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thecollapseofthesovietunion andtheworldwatchedwithwonder easternbloc unionofsovietsocialistrepublics 15republics armenia azerbaijan belarus estonia georgia kazakhstan kyrgyzstan latvia lithuania moldova russia tajikistan turkmenistan ukraine uzbekistan 7satellitecountries bulgaria czechrepublic eastgermany hungary poland romania slovakia wasthecollapseduetoforce no thecoldwarcostmorethan 11trillion butthecollapseofthesovietunionanditssatelliteswasnotaresultofforce nonatotankfiredashot nobombfellonthekremlin ahome growninsurgency instead amassive home growninsurgency ledbyanumberofdifferentparticipants contributedtothecollapse workersdissidentintellectualsadvocatesofnationalself determinationreformers polishtradeunion solidarity thedownfallbeganin1980whenstrikingpolishworkersorganizedsolidarity anindependenttradeunionofnearly10millionmembers supportfromcatholicchurch solidarity whichhadstrongsupportfromthepowerfulpolishcatholicchurch demonstratedhowaworking classmovementcouldofferanentirenationmoralandpoliticalleadership solidarity schairman lechwalesa thepolishmilitarydrovesolidarityundergroundin1981 however in1983 solidarity schairman lechwalesa wonthenobelpeaceprize in1990 hewouldbethefirstfreelyelectedpresidentofthepolishnationinmorethansixtyyears thegorbachevrevolution mikhailgorbachev whocametopowerin1985asthegeneralsecretaryofthecommunistpartyofthesovietunion cpsu recognizedthatthesovietunioncouldnotremainpoliticallyandeconomicallyisolatedandthatthesovietsystemhadtobechangedifitwastosurvive gorbachev sfive pointplan thekeypiecestogorbachev splanforthesurvivalofthesovietunionwereaseriesofreforms glasnost openness greaterfreedomofexpressionperestroika restructuring decentralizationofthesovieteconomywithgradualmarketreformsrenunciationofthebrezhnevdoctrine armedinterventionwheresocialismwasthreatened andthepursuitofarmscontrolagreementsreformofthekgb secretservice reformofthecommunistparty theobjective survival gorbachevknewthatthesovietunionwouldhavetochangeifitwastosurvive centralplanninginamodernindustrialeconomybroughtmanyinefficiencies thefactorymanagementsystemprovidedlittleincentivetomaketechnologicalimprovementsandeveryincentivetohidefactorycapacitiestoensurelowquotasthesocialistfarmsystemwasinefficient therewerepoorworkerincentivesandstorageandtransportationproblems thesovietstatecouldnolongeraffordthehighdefensespendingthataccompaniedthecoldwar insistentcallsforchange hebelievedthathisreformswerenecessaryandusedhisleadershipandpowertoattempttoimplementthem thepolicyofglasnost openness madeitpossibleforpeopletomorefreelycriticizethegovernment spolicies whenpeoplerealizeditwassafetospeakout thecallsforchangebecamemoreinsistent reformsweretooslow thegradualmarketreformsanddecentralizationoftheeconomy perestroika weretooslowandfailedtokeeppacewiththecrisisandhispeople sdemands thesovietunionwassufferingadeteriorationofeconomicandsocialconditionsandafallinthegnp partyreformsafailure hisattemptstoreformthecommunistpartywereafailure changewastooslowtokeeppacewitheventsandhewascontinuallyhamperedbyhisneedtogiveintothehard linersinordertoretainpower ascommunismcollapsedineasterneurope reformofcommunisminthesovietunionbecameunlikely releasefromsovietdomination therenunciationofthebrezhnevdoctrine armedinterventioninsupportofsocialism releasedtheeasterneuropeanstatesfromsovietdomination thecommunistrulersofthesestatescouldnotsurvivewithoutthesupportofthesovietunion thebrezhnevdoctrinewasarticulatedin1968whenthesovietarmyoccupiedczechoslovakiatoendthepraguespring anattemptbyalexanderdubcektobuild socialismwithahumanface reagan sbrandenburggatespeech presidentronaldreagancalledupongorbachevtoteardowntheberlinwall inthecommunistworld weseefailure technologicalbackwardness