分与句子结构：（一）主语是句子中所要说的人或事物，是句子的主要成分，不可缺少。1) The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing. (名词作主语)2) He sent me an E-mail last Friday. (代词作主语)3) It is a rule for my mother to go shopping on Sundays. (不定式短语作主语)4) Reading the texts aloud is especially important for Senior Three students. (动名词短语作主语)5) What the teacher said is very funny. (从句作主语)（二）谓语是说明主语的动作或状态，是句子的主要成分，不可缺少，在主语之后。1) They said nothing, looking coldly at the teacher in charge of the class. (及物动词作谓语)2) Classes begin at seven today, we must get up quickly. (不及物动词作谓语)3) We dont have classes at weekends after reducing learning load. (助动词 + 动词作谓语)4) I was really anxious. You shouldnt have left without a word. (情态动词 + 动词作谓语)5) The leaves have turned yellow in autumn. (联系动词 + 表语作谓语)（三）表语用在联系动词的后面，表示主语的身份、性质和特征，位于连系动词之后；系动词与表语一起构成谓语。1) Walt Disney was a famous cartoon-maker. （名词作表语）2) The days in summer are getting hotter and hotter these years. (形容词作表语)3) The computer in the room is hers. (代词作表语)4) My greatest wish is to enter Qinghua University. (不定式短语作表语)5) Her job is looking after the babies. （动名词短语作表语）6) The audience was moved by the moving play. (分词作表语)7) This is what I want to say. (从句作表语)（四）宾语是及物动词涉及的对象，介词后面的对象也是宾语，称为介词宾语。宾语在及物动词或介词后面。有少数动词可以带双宾语。1) John doesnt like football but he likes music very much. （名词作宾语）2) Weve worked out a plan. But Im uncertain whether it will do in practice. （名词作介词的宾语）3) Tom is a kind man. He is always ready to help others. （代词作宾语）4) Stop reading and read after me, please. (动名词作宾语)5) I succeeded in persuading the teacher to give me a day off. (动名词短语作介词的宾语)6) Dont forget to turn off the lights when you leave the room. (不定式短语作宾语)7) The doctor did what he could to save the dying patient. (从句作宾语)8) Ill find you a good chance as long as you wont lose heart. （间接宾语和直接宾语）9) She promised me a nice gift on Christmas Day. （间接宾语和直接宾语）（五）宾语补足语补充说明宾语，使句子意思更加完整。当句子变成被动语态时则称为主语补足语。宾语补足语一般置于宾语之后。1) Marx made London the base for his revolutionary work. （名词作宾补）2) What he said made his father happy. （形容词作宾补）3) I asked Jim to attend my birthday party. （不定式短语作宾补）4) He made me do the work all by myself. (省略to的不定式短语作宾补)5) Dont have the horse running all the way. (现在分词作宾补)6) Ill go and get the chair repaired. (过去分词作宾补)（六）定语修饰或限制名词或代词。单词作定语，一般放在被修饰的词语之前；短语或从句作定语，一般放在修饰语之后。1) Grammar is not a set of dead rules. （形容词作定语）2) It is a coffee cup. （名词作定语）3) Our teachers hair has turned grey. （名词所有格作定语）4) My students corrected each others mistakes in their classroom. (代词作定语)5) Be quiet, boys and girls! I have something important to tell you. （不定式短语作定语）6) There is a sleeping chair before the window. （动名词作定语）7) I saw a sleeping baby in the room. There is a broken glass beside the bed. (分词作定语)8) The workers working in the department will go on holiday. (分词短语作定语)9) There are fifty-six students in our class. (数词作定语)10) The woman with a book in his hand is our English teacher. （with的复合结构作定语）11) The man to whom you spoke is my neighbour. （从句作定语）（七）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。 1) Our monitor studies hard. （副词作状语）2) They started early (in order) to get to the station on time. （不定式短语作目的状语）3) To be a teacher of the people, one must first be their pupil. （目的状语放在句首更好）4) The old man lived to see the rapid development of our country. (不定式短语作结果状语)5) Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. （过去分词短语作状语） 6) Looking out of the window, I saw many birds flying in the sky. (现在分词短语作状语)7) Mr. Brown slept with the windows open. (with的复合结构作状语)8) Well go outing if it is fine tomorrow. （从句作状语）二、句子的定义和分类 （一）句子的定义：句子是用来描述一件事情，表达一个思想，提出一个问题，它是有一定的语法结构排列组成的。独立主格结构不能看作句子。The football is in the box. 足球在箱子里放着。 The key having been lost, she could not enter the room. 钥匙丢了，她进不了房间。（二）句子的分类 根据句子的结构来分，句子可分为：简单句、并列句、复合句。英语中的任何书面句子都应该是三类句型中的一类，如果一个句子不属于这三类句子，则是一个错句。1、简单句：句中只含有一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语的句子叫做简单句。I study English every day. （一个主谓结构） My mother and I went out and bought a lot of things. （一个主谓结构）2、并列句：由并列连词或分号把两个以上(含两个)的简单句连在一起的句子叫做并列句。在并列句中，各个简单句意思完整，不受其他简单句的影响。常见的并列连词有but, and, so, while, for, or, otherwise, whereas等。These flowers are white；those flowers are red。（两个主谓结构，分号连接） I am a worker while my brother is a professor. （两个主谓结构，并列连词连接） 3、复合句：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。凡是带有名词从句，状语从句和定语从句的句子都属于复合句。Whether he comes or not doesnt make any difference to me . （名词从句） I was doing my homework when my father came back.（状语从句）Taxes consist of money that people pay to support their government. （定语从句）2008届高考英语写作辅导材料（二）观点式写作的常见表达方式一、高级句法结构（1）There is no doubt that 毫无疑问，（2）To a large extent, ；to some degree/extent, 在很大(一定)程度上，（3）As a proverb says；As a saying goes, 正如谚语说得好，（4）Its known to us that；As is known to all, 众所周知，（5）Its high time that早该（6）No one can deny that没有人可以否认（7）There is no denying the fact that无法否认（8）Frankly speaking/To be frank, 坦白地说（9）We take it for granted that我们理所当然地认为（10）People adopt different attitudes towards人们对有不同的态度（11）In a certain sense, 在某种意义上（12）It must be kept in mind that必须记住（13）It is plain common sense that是一个浅显的常识（14）It must be admitted that必须承认（15）It is universally acknowledged that大家都知道（承认）（16）I tend to believe that我倾向于相信（17）It is usually the case that 通常会（18）It is obvious (evident) that很明显（19）Some people hold the opinion that有人认为（20）As far as I am concerned, 就我而言，（21）I am greatly convinced/assured that我深信（22）It goes without saying that是不言而喻的（23）It is thought/said/expected/believed that据认为/说/期望/相信（24）It is widely held/accepted that人们普遍认为（25）is of vital importance是很重要的（26）is my preference/ I have a preference for我偏向于（27）The dominant idea/opinion is that主流观点是（大部分人认为）（28）There is a tendency that人们倾向于（29）There is a growing concern about人们越来越关注（30）It will inevitably result in这将不可避免地导致（31）worse still / to make matters worse, 更糟糕的是（插入语）（32）A is to B what C is to D.A对B来说就好比C对D一样。（33）There is no point in doing做没有意义（34）despite the fact that, 尽管，然而（35）apply what we have learned to将我们所学应用到（36）arouse peoples awareness of 唤醒人们对的意识（37）attach great importance to 认为很重要（38）plays a vital role in在中扮演十分重要的角色（39）take a correct attitude towards对采取正确的态度（40）attribute/owe their success to 把成功归于（41）benefit us in many aspects在许多方面使我们受益（42）bring us so many conveniences给我们带来很多的方便（43）have their own unique advantages有他们独有的优势（44）greatly contribute to大大地有助于（45）have a profound and tremendous influence on对有深远而巨大的影响（46）enable us to使我们能（47）enrich our experiences丰富我们的经历（48）would not hesitate for a moment to 毫不犹豫地做（49）impose their own ideas on将他们自己的想法强加于（50）launch a nation-wide campaign to发起一个全国性的运动来（51）in all aspects of our everyday lives在我们日常生活中的每个方面（52）is the inevitable result of是不可避免的结果（53）realize the significance of意识到的意义（54）has/have aroused wide concern已经引起了广泛的关注（55）consider it advisable to 认为是可取的（56）keep us informed about使我们了解（57）there is a growing awareness that人们不断意识到（58）It is urgent to do做已经迫在眉睫（59）It is an undeniable fact that是一个无法否认的事实（60）realize the value/importance of意识到的价值/作用二、副词运用举例1. entirely / totally / completely / fully / utterly 完全地I totally approve of the latter opinion as a consequence of the following reasons.I am entirely against this practice of keeping pets at home. I am fully in favor of the former viewpoint for the reasons presented below. 2. firmly / strongly坚定地We are firmly opposed to the practice of raising pets in cities. We strongly believe that the peoples living standard will be improved in the days to come.3. accordingly /consequently 因此，因而He was asked to leave the city and accordingly he went.Mr. Foster has never been to China. Consequently / Hence he knows very little about it.4. definitely 明确地；干脆地Definitely speaking, camera cell phones should be banned in public places. 5. absolutely完全地；绝对地It is absolutely believed that taking private classes can consolidate our knowledge. 6. widely 广泛地It is widely held that failure is the mother of success. 7. undoubtedly 无庸置疑地The new financial policy will undoubtedly result in a positive effect on the economy.8. virtually / practically 实际上；事实上It is virtually impossible for us students to spend all our time on study. 9. admittedly 应当承认 Admittedly, a few governments have taken measures to solve the problem. 10. increasingly 不断增长地 Camera phones are increasingly popular nowadays.三、形容词运用举例1. beneficial 有益的It is firmly believed by many parents that taking private classes is beneficial to our study. 2. rewarding 有益的，值得的Some opponents deny the statement that taking private classes is rewarding. 3. promising有希望的，有前途的Only by following our interest and working hard can we achieve a promising future. 