decliningstandards eventoday thesovietunioncannotfeeditself theinescapableconclusionisthatfreedomisthevictor generalsecretarygorbachev ifyouseekpeace ifyouseekprosperityforthesovietunion ifyouseekliberalization comeheretothisgate mr gorbachev openthisgate mr gorbachev teardownthiswall presidentreagangivingaspeechattheberlinwall brandenburggate federalrepublicofgermany june12 1987 waveofdemonstrations beginninginseptember1989 awaveofhugedemonstrationsshookcommunistregimesacrosseasterneurope amassivetideofeastgermanemigrantssurgedthroughczechoslovakiaandhungarytothewest underminingtheauthorityofthecommunisthard linerswhostillclungtopowerinthegermandemocraticrepublic gdr atramisblockedbyeastgermandemonstratorsinthecenterofthecityinoctober1989 theirbannerreads legalizationofoppositionparties freedemocraticelections freepressandindependentunions thewallcamedown finally onthenightofnovember9 1989 ordinarygermanspouredthroughtheberlinwall thegdrquicklydisintegrated andbytheendof1990 allofeastgermanyhadbeenincorporatedintothewealthy powerfulfederalrepublicofgermany theriseofnationalism withtheirongripofthecentralizedsovietstaterelaxedandthegrowingfailureofthestatetoadequatelyfeedandclotheitspeople nationalismintherepublicssurgedandseparatistmovementsthreatenedtheveryexistenceofthesovietunion supercuteprotesters moldova thehot angryfaceofnationalism apr13 2009 eventsineasterneurope communistgovernmentsinczechoslovakia hungary andbulgariaeithertumbledorunderwentreform thecommunistdictatorshipinromaniafellafteraweekofbloodystreetbattlesbetweenordinarycitizensandpolice whodefendedtheoldordertothebitterend radicalchange radicalchangefinallyreachedthesovietheartlandinaugust1991 whenthousandsofrussiancitizenspouredintothestreetstodefeatareactionarycoupd tat independentrepublics thecommunistpartyquicklycollapsed andthesovietunionbeganthepainfulanduncertainprocessofreorganizingitselfasalooseconfederationofindependentrepublics borisyeltsin borisyeltsin whoheadedtherussianrepublic replacedgorbachevaspresidentofamuch diminishedstate gorbachevfoundthattherewasnosovietuniontoleadandretiredintoprivatelife timemagazine sjuly15 1996 issue featureda10 pagespreadaboutasquadofu s politicalproswho clandestinelyparticipatedinguidingyeltsin scampaign nobelpeaceprize gorbachevwonthe1989nobelpeaceprize hebroughtapeacefulendtothecoldwar anddramaticchangetohiscountry seconomy thoughnotinthewayheintended theendofthecoldwar thecoldwarwasover broughttoaclosenotbythemissilesandtanksoftheprincipalparticipants butbythecollectivecourageandwillpowerofordinarymenandwomen ronaldreagan srole intheunitedstates partisansofronaldreaganclaimedmuchofthecreditforendingthecoldwar reagan sfrankdenunciationofthesovietunionasan evilempire alongwithhisadministration smilitarybuildup weresaidtohaveinspiredeasternblocdissidentsatthesametimethearmsraceexhaustedtheproductivecapacityofthesovietunionandotherinefficientcommunistregimes nuclearstockpiles 1945 2006 sourcedatafrom roberts norrisandhansm kristensen globalnuclearstockpiles 1945 2006 bulletinoftheatomicscientists62 no 4 july august2006 64 66 onlineat thenationaldebt uspop 304 998 272shareofdebt person 34 526 04dailyincrease 3 84billion 438billiondeficit anothersidetothestory accordingtou s diplomatgeorgekennan authorof thesourcesofsovietconduct 1947 andarchitectofthecontainmentpolicy thewest smilitarizedposturehelpedthecommuniststorationalizetheirauthoritarianrule themoreu s policiesfollowedahardline thegreaterwasthetendencyinmoscowtotightenthecontrolsandtodiscourageliberalizingtendencies lechwalesa ssolidarity gorbachev sreforms johnpaulii scatholicchurch glasnost ronaldreagan sforeignpolicy nobrezhnevdoctrine perestroika reformkgb reformcommparty evilempires
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