4. dreadful可怕的Most students argue that it is dreadful to have to go to private classes at weekends, when, otherwise they can have a good rest or follow their hobbies. 5. tremendous极大的It is a tremendous task to accomplish all the work in a few days.6. adequate 足够的，适当的Personally, I have adequate reasons to defend the first opinion.7. convinced 信服的I am convinced that taking private classes can enrich our knowledge.8. advantageous 有利的It is highly advantageous that we spare some time to do sports.9. advisable 可取的，明智的It is not advisable just to sit there recalling the unpleasant past events.10. practical 可行的，实际的To be precise, it is a practical proposal to keep pets at home. 四、动词运用举例1. advocate 倡导、主张Many people advocate that high school students should study abroad.2. claim 声称、主张Those who have a preference for studying abroad claim that students can broaden their horizon abroad. 3. propose 建议Many advocates propose that developing nuclear weapons should be forbidden. 4. oppose 反对At the same time a number of people are opposed to studying abroad5. resist / reject 抵制，否决A large number of students would rather resist this practice for the following reasons. 6. defend 辩护，拥护I would, without hesitation, defend the former opinion for some noticeable reasons. 7. deny 否认Some objectors would prefer to deny the virtue brought by raising pets. 8. approve（of） 同意A great many opponents dont approve of the statement that developing nuclear energy has more advantages. 9. favor 支持，赞成I tend to favor the latter opinion as it has the following merits. 10. object to 反对=raise/present objections toMany people tend to object to it despite the advantage stated above. 五、高级句型运用举例1. There are different views concerning this topic. Some people like to support that keeping pets should be permitted as a result of the following advantages. 2. When it comes to keeping pets, most people tend to believe pets can cause a lot of undesirable effects. 3. Many people advocate that pet raising shouldnt be forbidden. They claim that keeping pets at home has many merits/advantages. 4. When inquired about whether pet keeping should be allowed in cities, the vast majority of people are opposed to this practice, but other people hold an opposite view, considering that pet raising should be welcome.5. I totally agree with the statement that raising pets should not be allowed. The reasons are presented below.6. I fully/firmly support the statement above because I am very sure that raising pets at home can do more good to society.7. Those who object to keeping pets at home announce that they can bring a lot of trouble. But those who favor it put forward their opinion that keeping pets can help old people in various aspects . 8. Some people argue as if it is a general truth that pets can act as members of a family. But to be frank/honest, I cannot agree with them for the following reasons.9. Nowadays, pet keeping was viewed as a fashionable deed, especially for old people. 10. Despite the fact that many people believe that pets can do much good to the old people, I doubt whether the argument can bear much analysis.11. Advocates of keeping pets proclaim that pets can keep the old people company.12. Some people declare that the government should forbid keeping pets at home, but I disagree with this opinion for numerous reasons presented below.13. Nowadays, it is widely believed that keeping pets such as dogs can help to guard ones home.14. Now, it is widely held that keeping pets at home has more advantages. People of this kind believe that pets can comfort old people. But I doubt whether that is the truth.15. Taking into account of/Considering all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that in cities people should not keep pets at home.16. Therefore, it is easy to draw the conclusion that pet keeping will cause much trouble to the citizens.17. Recognizing the fact that keeping pets will lead to environmental pollution should drive us to conclude that the government should forbid pet raising.18. As far as I am concerned, I would be in favor of the latter opinion.19. Personally, my opinion is the same as the former for the following reasons.20. It goes without saying that pets will cause much trouble if left uncontrolled. 2008届高考英语写作辅导材料（三）衔接词的使用一、常用衔接词推荐：1、表层次或递进：furthermore, moreover, whats more, besides, in addition, additionally, to begin with, to start with, in the first place, last but not least, finally, to make things worse, worse still2、表转折或让步：nevertheless, despite the fact that, however, in spite of，otherwise, by contrast, at the same time, whereas, even so, even though, on the contrary, on the other hand, regardless of3、表因果：therefore, consequently, thus, hence, due to, owing to, accordingly, thanks to, on this account, in this case, as a result, as a consequence4、表举例：for example, for instance, to illustrate 5、表总结：in summary, in a word, thus, as has been said，in brief, in conclusion, altogether, in other words, to conclude, in short, in particular, in other words, on the whole, therefore, to summarize二、常用衔接副词、介词举例：1、表示递进或层次关系：（1）furthermore adv. 此外, 而且The house is too small, and furthermore, its too far from the office.（2）moreover adv. 而且, 此外The price is too high, and moreover, the house isnt in a suitable position. （3）besides adv. 再者; 另外; 此外Its too late to go to the basketball match now; besides its beginning to rain.2、表示转折或让步关系：（1）however adv. 不过；然而Id like to go with you; however, my hands are full. （2）despite prep. 不管；不顾；即使（同in spite of）Despite the bad weather we enjoyed our holiday. Despite the fact he is not a perfect person, I like him very much. （3）nevertheless adv. 尽管如此；可是；然而She was very tired; nevertheless she kept on working. （4）otherwise adv. 否则 Ive got one more page to write; otherwise Ive finished. 3、表示因果关系：（1）therefore adv. 因此；所以He has broken his leg and therefore he cant walk. He was the only candidate; therefore, he was elected. （2）thus adv. 因此, 从而, 于是She studied hard; thus she got high marks. （3）hence adv. 因此，所以It is very late; hence you must go to bed.2008届高考英语写作辅导材料（四）【范文一】面对中学生出国热，社会对此有不同看法。请根据下面提供的信息Studying abroad为题，谈谈自己的想法。AdvantagesDisadvantagesyour opinion1. 有利于语言学习2. 掌握国外先进的科学技术3. 了解不同文化1. 年纪小，缺乏生活经验，自理能力差2. 情感孤独，思乡3. 生活学习费用高Recently, it has been widely talked about whether high school students should study abroad. There are different views concerning this topic.Many people advocate that high school students should study abroad. Nowadays, it is firmly believed that foreign countries will offer them a good atmosphere of English and students can broaden their horizons. Furthermore, the students studying abroad also can know more about the technology of other countries and spread the traditional culture of China. Nevertheless, a number of people are opposed to studying abroad as a consequence of the following reasons. If a student studies abroad, his or her parents will worry about their ability of independent living. The student who is studying abroad will meet a lot of problems like how to communicate with the foreigners. Whats more, studying abroad will cast a heavy financial burden to the family.As far as I am concerned, I would be in favor of the latter opinion. Studying in China, you will also be provided with education of the same quality. Therefore, I suggest that studying in China is better for Chinese students. 【范文二】为了加强英语教学，你校准备高薪聘请外教来校任教。有些同学认为有必要，而有些却不以为然。请阐述聘请外教的利和弊，并提供自己的想法。要求：1.利和弊至少各包括3个理由。 2.字数100120 These days all my classmates are talking about employing foreign teachers.The vast majority of the students who are in favor of the idea hold the opinion that it can provide us with a better opportunity to learn English. Furthermore, we can practice spoken English with native speakers and improve our language abilities. They argue that it can certainly make us more interested in the English language. In addition, it is firmly believed that students can learn more about some foreign customs and culture.On the contrary, the objectors are strongly against the idea despite the merits stated above. They proclaim that the most important thing for us is to be admitted into universities. However, having a foreign teacher seems to be no good to improve the academic achievements. And it may cause some trouble while communicating with them as there is culture diversity. What is worse, it costs a lot of money to employ foreign teachers.As far as I am concerned, I would be in favor of the former opinion. To be frank, English learning is aimed at communicating. Since it can improve our speaking skills, why not employ one or two foreign teachers?【范文三】科学家们预测，地球上可用的资源到2075年左右将消耗殆尽，而且每过一个小时，就有一个物种从地球上永远消失，为了唤